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β-sitosterol for COVID-19

β-sitosterol has been reported as potentially beneficial for COVID-19 in the following studies. We have not reviewed β-sitosterol in detail.
COVID-19 involves the interplay of over 100 viral and host proteins and factors providing many therapeutic targets. Scientists have proposed over 9,000 potential treatments. c19early.org analyzes 170+ treatments.
Djouonzo et al., SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors from the stem barks of Discoglypremna caloneura (Pax) Prain (Euphorbiaceae) and Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir (Fabaceae) and their molecular docking investigation, Applied Biological Chemistry, doi:10.1186/s13765-023-00833-y
AbstractThe main viral protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 provides an excellent target for antivirals, due to its essential and conserved function in the viral replication cycle. We reported in this study, the SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitory effect of twelve compounds isolated from D. caloneura and P. erinaceus together with four derivatives. Among the effectively tested samples, two derivatized compounds displayed significant improvement on the activity from the starting material, friedelin (1) through the acetoreduced (2) to the acetoxy product (3) with respective IC50 values of 42.89, 29.69 and 19.39 µg/mL. The latter displayed the highest activity although lower as compared to that of baicalein, the positive control with IC50 0.41 µg/mL. The molecular docking study showed that an increase in the number of hydrogen bonds between compounds and active site of Mpro resulted in increased inhibition. Graphical Abstract
Albiheyri et al., Investigating the Antiviral Properties of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn against the Ebola, SARS-CoV-2, Nipah, and Chikungunya Viruses: A Computational Simulation Study, Pharmaceuticals, doi:10.3390/ph17050581
Background: The hunt for naturally occurring antiviral compounds to combat viral infection was expedited when COVID-19 and Ebola spread rapidly. Phytochemicals from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn were evaluated as significant inhibitors of these viruses. Methods: Computational tools and techniques were used to assess the binding pattern of phytochemicals from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn to Ebola virus VP35, SARS-CoV-2 protease, Nipah virus glycoprotein, and chikungunya virus. Results: Virtual screening and AutoDock analysis revealed that arborside-C, beta amyrin, and beta-sitosterol exhibited a substantial binding affinity for specific viral targets. The arborside-C and beta-sitosterol molecules were shown to have binding energies of −8.65 and −9.11 kcal/mol, respectively, when interacting with the major protease. Simultaneously, the medication remdesivir exhibited a control value of −6.18 kcal/mol. The measured affinity of phytochemicals for the other investigated targets was −7.52 for beta-amyrin against Ebola and −6.33 kcal/mol for nicotiflorin against Nipah virus targets. Additional molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) conducted on the molecules with significant antiviral potential, specifically the beta-amyrin-VP35 complex showing a stable RMSD pattern, yielded encouraging outcomes. Conclusions: Arborside-C, beta-sitosterol, beta-amyrin, and nicotiflorin could be established as excellent natural antiviral compounds derived from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. The virus-suppressing phytochemicals in this plant make it a compelling target for both in vitro and in vivo research in the future.
Masoudi-Sobhanzadeh et al., Structure-based drug repurposing against COVID-19 and emerging infectious diseases: methods, resources and discoveries, Briefings in Bioinformatics, doi:10.1093/bib/bbab113
AbstractTo attain promising pharmacotherapies, researchers have applied drug repurposing (DR) techniques to discover the candidate medicines to combat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Although many DR approaches have been introduced for treating different diseases, only structure-based DR (SBDR) methods can be employed as the first therapeutic option against the COVID-19 pandemic because they rely on the rudimentary information about the diseases such as the sequence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 genome. Hence, to try out new treatments for the disease, the first attempts have been made based on the SBDR methods which seem to be among the proper choices for discovering the potential medications against the emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Given the importance of SBDR approaches, in the present review, well-known SBDR methods are summarized, and their merits are investigated. Then, the databases and software applications, utilized for repurposing the drugs against COVID-19, are introduced. Besides, the identified drugs are categorized based on their targets. Finally, a comparison is made between the SBDR approaches and other DR methods, and some possible future directions are proposed.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 200,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. IMA and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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