Early treatments for COVID-19
acebilustat acetaminophen adalimumab adintrevimab AER002 alkalinization alunacedase alfa amantadine amiodarone ammonium chloride amubarvimab andrographolide antiandrogens H1RAs antroquinonol apilimod apremilast artemisinin asapiprant aspirin astegolimab astodrimer sodium atilotrelvir atovaquone avdoralimab aviptadil azelastine azvudine baloxavir bamlan../e.. bebtelovimab belnacasan bemnifosbuvir beta-glucans BI 764198 BMS mAbs brensocatib brequinar brexanolone brilacidin bromhexine budesonide camostat cannabidiol casirivimab/i.. cenicriviroc cetylpyridinium.. chlorhexidine chlorpheniramine CK0802 clevudine colchicine conestat alfa conv. plasma crizanlizumab curcumin cyproheptadine cytokine adsorption dalcetrapib danicopan darunavir deuremidevir dexamethasone DFV890 diacerein diet dimethyl fumarate dolutegravir domperidone donidalorsen dornase alfa edaravone efmarodocokin alfa efzofitimod empagliflozin emvododstat enisamium ensifentrine ensitrelvir ensovibep estetrol exercise famotidine favipiravir fenretinide fluvoxamine FX06 gabapentin GB0139 gimsilumab glenzocimab goflikicept HCQ hesperidin HH-120 HuMax-IL8 hydrogen peroxide ibrutinib ibuprofen ibuzatrelvir iC1e/K indomethacin inhaled heparin interleukin-2 iota-carrageenan ivermectin ixekizumab lactoferrin lanadelumab leritrelvir levilimab lopinavir/r.. losartan losmapimod LSALT peptide lufotrelvir MAS825 masks mebendazole mefenamic acid melatonin metformin metronidazole MIB-626 molnupiravir montelukast N-acetylcysteine NaCl nafamostat niclosamide nicotine nigella sativa nitazoxanide nitric oxide obefazimod olgotrelvir olokizumab P2Et pacritinib paxlovid peg. lambda pegipanermin pemivibart pentoxifylline pHOXWELL phthalocyanine plasma-activ.. plitidepsin pomotrelvir posaconazole povidone-iodine probiotics propolis proton pump inhibitors proxalutamide quercetin ramipril ravulizumab razuprotafib regdanvimab remdesivir resveratrol rhu-pGSN rNAPc2 ropeginterferon alfa-2b SA58 sargramostim sarilumab selenium selinexor sentinox siltuximab silymarin sipavibart SIR1-365 sleep SNS812 sodium bicarb.. sotrovimab spironolactone sunlight tenecteplase thermotherapy tixagevimab/c.. TMPRSS2 inhibitors tocilizumab tradipitant trimodulin TRV027 UDCA vadadustat varespladib verapamil vidofludimus calcium vilobelimab vitamin A vitamin B12 vitamin B9 vitamin C vitamin D vitamin K voxvoganan XAV-19 xiannuoxin YKYY017 zafirlukast zansecimab zavegepant zenuzolac zinc zunsemetinib
WHAT WORKS
COVID-19 involves the interplay of 350+ viral and host proteins and factors, providing many therapeutic targets.
c19early analyzes 6,300+ studies for 211 treatments—over 17 million hours of research.
US authorities recommend only three high-profit early treatments.
In reality, many treatments reduce risk,
with 25 low-cost treatments approved across 163 countries.
0.5% of 10,000+ proposed treatments show reduced risk.
Treatment to the primary source of initial infection reduces progression and transmission.
Exercise, sunlight, a healthy diet, and good sleep all reduce risk.
Vitamins A, C, D, and zinc show reduced risk, as with other viruses.
Methods for increasing internal body temperature, comparable to natural fever, enhancing immune system function.
Many systemic agents reduce risk, and may be required when infection progresses beyond the upper respiratory tract.
High-profit systemic agents are also effective, but have greater access and cost barriers.
Highly effective but rarely used—variant dependence, high cost, IV/SC administration.
Increased risk of severe outcomes and mortality.
Increased mortality with longer followup. Increased kidney and liver injury, cardiac disorders.
Potential benefits of 10,414
other treatments have been reported. We have not reviewed these studies.
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