A summary of study results is below. Please submit
updates and corrections at the bottom of this page.
A summary of study results is below. Please submit
updates and corrections at https://c19early.org/imeta.html.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules as detailed above
and gives priority to more serious outcomes. Only the first (most serious)
outcome is used in pooled analysis, which may differ from the effect a paper
focuses on. Other outcomes are used in outcome specific analyses.
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Abbas, 12/31/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, China, peer-reviewed, 3 authors, study period May 2021 - August 2021, dosage 300μg/kg days 1-5, excluded in exclusion analyses:
very minimal patient information, three different results for the recovery outcome, selective omission of the statistically significant recovery p-value, and other inconsistencies.
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risk of death, 4.0% higher, RR 1.04, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 99 (1.0%), control 1 of 103 (1.0%).
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deterioration of 2 or more points, 40.5% lower, RR 0.59, p = 0.54, treatment 4 of 99 (4.0%), control 7 of 103 (6.8%), NNT 36.
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escalation of care, 14.9% lower, RR 0.85, p = 0.82, treatment 9 of 99 (9.1%), control 11 of 103 (10.7%), NNT 63.
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fever during study, 17.9% lower, RR 0.82, p = 0.58, treatment 15 of 99 (15.2%), control 19 of 103 (18.4%), NNT 30.
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risk of no recovery, 35.6% lower, RR 0.64, p = 0.04, treatment 26 of 99 (26.3%), control 42 of 103 (40.8%), NNT 6.9, primary outcome.
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recovery time, 30.8% lower, relative time 0.69, p = 0.08, treatment 99, control 103, primary outcome.
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Ahmed, 12/2/2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Bangladesh, peer-reviewed, mean age 42.0, 15 authors, average treatment delay 3.83 days, dosage 12mg days 1-5, the ivermectin + doxycycline group took only a single dose of ivermectin.
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risk of unresolved symptoms, 85.0% lower, RR 0.15, p = 0.09, treatment 0 of 17 (0.0%), control 3 of 19 (15.8%), NNT 6.3, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), day 7, fever, ivermectin (5 days), primary outcome.
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risk of unresolved symptoms, 62.7% lower, RR 0.37, p = 0.35, treatment 1 of 17 (5.9%), control 3 of 19 (15.8%), NNT 10, day 7, fever, ivermectin (1 day) + doxycycline.
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risk of no viral clearance, 75.6% lower, HR 0.24, p = 0.03, treatment 11 of 22 (50.0%), control 20 of 23 (87.0%), NNT 2.7, adjusted per study, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, day 7, ivermectin (5 days).
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risk of no viral clearance, 56.5% lower, HR 0.43, p = 0.22, treatment 16 of 23 (69.6%), control 20 of 23 (87.0%), NNT 5.8, adjusted per study, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, day 7, ivermectin (1 day) + doxycycline.
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risk of no viral clearance, 63.0% lower, HR 0.37, p = 0.02, treatment 5 of 22 (22.7%), control 14 of 23 (60.9%), NNT 2.6, adjusted per study, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, day 14, ivermectin (5 days).
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risk of no viral clearance, 41.2% lower, HR 0.59, p = 0.19, treatment 9 of 23 (39.1%), control 14 of 23 (60.9%), NNT 4.6, adjusted per study, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, day 14, ivermectin (1 day) + doxycycline.
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time to viral-, 23.6% lower, relative time 0.76, p = 0.02, treatment 22, control 23, ivermectin (5 days).
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time to viral-, 9.4% lower, relative time 0.91, p = 0.27, treatment 23, control 23, ivermectin (1 day) + doxycycline.
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Aref, 6/15/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Egypt, peer-reviewed, 7 authors, study period February 2021 - March 2021, dosage not specified, trial NCT04716569 (history).
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relative duration of fever, 63.2% lower, relative time 0.37, p < 0.001, treatment 57, control 57, primary outcome.
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relative duration of dyspnea, 56.4% lower, relative time 0.44, p < 0.001, treatment 57, control 57.
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relative duration of anosmia, 68.8% lower, relative time 0.31, p < 0.001, treatment 57, control 57.
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relative duration of cough, 64.3% lower, relative time 0.36, p < 0.001, treatment 57, control 57.
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risk of no viral clearance, 78.6% lower, RR 0.21, p = 0.004, treatment 3 of 57 (5.3%), control 14 of 57 (24.6%), NNT 5.2.
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time to viral-, 35.7% lower, relative time 0.64, p < 0.001, treatment 57, control 57.
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Babalola, 1/6/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Nigeria, peer-reviewed, baseline oxygen required 8.3%, 10 authors, study period May 2020 - November 2020, dosage 12mg or 6mg q84h for two weeks, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo.
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adjusted risk of viral+ at day 5, 63.9% lower, RR 0.36, p = 0.11, treatment 40, control 20, adjusted per study, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment.
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relative ∆SpO2 (unadjusted), 41.5% better, RR 0.59, p = 0.07, treatment 38, control 18, figure 3.
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risk of no viral clearance, 58.0% lower, HR 0.42, p = 0.01, treatment 20, control 20, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, 12mg - Cox proportional hazard model.
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risk of no viral clearance, 40.5% lower, HR 0.60, p = 0.12, treatment 20, control 20, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, 6mg - Cox proportional hazard model.
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time to viral-, 49.2% lower, relative time 0.51, p = 0.02, treatment 20, control 20, 12mg, primary outcome.
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time to viral-, 34.4% lower, relative time 0.66, p = 0.08, treatment 20, control 20, 6mg.
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Biber, 2/12/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Israel, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, study period 12 May, 2020 - 31 October, 2020, average treatment delay 4.0 days, dosage 12mg days 1-3, 15mg for patients ≥70kg, trial NCT04429711 (history).
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risk of hospitalization, 70.2% lower, RR 0.30, p = 0.34, treatment 1 of 47 (2.1%), control 3 of 42 (7.1%), NNT 20.
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risk of no viral clearance, 61.6% lower, RR 0.38, p = 0.02, treatment 8 of 47 (17.0%), control 17 of 42 (40.5%), NNT 4.3, adjusted per study, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, odds ratio converted to relative risk, Ct>30, multivariable, day 8.
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risk of no viral clearance, 39.0% lower, RR 0.61, p = 0.09, treatment 13 of 47 (27.7%), control 21 of 42 (50.0%), NNT 4.5, adjusted per study, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, odds ratio converted to relative risk, Ct>30, multivariable, day 6, primary outcome.
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risk of no viral clearance, 73.0% lower, RR 0.27, p = 0.008, treatment 3 of 23 (13.0%), control 14 of 29 (48.3%), NNT 2.8, culture viability.
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risk of no viral clearance, 70.2% lower, RR 0.30, p = 0.14, treatment 2 of 47 (4.3%), control 6 of 42 (14.3%), NNT 10.0, non-infectious samples (Ct>30 or non-viable culture), day 10.
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risk of no viral clearance, 82.1% lower, RR 0.18, p = 0.01, treatment 2 of 47 (4.3%), control 10 of 42 (23.8%), NNT 5.1, non-infectious samples (Ct>30 or non-viable culture), day 8.
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risk of no viral clearance, 75.6% lower, RR 0.24, p = 0.02, treatment 3 of 47 (6.4%), control 11 of 42 (26.2%), NNT 5.0, non-infectious samples (Ct>30 or non-viable culture), day 6.
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risk of no viral clearance, 65.1% lower, RR 0.35, p = 0.05, treatment 4 of 28 (14.3%), control 9 of 22 (40.9%), NNT 3.8, non-infectious samples (Ct>30 or non-viable culture), day 4.
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risk of no viral clearance, 51.9% lower, RR 0.48, p = 0.08, treatment 7 of 47 (14.9%), control 13 of 42 (31.0%), NNT 6.2, Ct>30, day 10.
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risk of no viral clearance, 57.9% lower, RR 0.42, p = 0.02, treatment 8 of 47 (17.0%), control 17 of 42 (40.5%), NNT 4.3, Ct>30, day 8.
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risk of no viral clearance, 44.7% lower, RR 0.55, p = 0.049, treatment 13 of 47 (27.7%), control 21 of 42 (50.0%), NNT 4.5, Ct>30, day 6.
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risk of no viral clearance, 31.9% lower, RR 0.68, p = 0.16, treatment 13 of 28 (46.4%), control 15 of 22 (68.2%), NNT 4.6, Ct>30, day 4.
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Borody, 10/19/2021, retrospective, Australia, preprint, 2 authors, study period 1 June, 2021 - 30 September, 2021, dosage 24mg days 1-10, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with zinc and doxycycline) - results of individual treatments may vary, excluded in exclusion analyses:
preliminary report with minimal details.
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risk of death, 92.3% lower, RR 0.08, p = 0.03, treatment 0 of 600 (0.0%), control 6 of 600 (1.0%), NNT 100, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
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risk of hospitalization, 92.9% lower, RR 0.07, p < 0.001, treatment 5 of 600 (0.8%), control 70 of 600 (11.7%), NNT 9.2, primary outcome.
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Bramante, 8/18/2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, USA, peer-reviewed, 37 authors, average treatment delay 4.6 days, dosage 430μg/kg days 1-3, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo, trial NCT04510194 (history) (COVID-OUT).
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risk of death, 197.1% higher, RR 2.97, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 408 (0.2%), control 0 of 396 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), day 28.
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risk of death/hospitalization, 26.7% lower, RR 0.73, p = 0.66, treatment 4 of 406 (1.0%), control 5 of 394 (1.3%), NNT 352, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
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risk of progression, 36.8% higher, RR 1.37, p = 0.33, treatment 23 of 406 (5.7%), control 16 of 394 (4.1%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, combined ER, hospitalization, death, mismatch with symptom data.
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risk of progression, 3.7% higher, RR 1.04, p = 0.78, treatment 105 of 407 (25.8%), control 96 of 391 (24.6%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, combined hypoxemia, ER, hospitalization, death, primary outcome, authors note hypoxemia data unreliable.
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risk of hospitalization, 60.8% lower, RR 0.39, p = 0.28, treatment 2 of 206 (1.0%), control 5 of 202 (2.5%), NNT 66, IVM vs. placebo.
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risk of hospitalization, 74.6% lower, RR 0.25, p = 0.37, treatment 1 of 137 (0.7%), control 4 of 139 (2.9%), NNT 47, IVM vs. placebo, ≤5 days from onset.
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risk of hospitalization, 70.1% lower, RR 0.30, p = 0.12, treatment 3 of 406 (0.7%), control 5 of 202 (2.5%), NNT 58, IVM and IVM+MF vs. placebo.
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risk of hospitalization, 41.8% lower, RR 0.58, p = 0.50, treatment 3 of 406 (0.7%), control 5 of 394 (1.3%), NNT 189, IVM and IVM+MF vs. placebo and MF.
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Bukhari, 1/16/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Pakistan, preprint, 10 authors, study period 15 March, 2020 - 15 June, 2020, dosage 12mg single dose, trial NCT04392713 (history).
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risk of no viral clearance, 82.4% lower, RR 0.18, p < 0.001, treatment 4 of 41 (9.8%), control 25 of 45 (55.6%), NNT 2.2, day 7, primary outcome.
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risk of no viral clearance, 38.7% lower, RR 0.61, p < 0.001, treatment 24 of 41 (58.5%), control 43 of 45 (95.6%), NNT 2.7, day 3.
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Buonfrate, 9/6/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Italy, peer-reviewed, 18 authors, study period 31 July, 2020 - 8 June, 2021, average treatment delay 4.0 days, dosage 1200μg/kg days 1-5, arm B 600µg/kg, arm C 1200µg/kg, trial NCT04438850 (history) (COVER), excluded in exclusion analyses:
significant unadjusted group differences, with 3 times as many patients in the ivermectin arms having the baseline visit in a hospital setting, and arm C having large differences in baseline gender, weight, cough, pyrexia, and anosmia, excessive dose for arm C.
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risk of hospitalization, 210.7% higher, RR 3.11, p = 0.47, treatment 1 of 28 (3.6%), control 0 of 31 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), arm B.
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risk of hospitalization, 610.0% higher, RR 7.10, p = 0.11, treatment 3 of 30 (10.0%), control 0 of 31 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), arm C, very high dose, poorly tolerated with low compliance, poorly tolerated, low compliance.
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relative change in viral load, RR 0.80, p = 0.59, treatment mean 2.5 (±2.2) n=28, control mean 2.0 (±4.4) n=29, day 7, arm B, primary outcome.
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relative change in viral load, RR 0.69, p = 0.07, treatment mean 2.9 (±1.6) n=30, control mean 2.0 (±2.1) n=29, day 7, arm C, primary outcome.
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Cadegiani, 11/4/2020, prospective, Brazil, peer-reviewed, 4 authors, average treatment delay 2.9 days, dosage 200μg/kg days 1-3, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with AZ, nitazoxanide (82), HCQ (22), spironolactone (66), dutasteride (4)) - results of individual treatments may vary, excluded in exclusion analyses:
control group retrospectively obtained from untreated patients in the same population.
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risk of death, 78.3% lower, RR 0.22, p = 0.50, treatment 0 of 110 (0.0%), control 2 of 137 (1.5%), NNT 68, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), control group 1.
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risk of mechanical ventilation, 94.2% lower, RR 0.06, p = 0.005, treatment 0 of 110 (0.0%), control 9 of 137 (6.6%), NNT 15, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), control group 1.
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risk of hospitalization, 98.0% lower, RR 0.02, p < 0.001, treatment 0 of 110 (0.0%), control 27 of 137 (19.7%), NNT 5.1, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), control group 1.
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Carvallo (C), 9/15/2020, prospective, Argentina, peer-reviewed, mean age 55.7, 3 authors, dosage 36mg days 1, 8, dose varied depending on patient condition - mild 24mg, moderate 36mg, severe 48mg, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with dexamethasone, enoxaparin, and aspirin) - results of individual treatments may vary, excluded in exclusion analyses:
minimal details of groups provided.
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risk of death, 85.4% lower, RR 0.15, p = 0.08, treatment 1 of 32 (3.1%), control 3 of 14 (21.4%), NNT 5.5, moderate/severe patients, the only treatment death was a patient already in the ICU before treatment, primary outcome.
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Chaccour (B), 12/7/2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Spain, peer-reviewed, 24 authors, study period 31 July, 2020 - 11 September, 2020, average treatment delay 1.0 days, dosage 400μg/kg single dose, trial NCT04390022 (history) (SAINT).
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risk of symptoms, 96.0% lower, OR 0.04, p < 0.05, treatment 12, control 12, logistic regression, chance of presenting any symptom, RR approximated with OR.
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viral load, 94.8% lower, relative load 0.05, p = 0.02, treatment 12, control 12, day 7 mid-recovery, relative viral load, geometric mean of gene E and gene N, p-value estimated with a Welch test assuming log-normal viral-load distributions and estimated log-scale standard deviations from the IQRs, Supplementary Table S1.
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risk of no viral clearance, 8.0% lower, RR 0.92, p = 1.00, treatment 12, control 12, primary outcome.
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Chahla, 3/30/2021, Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial, Argentina, peer-reviewed, 9 authors, study period September 2020 - January 2021, dosage 24mg days 1, 8, 15, 22, trial NCT04784481 (history).
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risk of no discharge, 86.9% lower, RR 0.13, p = 0.004, treatment 2 of 110 (1.8%), control 20 of 144 (13.9%), NNT 8.3, adjusted per study, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, odds ratio converted to relative risk, logistic regression, multivariable, primary outcome.
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Chowdhury, 7/14/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Bangladesh, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, study period 2 May, 2020 - 5 June, 2020, dosage 200μg/kg single dose, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with doxycycline) - results of individual treatments may vary, trial NCT04434144 (history).
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risk of hospitalization, 80.6% lower, RR 0.19, p = 0.23, treatment 0 of 60 (0.0%), control 2 of 56 (3.6%), NNT 28, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
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risk of no recovery, 46.4% lower, RR 0.54, p < 0.001, treatment 27 of 60 (45.0%), control 47 of 56 (83.9%), NNT 2.6, mid-recovery day 5.
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recovery time, 15.2% lower, relative time 0.85, p = 0.07, treatment 60, control 56.
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risk of no viral clearance, 80.6% lower, RR 0.19, p = 0.23, treatment 0 of 60 (0.0%), control 2 of 56 (3.6%), NNT 28, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), primary outcome.
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time to viral-, 4.3% lower, relative time 0.96, p = 0.23, treatment 60, control 56.
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de Jesús Ascencio-Montiel, 1/24/2022, retrospective, Mexico, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, dosage 6mg days 1-2, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with AZ, acetaminophen, aspirin) - results of individual treatments may vary.
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risk of death/hospitalization, 59.0% lower, RR 0.41, p < 0.001, treatment 7,898, control 20,150, adjusted per study, multivariable, primary outcome.
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risk of death/hospitalization, 71.0% lower, RR 0.29, p < 0.001, treatment 5,557, control 12,526, adjusted per study, with phone call followup, multivariable.
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risk of death, 15.0% lower, RR 0.85, p = 0.16, treatment 101 of 7,898 (1.3%), control 303 of 20,150 (1.5%), NNT 445, unadjusted, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with alternate outcome adjusted results showing significant changes with adjustments.
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risk of mechanical ventilation, 9.1% lower, RR 0.91, p = 0.51, treatment 77 of 7,898 (1.0%), control 216 of 20,150 (1.1%), NNT 1031, unadjusted, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with alternate outcome adjusted results showing significant changes with adjustments.
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risk of hospitalization, 47.6% lower, RR 0.52, p < 0.001, treatment 485 of 7,898 (6.1%), control 2,360 of 20,150 (11.7%), NNT 18, unadjusted, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with alternate outcome adjusted results showing significant changes with adjustments.
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risk of progression, 41.8% lower, RR 0.58, p < 0.001, treatment 435 of 7,898 (5.5%), control 1,906 of 20,150 (9.5%), NNT 25, unadjusted, ER, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with alternate outcome adjusted results showing significant changes with adjustments.
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de la Rocha, 5/23/2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Mexico, peer-reviewed, 21 authors, study period 1 July, 2020 - 29 January, 2021, dosage 12mg days 1-3, trial NCT04407507 (history), excluded in exclusion analyses:
data mismatch, no response from authors.
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risk of progression to serious adverse events, 186.7% higher, RR 2.87, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 30 (3.3%), control 0 of 26 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
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viral load, 2.4% lower, relative load 0.98, p = 0.64, treatment mean 33.74 (±4.77) n=30, control mean 32.94 (±7.74) n=26, day 14.
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viral load, 7.8% lower, relative load 0.92, p = 0.04, treatment mean 30.64 (±3.74) n=30, control mean 28.25 (±4.21) n=26, mid-recovery, day 5.
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Elalfy, 2/16/2021, retrospective, Egypt, peer-reviewed, 15 authors, dosage 18mg days 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, <90kg 18mg, 90-120kg 24mg, >120kg 30mg, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with nitazoxanide, ribavirin, and zinc) - results of individual treatments may vary.
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risk of no viral clearance, 86.9% lower, RR 0.13, p < 0.001, treatment 7 of 62 (11.3%), control 44 of 51 (86.3%), NNT 1.3, day 15, primary outcome.
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risk of no viral clearance, 58.1% lower, RR 0.42, p < 0.001, treatment 26 of 62 (41.9%), control 51 of 51 (100.0%), NNT 1.7, day 7.
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Espitia-Hernandez, 8/15/2020, retrospective, Mexico, peer-reviewed, mean age 45.1, 5 authors, dosage 6mg days 1-2, 8-9, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with azithromycin and cholecalciferol) - results of individual treatments may vary.
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recovery time, 70.0% lower, relative time 0.30, p < 0.001, treatment 28, control 7.
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risk of viral+ at day 10, 97.2% lower, RR 0.03, p < 0.001, treatment 0 of 28 (0.0%), control 7 of 7 (100.0%), NNT 1.0, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), primary outcome.
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Faisal, 5/10/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Pakistan, peer-reviewed, 3 authors, study period 5 April, 2020 - 30 May, 2020, dosage 12mg days 1-5.
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risk of no recovery, 68.4% lower, RR 0.32, p = 0.005, treatment 6 of 50 (12.0%), control 19 of 50 (38.0%), NNT 3.8, 6-8 days, mid-recovery, primary outcome.
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risk of no recovery, 27.3% lower, RR 0.73, p = 0.11, treatment 24 of 50 (48.0%), control 33 of 50 (66.0%), NNT 5.6, 3-5 days.
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risk of no recovery, 75.0% lower, RR 0.25, p = 0.09, treatment 2 of 50 (4.0%), control 8 of 50 (16.0%), NNT 8.3, 9-10 days.
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Ghauri, 12/15/2020, retrospective, Pakistan, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, dosage 12mg days 1-6.
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risk of fever, 92.2% lower, RR 0.08, p = 0.04, treatment 0 of 37 (0.0%), control 7 of 53 (13.2%), NNT 7.6, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), day 14.
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risk of fever, 86.4% lower, RR 0.14, p < 0.001, treatment 2 of 37 (5.4%), control 21 of 53 (39.6%), NNT 2.9, day 10.
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risk of fever, 55.7% lower, RR 0.44, p < 0.001, treatment 13 of 37 (35.1%), control 42 of 53 (79.2%), NNT 2.3, day 7.
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risk of fever, 42.2% lower, RR 0.58, p < 0.001, treatment 21 of 37 (56.8%), control 52 of 53 (98.1%), NNT 2.4, day 5.
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Kamal, 9/1/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, trial NCT04425707 (history).
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Estimated 100 patient RCT with results unknown and over 6 years late.
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Krolewiecki, 6/18/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Argentina, peer-reviewed, 23 authors, study period 18 May, 2020 - 9 September, 2020, average treatment delay 3.5 days, dosage 600μg/kg days 1-5, trial NCT004381884 (history).
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risk of mechanical ventilation, 151.9% higher, RR 2.52, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 27 (3.7%), control 0 of 14 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
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risk of progression, 3.7% higher, RR 1.04, p = 1.00, treatment 2 of 27 (7.4%), control 1 of 14 (7.1%).
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viral decay rate, RR 0.34, p = 0.09, treatment 20, control 12, relative mean viral decay rate (corrigendum table 2, all treatment patients vs. all control patients), primary outcome.
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Loue, 4/17/2021, retrospective quasi-randomized (patient choice), France, peer-reviewed, 2 authors, dosage 200μg/kg single dose.
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risk of death, 70.0% lower, RR 0.30, p = 0.34, treatment 1 of 10 (10.0%), control 5 of 15 (33.3%), NNT 4.3.
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risk of severe case, 55.0% lower, RR 0.45, p = 0.11, treatment 3 of 10 (30.0%), control 10 of 15 (66.7%), NNT 2.7.
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López-Medina, 3/4/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Colombia, peer-reviewed, median age 37.0, 19 authors, study period 15 July, 2020 - 30 November, 2020, average treatment delay 5.0 days, dosage 300μg/kg days 1-5, excluded in exclusion analyses:
strong evidence of patients in the control group self-medicating, ivermectin widely used in the population at that time, and the study drug identity was concealed by using the name D11AX22.
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risk of death, 66.8% lower, RR 0.33, p = 0.50, treatment 0 of 200 (0.0%), control 1 of 198 (0.5%), NNT 198, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
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risk of escalation of care, 60.8% lower, RR 0.39, p = 0.11, treatment 4 of 200 (2.0%), control 10 of 198 (5.1%), NNT 33, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
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risk of escalation of care with post-hoc <12h exclusion, 34.3% lower, RR 0.66, p = 0.52, treatment 4 of 200 (2.0%), control 6 of 198 (3.0%), NNT 97, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
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risk of deterioration by ≥2 points on an 8-point scale, 43.1% lower, RR 0.57, p = 0.37, treatment 4 of 200 (2.0%), control 7 of 198 (3.5%), NNT 65, odds ratio converted to relative risk, primary outcome.
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risk of fever post randomization, 24.8% lower, RR 0.75, p = 0.38, treatment 16 of 200 (8.0%), control 21 of 198 (10.6%), NNT 38, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
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risk of unresolved symptoms at day 21, 15.3% lower, RR 0.85, p = 0.53, treatment 36 of 200 (18.0%), control 42 of 198 (21.2%), NNT 31, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, odds ratio converted to relative risk, Cox proportional-hazard model.
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lack of resolution of symptoms, 6.5% lower, HR 0.93, p = 0.53, treatment 200, control 198, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, post-hoc primary outcome.
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Mahmud, 10/9/2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Bangladesh, peer-reviewed, 15 authors, study period 1 June, 2020 - 30 August, 2020, average treatment delay 4.0 days, dosage 12mg single dose, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with doxycycline) - results of individual treatments may vary, trial NCT04523831 (history).
|
risk of death, 85.7% lower, HR 0.14, p = 0.25, treatment 0 of 183 (0.0%), control 3 of 183 (1.6%), NNT 61, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
risk of progression, 57.0% lower, HR 0.43, p < 0.001, treatment 16 of 183 (8.7%), control 32 of 180 (17.8%), NNT 11, adjusted per study, Cox regression.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 94.0% lower, HR 0.06, p < 0.001, treatment 72 of 183 (39.3%), control 100 of 180 (55.6%), NNT 6.2, adjusted per study, day 7, Cox regression.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 38.5% lower, RR 0.61, p = 0.005, treatment 40 of 183 (21.9%), control 64 of 180 (35.6%), NNT 7.3, day 11.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 96.0% lower, HR 0.04, p < 0.001, treatment 42 of 183 (23.0%), control 67 of 180 (37.2%), NNT 7.0, adjusted per study, day 12, Cox regression.
|
|
time to recovery, 27.0% lower, HR 0.73, p = 0.003, treatment 183, control 180, Cox regression, primary outcome.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 39.0% lower, HR 0.61, p = 0.002, treatment 14 of 183 (7.7%), control 36 of 180 (20.0%), NNT 8.1, adjusted per study, Cox regression.
|
|
Manomaipiboon, 2/2/2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Thailand, peer-reviewed, mean age 48.6, 8 authors, study period 10 October, 2021 - 15 December, 2021, dosage 12mg days 1-5, trial NCT05076253 (history).
|
risk of no recovery, 43.5% lower, RR 0.57, p = 0.26, treatment 3 of 36 (8.3%), control 6 of 36 (16.7%), NNT 12, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, resolution of symptoms, Table S2, day 28.
|
|
recovery time, 15.3% lower, RR 0.85, p = 0.56, treatment 36, control 36, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, time to resolution of symptoms.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 5.0% lower, RR 0.95, p = 1.00, treatment 19 of 36 (52.8%), control 20 of 36 (55.6%), NNT 36, day 14, primary outcome.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 3.3% lower, RR 0.97, p = 1.00, treatment 29 of 36 (80.6%), control 30 of 36 (83.3%), NNT 36, day 7.
|
|
Mayer, 9/23/2021, retrospective, Argentina, peer-reviewed, 14 authors, dosage 540μg/kg days 1-5, mean prescribed dose.
|
risk of death, 55.1% lower, RR 0.45, p < 0.001, treatment 3,266, control 17,966, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, Figure 3, multivariable.
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 65.9% lower, RR 0.34, p < 0.001, treatment 3,266, control 17,966, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, Figure 3, multivariable.
|
|
risk of death, 27.6% lower, RR 0.72, p = 0.03, treatment 3,266, control 17,966, odds ratio converted to relative risk, unadjusted.
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 26.0% lower, RR 0.74, p = 0.13, treatment 3,266, control 17,966, odds ratio converted to relative risk, unadjusted.
|
|
Merino, 5/3/2021, retrospective quasi-randomized (patients receiving kit), population-based cohort, Mexico, preprint, 7 authors, dosage 6mg bid days 1-2, censored, see notes.
|
risk of hospitalization, 74.4% lower, RR 0.26, p < 0.001, model 7, same time period, patients receiving kit.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 68.4% lower, RR 0.32, p < 0.001, model 1, different time periods, administrative rule.
|
|
Mikamo, 9/26/2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, multiple countries, peer-reviewed, 19 authors, study period 12 November, 2021 - 7 August, 2022, average treatment delay 3.2 days, dosage 300μg/kg days 1-3, trial NCT05056883 (history) (IVERMILCO), excluded in exclusion analyses:
very low risk group with almost no progression leaves little room for improvement, unbalanced baseline dyspnea and high symptom scores, design and post-hoc changes favor null result.
|
COVID-19 pneumonia, 205.0% higher, RR 3.05, p = 0.49, treatment 1 of 502 (0.2%), control 0 of 527 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), Table S8.
|
|
use of therapeutic agents, oxygen, transfer, hospitalization, death, 214.9% higher, RR 3.15, p = 0.36, treatment 3 of 502 (0.6%), control 1 of 527 (0.2%).
|
|
risk of no improvement, 4.0% higher, HR 1.04, p = 0.62, treatment 502, control 527, 168hr, improving trend, primary outcome.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 4.0% lower, HR 0.96, p = 0.72, treatment 502, control 527, 168hr, clinical resolution, Figure S3.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 4.0% lower, HR 0.96, p = 0.64, treatment 502, control 527, 240hr, clinical resolution, Figure S3.
|
|
Mirahmadizadeh, 6/23/2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Iran, peer-reviewed, 12 authors, study period 9 April, 2021 - 20 May, 2021, dosage 24mg single dose, 12mg and 24mg arms.
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 66.9% lower, RR 0.33, p = 0.37, treatment 1 of 131 (0.8%), control 3 of 130 (2.3%), NNT 65, 24mg.
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 33.3% lower, RR 0.67, p = 1.00, treatment 2 of 130 (1.5%), control 3 of 130 (2.3%), NNT 130, 12mg.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 45.9% lower, RR 0.54, p = 0.22, treatment 6 of 131 (4.6%), control 11 of 130 (8.5%), NNT 26, 24mg, primary outcome.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 27.3% lower, RR 0.73, p = 0.63, treatment 8 of 130 (6.2%), control 11 of 130 (8.5%), NNT 43, 12mg, primary outcome.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 38.9% lower, RR 0.61, p = 0.27, treatment 8 of 131 (6.1%), control 13 of 130 (10.0%), NNT 26, day 28, 24mg.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 30.8% lower, RR 0.69, p = 0.50, treatment 9 of 130 (6.9%), control 13 of 130 (10.0%), NNT 32, day 28, 12mg.
|
|
Mohan, 2/2/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, India, peer-reviewed, 27 authors, study period 28 July, 2020 - 29 September, 2020, average treatment delay 5.0 days, dosage 400μg/kg single dose, 200μg/kg also tested, trial CTRI/2020/06/026001 (RIVET-COV).
|
risk of no discharge at day 14, 62.5% lower, RR 0.38, p = 0.27, treatment 2 of 40 (5.0%), control 6 of 45 (13.3%), NNT 12, 24mg.
|
|
risk of clinical worsening, 32.5% lower, RR 0.68, p = 0.72, treatment 3 of 40 (7.5%), control 5 of 45 (11.1%), NNT 28, 24mg.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 23.8% lower, RR 0.76, p = 0.18, treatment 21 of 40 (52.5%), control 31 of 45 (68.9%), NNT 6.1, day 5, 24mg, primary outcome.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 10.3% lower, RR 0.90, p = 0.65, treatment 20 of 36 (55.6%), control 26 of 42 (61.9%), NNT 16, day 7, 24mg.
|
|
Mouawia, 5/1/2026, Randomized Controlled Trial, Lebanon, peer-reviewed, mean age 40.1, 8 authors, study period November 2021 - December 2021, dosage 12mg single dose, <65kg - 9mg, 65-84kg - 12 mg, ≥85kg - 15 mg, trial ChiCTR2000033627.
|
risk of hospitalization, 55.6% lower, RR 0.44, p = 0.24, treatment 4 of 63 (6.3%), control 9 of 63 (14.3%), NNT 13, day 4.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 30.9% lower, RR 0.69, p = 0.007, treatment 63, control 63, all symptoms combined.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 81.2% lower, RR 0.19, p = 0.002, treatment 3 of 63 (4.8%), control 16 of 63 (25.4%), NNT 4.8, day 4, fever.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 33.3% higher, RR 1.33, p = 0.52, treatment 16 of 63 (25.4%), control 12 of 63 (19.0%), day 4, cough.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 60.0% lower, RR 0.40, p = 0.44, treatment 2 of 63 (3.2%), control 5 of 63 (7.9%), NNT 21, day 4, sore throat.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 26.3% lower, RR 0.74, p = 0.42, treatment 14 of 63 (22.2%), control 19 of 63 (30.2%), NNT 13, day 4, dyspnea.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 33.3% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.74, treatment 4 of 63 (6.3%), control 6 of 63 (9.5%), NNT 32, day 4, pneumonia.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 40.0% lower, RR 0.60, p = 0.02, treatment 21 of 63 (33.3%), control 35 of 63 (55.6%), NNT 4.5, day 4, headache.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 46.2% higher, RR 1.46, p = 0.31, treatment 19 of 63 (30.2%), control 13 of 63 (20.6%), day 4, anosmia.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 22.2% lower, RR 0.78, p = 0.36, treatment 21 of 63 (33.3%), control 27 of 63 (42.9%), NNT 10, day 4, myalgia.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 48.0% lower, RR 0.52, p = 0.03, treatment 13 of 63 (20.6%), control 25 of 63 (39.7%), NNT 5.2, day 4, loss of taste.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 46.7% lower, RR 0.53, p = 0.02, treatment 16 of 63 (25.4%), control 30 of 63 (47.6%), NNT 4.5, day 4, fatigue.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 42.9% lower, RR 0.57, p = 0.53, treatment 4 of 63 (6.3%), control 7 of 63 (11.1%), NNT 21, day 4, dizziness.
|
|
viral load, 61.9% lower, relative load 0.38, p < 0.001, treatment 8.38 [7.56-9.2] n=63, control 3.19 [2.36-4.02] n=63, relative ΔCt, day 4.
|
|
Mourya, 4/1/2021, retrospective, India, peer-reviewed, 5 authors, dosage 12mg days 1-7.
|
risk of no viral clearance, 89.4% lower, RR 0.11, p < 0.001, treatment 5 of 50 (10.0%), control 47 of 50 (94.0%), NNT 1.2, primary outcome.
|
|
Reis, 8/6/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Brazil, peer-reviewed, 27 authors, study period 23 March, 2021 - 6 August, 2021, dosage 400μg/kg days 1-3, impossible data, see notes, trial NCT04727424 (history) (TOGETHER), excluded in exclusion analyses:
multiple anomalies as per detailed analysis.
|
risk of death, 12.0% lower, RR 0.88, p = 0.68, treatment 21 of 679 (3.1%), control 24 of 679 (3.5%), NNT 226.
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 23.0% lower, RR 0.77, p = 0.38, treatment 19 of 679 (2.8%), control 25 of 679 (3.7%), NNT 113.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 17.0% lower, RR 0.83, p = 0.19, treatment 79 of 679 (11.6%), control 95 of 679 (14.0%), NNT 42.
|
|
extended ER observation or hospitalization, 10.0% lower, RR 0.90, p = 0.42, treatment 100 of 679 (14.7%), control 111 of 679 (16.3%), NNT 62, primary outcome.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 4.8% lower, HR 0.95, p = 0.59, treatment 679, control 679, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment.
|
|
viral clearance, no change, RR 1.00, p = 1.00, treatment 106 of 142 (74.6%), control 123 of 165 (74.5%), day 7.
|
|
viral clearance, 31.6% higher, RR 1.32, p = 0.46, treatment 148, control 170, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, day 3.
|
|
Rezai, 6/16/2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Iran, peer-reviewed, mean age 35.5, 29 authors, study period 19 February, 2021 - 30 August, 2021, dosage 400μg/kg days 1-3, trial IRCT20111224008507N4, excluded in exclusion analyses:
multiple critical issues, see study page.
|
risk of death, 4.9% higher, RR 1.05, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 268 (0.4%), control 1 of 281 (0.4%).
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 9.0% higher, RR 1.09, p = 0.95, treatment 268, control 281.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 36.0% higher, RR 1.36, p = 0.41, treatment 268, control 281.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 2.0% higher, RR 1.02, p = 0.49, treatment 268, control 281, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, post-hoc primary outcome.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 13.2% lower, RR 0.87, p = 0.09, treatment mean 3.87 (±0.18) n=268, control mean 4.46 (±0.18) n=281, cough.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 16.7% lower, RR 0.83, p = 0.81, treatment mean 2.5 (±0.51) n=268, control mean 3.0 (±0.92) n=281, tachypnea.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 23.5% higher, RR 1.23, p = 0.16, treatment 268, control 281, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment.
|
|
Schilling, 7/19/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, Thailand, peer-reviewed, median age 27.0, 38 authors, study period 30 September, 2021 - 18 April, 2022, average treatment delay 2.0 days, dosage 600μg/kg days 1-7, trial NCT05041907 (history) (PLATCOV), excluded in exclusion analyses:
post-hoc change to exclude patients treated before high viral load, population very low risk, recovering quickly without treatment, high baseline immunity, 2.2x greater baseline antibody negative for the treatment arm.
|
risk of hospitalization, 66.7% lower, RR 0.33, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 45 (0.0%), control 1 of 45 (2.2%), NNT 45, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
risk of progression, 85.7% lower, RR 0.14, p = 0.24, treatment 0 of 45 (0.0%), control 3 of 45 (6.7%), NNT 15, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), hospitalization or progression to COVID-19 rhabdomyolysis.
|
|
relative clearance rate, 9.1% worse, RR 1.09, p = 0.36, treatment 45, control 45, primary outcome.
|
|
Siripongboonsitti, 3/29/2024, Randomized Controlled Trial, Thailand, peer-reviewed, 5 authors, study period 7 December, 2022 - 3 February, 2023, dosage 600μg/kg days 1-5, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with niclosamide) - results of individual treatments may vary, trial TCTR20230403007 (FINCOV), excluded in exclusion analyses:
data consistency issues, very low risk patients/variants with almost no progression, all patients received known effective antiviral, baseline differences.
|
risk of progression, no change, RR 1.00, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 30 (3.3%), control 1 of 30 (3.3%), chest xray progression, day 6.
|
|
risk of progression, 66.7% lower, RR 0.33, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 30 (0.0%), control 1 of 30 (3.3%), NNT 30, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), chest xray progression, day 3.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 39.4% lower, RR 0.61, p = 0.19, treatment 30, control 30, combined symptoms.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 70.0% lower, RR 0.30, p = 0.048, treatment 30, control 30, mid-recovery, day 3, cough.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 14.3% lower, RR 0.86, p = 0.38, treatment 30, control 30, mid-recovery, day 3, sore throat.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 66.7% lower, RR 0.33, p = 0.41, treatment 30, control 30, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, mid-recovery, day 3, runny nose.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 50.0% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.32, treatment 30, control 30, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, day 6, cough.
|
|
relative Ct improvement, 6.1% better, RR 0.94, p = 0.75, treatment median 9.15 IQR 9.7 n=30, control median 8.59 IQR 8.24 n=30, E gene, mid-recovery, day 5, primary outcome.
|
|
Szente Fonseca, 10/31/2020, retrospective, Brazil, peer-reviewed, mean age 50.6, 10 authors, average treatment delay 4.6 days, dosage 12mg days 1-2, excluded in exclusion analyses:
result is likely affected by collinearity across treatments in the model.
|
risk of hospitalization, 13.9% higher, RR 1.14, p = 0.53, treatment 340, control 377, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, control prevalence approximated with overall prevalence, primary outcome.
|
|
Vallejos, 7/2/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Argentina, peer-reviewed, 29 authors, study period 19 August, 2020 - 22 February, 2021, average treatment delay 4.0 days, dosage 12mg days 1-2, <80kg 12mg, 80-110kg 18mg, >110kg 24mg.
|
risk of death, 33.5% higher, RR 1.33, p = 0.70, treatment 4 of 250 (1.6%), control 3 of 251 (1.2%), odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 33.5% higher, RR 1.33, p = 0.70, treatment 4 of 250 (1.6%), control 3 of 251 (1.2%), odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 33.0% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.23, treatment 14 of 250 (5.6%), control 21 of 251 (8.4%), NNT 36, odds ratio converted to relative risk, primary outcome.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 5.0% higher, RR 1.05, p = 0.55, treatment 137 of 250 (54.8%), control 131 of 251 (52.2%), inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, odds ratio converted to relative risk, day 3.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 26.8% higher, RR 1.27, p = 0.29, treatment 38 of 250 (15.2%), control 30 of 251 (12.0%), inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, odds ratio converted to relative risk, day 12.
|
|
Wijewickrema, 7/22/2024, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Sri Lanka, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, study period 29 July, 2021 - 17 March, 2022, dosage 24mg days 1-5, trial SLCTR/2021/020.
|
risk of death, 196.1% higher, RR 2.96, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 127 (0.8%), control 0 of 122 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
progression to moderate disease, 52.0% lower, RR 0.48, p = 0.62, treatment 1 of 127 (0.8%), control 2 of 122 (1.6%), NNT 117, progression to moderate disease.
|
|
viral load, 51.2% lower, relative load 0.49, p = 0.03, treatment 80, control 81, relative viral load (copies/mL), day 10, primary outcome.
|
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules as detailed above
and gives priority to more serious outcomes. Only the first (most serious)
outcome is used in pooled analysis, which may differ from the effect a paper
focuses on. Other outcomes are used in outcome specific analyses.
|
Abd-Elsalam, 6/2/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Egypt, peer-reviewed, 16 authors, study period March 2020 - October 2020, dosage 12mg days 1-3.
|
risk of death, 25.0% lower, RR 0.75, p = 0.70, treatment 3 of 82 (3.7%), control 4 of 82 (4.9%), NNT 82, odds ratio converted to relative risk, logistic regression, primary outcome.
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, no change, RR 1.00, p = 1.00, treatment 3 of 82 (3.7%), control 3 of 82 (3.7%).
|
|
hospitalization time, 19.6% lower, relative time 0.80, p = 0.09, treatment 82, control 82.
|
|
Ahsan, 4/29/2021, retrospective, Pakistan, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, dosage 150μg/kg days 1-2, 150-200µg/kg, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with doxycycline) - results of individual treatments may vary, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 50.0% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.03, treatment 17 of 110 (15.5%), control 17 of 55 (30.9%), NNT 6.5.
|
|
Aref (B), 9/19/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Egypt, peer-reviewed, 9 authors, study period 1 March, 2021 - 30 April, 2021, dosage 2 puffs of 70 μg/mL nasal ivermectin, trial NCT04951362 (history).
|
recovery time, 74.0% lower, relative time 0.26, p < 0.001, treatment 49, control 47, anosmia.
|
|
Baguma, 12/28/2021, retrospective, Uganda, preprint, 16 authors, study period March 2020 - October 2021, dosage not specified.
|
risk of death, 96.8% lower, RR 0.03, p = 0.31, treatment 7, control 474, adjusted per study, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariable, control prevalance approximated with overall prevalence.
|
|
Beltran Gonzalez, 2/23/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Mexico, peer-reviewed, mean age 53.8, 13 authors, average treatment delay 7.0 days, dosage 12mg single dose, 18mg for patients >80kg, excluded in exclusion analyses:
major inconsistencies reported and the data is no longer available, although the authors state that it is available, and have shared it with an anti-treatment group.
|
risk of death, 14.4% lower, RR 0.86, p = 1.00, treatment 5 of 36 (13.9%), control 6 of 37 (16.2%), NNT 43.
|
|
risk of respiratory deterioration or death, 8.6% lower, RR 0.91, p = 1.00, treatment 8 of 36 (22.2%), control 9 of 37 (24.3%), NNT 48.
|
|
risk of no hospital discharge, 37.0% higher, RR 1.37, p = 0.71, treatment 4 of 36 (11.1%), control 3 of 37 (8.1%).
|
|
hospitalization time, 20.0% higher, relative time 1.20, p = 0.43, treatment 36, control 37, primary outcome.
|
|
Budhiraja, 11/18/2020, retrospective, India, preprint, 12 authors, dosage not specified.
|
risk of death, 99.1% lower, RR 0.009, p = 0.04, treatment 0 of 34 (0.0%), control 103 of 942 (10.9%), NNT 9.1, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), unadjusted, primary outcome.
|
|
Camprubí, 11/11/2020, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, 9 authors, average treatment delay 12.0 days, dosage 200μg/kg single dose.
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 40.0% lower, RR 0.60, p = 0.67, treatment 3 of 13 (23.1%), control 5 of 13 (38.5%), NNT 6.5.
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 33.3% lower, RR 0.67, p = 1.00, treatment 2 of 13 (15.4%), control 3 of 13 (23.1%), NNT 13, ICU at day 8.
|
|
risk of no improvement at day 8, 33.3% higher, RR 1.33, p = 1.00, treatment 4 of 13 (30.8%), control 3 of 13 (23.1%).
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 25.0% higher, RR 1.25, p = 1.00, treatment 5 of 13 (38.5%), control 4 of 13 (30.8%), tests done between days 3-5, primary outcome.
|
|
Chachar, 9/30/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, India, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, dosage 36mg, 12mg stat, 12mg after 12 hours, 12mg after 24 hours, trial NCT04739410 (history), excluded in exclusion analyses:
multiple significant issues pending author response, see discussion.
|
risk of no recovery, 10.0% lower, RR 0.90, p = 0.50, treatment 9 of 25 (36.0%), control 10 of 25 (40.0%), NNT 25, day 7, primary outcome.
|
|
Efimenko, 2/28/2022, retrospective, propensity score matching, USA, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, study period 1 January, 2020 - 11 July, 2021, dosage not specified, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo, self-censored, see notes.
|
risk of death, 69.2% lower, OR 0.31, p < 0.001, treatment 1,072, control 40,536, propensity score matching, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Elavarasi, 8/12/2021, retrospective, India, peer-reviewed, 31 authors, study period April 2021 - June 2021, dosage not specified, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 19.6% lower, RR 0.80, p = 0.12, treatment 48 of 283 (17.0%), control 311 of 1,475 (21.1%), NNT 24, unadjusted.
|
|
Ferreira, 11/26/2021, retrospective, Brazil, peer-reviewed, 5 authors, study period 12 March, 2020 - 8 July, 2020, average treatment delay 7.0 days, dosage not specified, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details; substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
risk of death, 5.0% higher, RR 1.05, p = 0.94, treatment 3 of 21 (14.3%), control 11 of 81 (13.6%).
|
|
risk of death/intubation, 54.3% higher, RR 1.54, p = 0.37, treatment 6 of 21 (28.6%), control 15 of 81 (18.5%).
|
|
risk of death/intubation/ICU, 62.4% higher, RR 1.62, p = 0.27, treatment 8 of 21 (38.1%), control 19 of 81 (23.5%).
|
|
George, 5/27/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, India, peer-reviewed, 15 authors, study period June 2020 - February 2021, dosage 24mg single dose, trial CTRI/2020/05/025068.
|
risk of death, 30.4% lower, RR 0.70, p = 0.55, treatment 5 of 35 (14.3%), control 8 of 39 (20.5%), NNT 16, 24mg.
|
|
risk of death, 2.6% higher, RR 1.03, p = 1.00, treatment 8 of 38 (21.1%), control 8 of 39 (20.5%), 12mg.
|
|
recovery time, 18.7% lower, relative time 0.81, p = 0.37, treatment mean 4.82 (±4.35) n=35, control mean 5.93 (±5.93) n=39, 24mg.
|
|
recovery time, 6.2% lower, relative time 0.94, p = 0.78, treatment mean 5.56 (±5.42) n=38, control mean 5.93 (±5.93) n=39, 12mg.
|
|
risk of progression, 33.1% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.41, treatment 6 of 35 (17.1%), control 10 of 39 (25.6%), NNT 12, 24mg.
|
|
risk of progression, 17.9% lower, RR 0.82, p = 0.79, treatment 8 of 38 (21.1%), control 10 of 39 (25.6%), NNT 22, 12mg.
|
|
Gorial, 7/8/2020, retrospective, Iraq, preprint, 9 authors, dosage 200μg/kg single dose, trial NCT04343092 (history).
|
risk of death, 71.0% lower, RR 0.29, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 16 (0.0%), control 2 of 71 (2.8%), NNT 36, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
hospitalization time, 42.0% lower, relative time 0.58, p < 0.001, treatment 16, control 71.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 71.0% lower, RR 0.29, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 16 (0.0%), control 2 of 71 (2.8%), NNT 36, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), primary outcome.
|
|
Hashim, 10/26/2020, Single Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Iraq, peer-reviewed, 7 authors, study period 1 July, 2020 - 14 October, 2020, dosage 200μg/kg days 1-2, some patients received a third dose on day 8, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with doxycycline) - results of individual treatments may vary, trial NCT04591600 (history).
|
risk of death, 91.7% lower, RR 0.08, p = 0.03, treatment 0 of 59 (0.0%), control 6 of 70 (8.6%), NNT 12, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), excluding non-randomized critical patients, primary outcome.
|
|
risk of death, 67.1% lower, RR 0.33, p = 0.16, treatment 2 of 70 (2.9%), control 6 of 70 (8.6%), NNT 18, odds ratio converted to relative risk, including critical patients that were always allocated to treatment.
|
|
risk of progression, 83.1% lower, RR 0.17, p = 0.07, treatment 1 of 59 (1.7%), control 7 of 70 (10.0%), NNT 12, excluding non-randomized critical patients.
|
|
risk of progression, 57.4% lower, RR 0.43, p = 0.20, treatment 3 of 70 (4.3%), control 7 of 70 (10.0%), NNT 18, odds ratio converted to relative risk, including critical patients that were always allocated to treatment.
|
|
recovery time, 40.7% lower, relative time 0.59, p < 0.001, treatment 70, control 70.
|
|
Hashmi, 6/13/2024, Randomized Controlled Trial, Pakistan, peer-reviewed, 83 authors, study period 11 June, 2021 - 9 September, 2022, dosage 200μg/kg days 1-5, trial NCT02735707 (history) (REMAP-CAP), excluded in exclusion analyses:
baseline severity favors control, post-hoc outcome and SAP changes, see discussion.
|
risk of death, 25.6% lower, RR 0.74, p = 0.40, treatment 81, control 69, adjusted per study, combined.
|
|
risk of death, 26.5% lower, OR 0.74, p = 0.57, treatment 44, control 45, adjusted per study, inverted to make OR<1 favor treatment, concurrent, non-critical, day 90, Table S7, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of death, 24.8% lower, OR 0.75, p = 0.55, treatment 37, control 24, adjusted per study, inverted to make OR<1 favor treatment, concurrent, critical, day 90, Table S7, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of death, 14.9% lower, RR 0.85, p = 0.64, treatment 81, control 69, adjusted per study, combined.
|
|
risk of death, 22.5% lower, OR 0.78, p = 0.59, treatment 44, control 45, adjusted per study, inverted to make OR<1 favor treatment, non-critical, day 90, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of death, 5.7% lower, OR 0.94, p = 0.91, treatment 37, control 24, adjusted per study, inverted to make OR<1 favor treatment, critical, day 90, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
intubation, ECMO, death, 23.7% lower, OR 0.76, p = 0.57, treatment 44, control 45, adjusted per study, inverted to make OR<1 favor treatment, non-critical, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
intubation, ECMO, death, 16.0% lower, OR 0.84, p = 0.72, treatment 37, control 24, adjusted per study, inverted to make OR<1 favor treatment, critical, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
organ support-free days, 3.8% lower, OR 0.96, p = 0.93, treatment 44, control 45, inverted to make OR<1 favor treatment, non-critical, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
organ support-free days, 6.4% higher, OR 1.06, p = 0.89, treatment 37, control 24, inverted to make OR<1 favor treatment, critical, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Hayward, 2/29/2024, Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, United Kingdom, peer-reviewed, 25 authors, study period 23 June, 2021 - 1 July, 2022, dosage 350μg/kg days 1-3, trial ISRCTN86534580 (PRINCIPLE).
|
risk of death/hospitalization, 1.0% higher, HR 1.01, p = 0.97, treatment 34 of 2,157 (1.6%), control 27 of 1,806 (1.5%), concurrent and eligible, primary outcome, details missing, mAb/AV confounding.
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 151.4% higher, RR 2.51, p = 0.63, treatment 3 of 2,149 (0.1%), control 1 of 1,801 (0.1%).
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 319.0% higher, RR 4.19, p = 0.23, treatment 5 of 2,149 (0.2%), control 1 of 1,801 (0.1%).
|
|
time to sustained recovery, 16.0% lower, HR 0.84, p < 0.001, treatment 2,157, control 1,806, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, concurrent and eligible.
|
|
early sustained recovery, 23.1% lower, HR 0.77, p < 0.001, treatment 2,154, control 1,805, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, concurrent and eligible.
|
|
sustained alleviation, 17.4% lower, HR 0.83, p < 0.001, treatment 1,826, control 1,535, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, concurrent and eligible.
|
|
alleviation of all symptoms, 16.0% lower, HR 0.84, p < 0.001, treatment 2,154, control 1,805, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, concurrent and eligible.
|
|
first reported recovery, 13.0% lower, HR 0.87, p < 0.001, treatment 2,157, control 1,806, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, concurrent and eligible, primary outcome.
|
|
no recovery at 3/6/12 months, 28.0% lower, HR 0.72, p = 0.02, treatment 94 of 1,941 (4.8%), control 109 of 1,624 (6.7%), NNT 54.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 17.6% lower, RR 0.82, p = 0.001, treatment 417 of 1,848 (22.6%), control 420 of 1,533 (27.4%), NNT 21, day 365.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 36.3% lower, RR 0.64, p < 0.001, treatment 1,886, control 1,567, all symptoms combined.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 63.2% higher, RR 1.63, p = 1.00, treatment 2 of 1,507 (0.1%), control 1 of 1,230 (0.1%), ongoing/persistent, fever.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 72.7% lower, RR 0.27, p = 0.33, treatment 1 of 1,819 (0.1%), control 3 of 1,489 (0.2%), NNT 683, ongoing/persistent, cough.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 50.1% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.04, treatment 15 of 1,886 (0.8%), control 25 of 1,567 (1.6%), NNT 125, ongoing/persistent, dyspnea.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 35.3% higher, RR 1.35, p = 0.74, treatment 5 of 1,808 (0.3%), control 3 of 1,468 (0.2%), ongoing/persistent, chest pain.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 25.2% lower, RR 0.75, p = 0.36, treatment 21 of 1,831 (1.1%), control 23 of 1,501 (1.5%), NNT 259, ongoing/persistent, smell.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 58.7% lower, RR 0.41, p = 0.42, treatment 2 of 1,821 (0.1%), control 4 of 1,503 (0.3%), NNT 640, ongoing/persistent, diarrhoea.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 70.2% lower, RR 0.30, p < 0.001, treatment 10 of 1,739 (0.6%), control 27 of 1,400 (1.9%), NNT 74, ongoing/persistent, headache.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 29.8% lower, RR 0.70, p = 0.25, treatment 23 of 1,739 (1.3%), control 27 of 1,433 (1.9%), NNT 178, ongoing/persistent, muscle ache.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 47.1% lower, RR 0.53, p = 0.03, treatment 19 of 1,724 (1.1%), control 30 of 1,441 (2.1%), NNT 102, ongoing/persistent, generally unwell.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 20.1% lower, RR 0.80, p = 0.19, treatment 66 of 1,876 (3.5%), control 69 of 1,567 (4.4%), NNT 113, ongoing/persistent, fatigue.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 42.9% lower, RR 0.57, p < 0.001, treatment 1,886, control 1,567, all symptoms combined.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 63.2% higher, RR 1.63, p = 1.00, treatment 2 of 1,507 (0.1%), control 1 of 1,230 (0.1%), ongoing/persistent, fever.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 72.7% lower, RR 0.27, p = 0.33, treatment 1 of 1,819 (0.1%), control 3 of 1,489 (0.2%), NNT 683, ongoing/persistent, cough.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 50.1% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.04, treatment 15 of 1,886 (0.8%), control 25 of 1,567 (1.6%), NNT 125, ongoing/persistent, dyspnea.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 35.3% higher, RR 1.35, p = 0.74, treatment 5 of 1,808 (0.3%), control 3 of 1,468 (0.2%), ongoing/persistent, chest pain.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 25.2% lower, RR 0.75, p = 0.36, treatment 21 of 1,831 (1.1%), control 23 of 1,501 (1.5%), NNT 259, ongoing/persistent, smell.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 58.7% lower, RR 0.41, p = 0.42, treatment 2 of 1,821 (0.1%), control 4 of 1,503 (0.3%), NNT 640, ongoing/persistent, diarrhoea.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 70.2% lower, RR 0.30, p < 0.001, treatment 10 of 1,739 (0.6%), control 27 of 1,400 (1.9%), NNT 74, ongoing/persistent, headache.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 29.8% lower, RR 0.70, p = 0.25, treatment 23 of 1,739 (1.3%), control 27 of 1,433 (1.9%), NNT 178, ongoing/persistent, muscle ache.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 47.1% lower, RR 0.53, p = 0.03, treatment 19 of 1,724 (1.1%), control 30 of 1,441 (2.1%), NNT 102, ongoing/persistent, excluding non-prespecified fatigue, generally unwell.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 28.5% lower, RR 0.72, p < 0.001, treatment 1,513, control 1,238, adjusted per study, all symptoms combined.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 39.9% lower, RR 0.60, p = 0.01, treatment 46 of 1,435 (3.2%), control 51 of 1,136 (4.5%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 9.1% (treatment) 11.2% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, cough.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 41.6% lower, RR 0.58, p < 0.001, treatment 96 of 1,513 (6.3%), control 106 of 1,238 (8.6%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 14.4% (treatment) 18.5% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, shortness of breath.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 22.2% lower, RR 0.78, p = 0.27, treatment 39 of 1,426 (2.7%), control 36 of 1,117 (3.2%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 7.6% (treatment) 8.4% (control)
, NNT 205, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, chest pain.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 38.0% lower, RR 0.62, p = 0.02, treatment 46 of 1,427 (3.2%), control 44 of 1,140 (3.9%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 7.7% (treatment) 10.3% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, palpitations.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 11.5% higher, RR 1.12, p = 0.52, treatment 77 of 1,403 (5.5%), control 57 of 1,131 (5.0%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 13.2% (treatment) 12.9% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, smell.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 36.4% lower, RR 0.64, p = 0.02, treatment 51 of 1,375 (3.7%), control 51 of 1,116 (4.6%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 1.1% (treatment) 1.4% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, taste.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 22.1% lower, RR 0.78, p = 0.37, treatment 26 of 1,290 (2.0%), control 25 of 1,057 (2.4%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 4.8% (treatment) 5.3% (control)
, NNT 286, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, ear ache.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 9.6% higher, RR 1.10, p = 0.73, treatment 37 of 1,325 (2.8%), control 25 of 1,089 (2.3%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 6.7% (treatment) 7.4% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, sore throat.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 34.8% lower, RR 0.65, p = 0.12, treatment 24 of 1,308 (1.8%), control 27 of 1,077 (2.5%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 6.0% (treatment) 6.9% (control)
, NNT 149, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, hoarse voice.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 16.6% higher, RR 1.17, p = 0.42, treatment 60 of 1,341 (4.5%), control 46 of 1,082 (4.3%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 8.3% (treatment) 7.4% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, tinnitus.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 34.7% lower, RR 0.65, p = 0.29, treatment 13 of 1,382 (0.9%), control 12 of 1,139 (1.1%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 2.2% (treatment) 3.0% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, vomiting.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 46.5% higher, RR 1.46, p = 0.12, treatment 44 of 1,439 (3.1%), control 25 of 1,175 (2.1%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 5.9% (treatment) 5.8% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, abdominal pain.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 1.6% lower, RR 0.98, p = 0.95, treatment 33 of 1,416 (2.3%), control 24 of 1,167 (2.1%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 4.4% (treatment) 5.1% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, diarrhoea.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 43.8% higher, RR 1.44, p = 0.23, treatment 30 of 1,417 (2.1%), control 17 of 1,160 (1.5%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 4.5% (treatment) 4.6% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, reduced appetite.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 89.8% higher, RR 1.90, p = 0.27, treatment 11 of 1,375 (0.8%), control 4 of 1,129 (0.4%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 1.8% (treatment) 2.2% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, weight loss.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 41.3% lower, RR 0.59, p < 0.001, treatment 89 of 1,287 (6.9%), control 94 of 973 (9.7%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 13.2% (treatment) 16.2% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, anxiety.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 38.6% lower, RR 0.61, p < 0.001, treatment 95 of 1,298 (7.3%), control 92 of 992 (9.3%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 13.7% (treatment) 17.4% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, depression.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 49.0% lower, RR 0.51, p < 0.001, treatment 129 of 1,376 (9.4%), control 143 of 1,105 (12.9%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 19.6% (treatment) 27.3% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, brain fog.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 32.9% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.08, treatment 37 of 1,187 (3.1%), control 33 of 874 (3.8%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 7.1% (treatment) 9.2% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, confusion.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 41.9% lower, RR 0.58, p < 0.001, treatment 78 of 1,278 (6.1%), control 81 of 964 (8.4%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 12.5% (treatment) 15.7% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, headache.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 45.4% lower, RR 0.55, p = 0.001, treatment 53 of 1,254 (4.2%), control 54 of 955 (5.7%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 11.5% (treatment) 15.8% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, dizziness.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 73.5% lower, RR 0.27, p = 0.10, treatment 3 of 1,105 (0.3%), control 3 of 802 (0.4%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 0.4% (treatment) 1.1% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, fainting.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 38.7% lower, RR 0.61, p = 0.02, treatment 42 of 1,200 (3.5%), control 39 of 894 (4.4%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 7.9% (treatment) 10.7% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, numbness.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 42.1% lower, RR 0.58, p < 0.001, treatment 123 of 1,288 (9.5%), control 121 of 982 (12.3%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 13.9% (treatment) 18.5% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, sleeping problems.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 11.8% lower, RR 0.88, p = 0.37, treatment 99 of 1,180 (8.4%), control 88 of 967 (9.1%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 15.1% (treatment) 16.1% (control)
, NNT 141, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, body pains.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 32.2% lower, RR 0.68, p < 0.001, treatment 136 of 1,220 (11.1%), control 146 of 1,034 (14.1%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 16.1% (treatment) 19.0% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, joint pains.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 30.2% lower, RR 0.70, p < 0.001, treatment 205 of 1,398 (14.7%), control 209 of 1,181 (17.7%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 24.1% (treatment) 28.3% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, fatigue.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 31.9% lower, RR 0.68, p = 0.006, treatment 91 of 1,208 (7.5%), control 89 of 997 (8.9%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 14.5% (treatment) 18.1% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, weakness.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 35.9% lower, RR 0.64, p < 0.001, treatment 99 of 1,211 (8.2%), control 107 of 1,002 (10.7%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 14.3% (treatment) 17.4% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, generally unwell.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 9.2% lower, RR 0.91, p = 0.81, treatment 16 of 1,066 (1.5%), control 11 of 855 (1.3%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 3.0% (treatment) 3.8% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, fever.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 42.4% lower, RR 0.58, p = 0.21, treatment 10 of 1,065 (0.9%), control 11 of 853 (1.3%), relatedness (yes + unsure) 3.0% (treatment) 3.7% (control)
, adjusted per study and for relatedness, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, rashes.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 10.0% lower, RR 0.90, p = 0.62, treatment 47 of 1,090 (4.3%), control 41 of 873 (4.7%), NNT 260, adjusted per study, moderate/major symptoms at 12 months, other.
|
|
Hazan (B), 7/7/2021, retrospective, USA, preprint, 7 authors, dosage 12mg days 1, 4, 8, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with doxycycline, zinc, vitamin D, vitamin C) - results of individual treatments may vary, see notes, trial NCT04949230 (history), excluded in exclusion analyses:
study uses a synthetic control arm.
|
risk of death, 86.2% lower, RR 0.14, p = 0.04, NNT 6.9, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 93.5% lower, RR 0.07, p = 0.001, NNT 3.3, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), primary outcome.
|
|
Huvemek, 3/25/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Bulgaria, preprint, 1 author, average treatment delay 7.0 days, dosage 400μg/kg days 1-3, trial EudraCT2020-002091-12.
|
risk of no improvement, 31.6% lower, RR 0.68, p = 0.28, treatment 13 of 50 (26.0%), control 19 of 50 (38.0%), NNT 8.3, patients with improvement on WHO scale, day 7.
|
|
risk of no improvement, 31.8% lower, RR 0.68, p = 0.21, treatment 15 of 50 (30.0%), control 22 of 50 (44.0%), NNT 7.1, patients with improvement on WHO scale, day 6.
|
|
risk of no improvement, 36.0% lower, RR 0.64, p = 0.10, treatment 16 of 50 (32.0%), control 25 of 50 (50.0%), NNT 5.6, patients with improvement on WHO scale, day 5.
|
|
risk of no improvement, 34.5% lower, RR 0.66, p = 0.07, treatment 19 of 50 (38.0%), control 29 of 50 (58.0%), NNT 5.0, patients with improvement on WHO scale, day 4.
|
|
Jamir, 12/13/2021, retrospective, India, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, study period June 2020 - October 2020, dosage not specified.
|
risk of death, 53.0% higher, RR 1.53, p = 0.13, treatment 32 of 76 (42.1%), control 69 of 190 (36.3%), adjusted per study, multivariable Cox regression.
|
|
Khan, 9/24/2020, retrospective, Bangladesh, peer-reviewed, median age 35.0, 8 authors, dosage 12mg single dose.
|
risk of death, 87.1% lower, RR 0.13, p = 0.02, treatment 1 of 115 (0.9%), control 9 of 133 (6.8%), NNT 17.
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 89.5% lower, RR 0.11, p = 0.007, treatment 1 of 115 (0.9%), control 11 of 133 (8.3%), NNT 14.
|
|
risk of progression, 83.5% lower, RR 0.17, p < 0.001, treatment 3 of 115 (2.6%), control 21 of 133 (15.8%), NNT 7.6.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 87.1% lower, RR 0.13, p = 0.02, treatment 1 of 115 (0.9%), control 9 of 133 (6.8%), NNT 17.
|
|
hospitalization time, 40.0% lower, relative time 0.60, p < 0.001, treatment 115, control 133.
|
|
time to viral-, 73.3% lower, relative time 0.27, p < 0.001, treatment 115, control 133.
|
|
Kishoria, 8/31/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, India, peer-reviewed, 7 authors, dosage 12mg single dose, excluded in exclusion analyses:
excessive unadjusted differences between groups.
|
risk of no hospital discharge, 7.5% higher, RR 1.08, p = 1.00, treatment 11 of 19 (57.9%), control 7 of 13 (53.8%).
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 7.5% higher, RR 1.08, p = 1.00, treatment 11 of 19 (57.9%), control 7 of 13 (53.8%), day 3, primary outcome.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 220.0% higher, RR 3.20, p = 0.45, treatment 1 of 5 (20.0%), control 0 of 6 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), day 5.
|
|
Lim, 11/3/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Malaysia, peer-reviewed, 26 authors, study period 31 May, 2021 - 9 October, 2021, average treatment delay 5.1 days, dosage 400μg/kg days 1-5, trial NCT04920942 (history) (I-TECH).
|
risk of death, 69.0% lower, RR 0.31, p = 0.09, treatment 3 of 241 (1.2%), control 10 of 249 (4.0%), NNT 36, described as similar by authors.
|
|
risk of death, 69.8% lower, RR 0.30, p = 0.09, treatment 3 of 247 (1.2%), control 10 of 249 (4.0%), NNT 36, ITT.
|
|
risk of death, 75.2% lower, RR 0.25, p = 0.02, treatment 3 of 52 (5.8%), control 10 of 43 (23.3%), NNT 5.7, among patients progressing to severe cases (mostly before treatment ended).
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 59.0% lower, RR 0.41, p = 0.17, treatment 4 of 241 (1.7%), control 10 of 249 (4.0%), NNT 42.
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 59.7% lower, RR 0.40, p = 0.17, treatment 4 of 247 (1.6%), control 10 of 249 (4.0%), NNT 42, ITT.
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 22.0% lower, RR 0.78, p = 0.79, treatment 6 of 241 (2.5%), control 8 of 249 (3.2%), NNT 138.
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 24.4% lower, RR 0.76, p = 0.79, treatment 6 of 247 (2.4%), control 8 of 249 (3.2%), NNT 128, ITT.
|
|
risk of progression, 31.1% lower, RR 0.69, p = 0.29, treatment 14 of 241 (5.8%), control 21 of 249 (8.4%), NNT 38, death/IMV/NIV/high flow (WHO severe cases).
|
|
risk of progression, 25.0% higher, RR 1.25, p = 0.25, treatment 52 of 241 (21.6%), control 43 of 249 (17.3%), post-hoc primary outcome, post-hoc primary specific to this group.
|
|
hospitalization time, 5.5% higher, relative time 1.05, p = 0.38, treatment 241, control 249.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 2.5% higher, RR 1.02, p = 0.86, treatment 116 of 241 (48.1%), control 116 of 247 (47.0%), day 5.
|
|
Lima-Morales, 2/10/2021, prospective, Mexico, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, average treatment delay 7.2 days, dosage 12mg single dose, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with azithromycin, montelukast, and aspirin) - results of individual treatments may vary.
|
risk of death, 77.7% lower, RR 0.22, p < 0.001, treatment 15 of 481 (3.1%), control 52 of 287 (18.1%), NNT 6.7, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariate.
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 51.9% lower, RR 0.48, p = 0.15, treatment 8 of 434 (1.8%), control 11 of 287 (3.8%), NNT 50.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 67.4% lower, RR 0.33, p < 0.001, treatment 44 of 481 (9.1%), control 89 of 287 (31.0%), NNT 4.6, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariate.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 58.6% lower, RR 0.41, p < 0.001, treatment 75 of 481 (15.6%), control 118 of 287 (41.1%), NNT 3.9, adjusted per study, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, odds ratio converted to relative risk, recovery at day 14 after symptoms, multivariate.
|
|
Llenas-García, 5/10/2023, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, study period 23 February, 2020 - 14 March, 2021, average treatment delay 6.0 days, dosage 200μg/kg single dose.
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risk of death, 16.7% lower, RR 0.83, p = 0.82, treatment 10 of 96 (10.4%), control 12 of 96 (12.5%), NNT 48.
|
|
risk of oxygen therapy, 18.4% lower, RR 0.82, p = 0.37, treatment 31 of 96 (32.3%), control 38 of 96 (39.6%), NNT 14.
|
|
risk of progression, 23.0% lower, OR 0.77, p = 0.52, treatment 96, control 96, adjusted per study, in-hospital mortality or respiratory support, multivariable, primary outcome, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 4.0% higher, OR 1.04, p = 0.92, treatment 96, control 96, adjusted per study, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Munir, 4/21/2023, retrospective, Pakistan, peer-reviewed, 3 authors, study period March 2021 - March 2022, dosage not specified.
|
risk of death, 48.2% lower, OR 0.52, p = 0.13, treatment 92, control 908, adjusted per study, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Mustafa, 12/29/2021, retrospective, Pakistan, peer-reviewed, 7 authors, dosage varies, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 63.7% lower, RR 0.36, p = 0.09, treatment 3 of 73 (4.1%), control 42 of 371 (11.3%), NNT 14.
|
|
Naggie, 6/12/2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, USA, peer-reviewed, 28 authors, study period 23 June, 2021 - 4 February, 2022, average treatment delay 6.0 days, dosage 600μg/kg days 1-6, trial NCT04885530 (history) (ACTIV-6).
|
risk of death, 202.3% higher, RR 3.02, p = 0.49, treatment 1 of 708 (0.1%), control 0 of 724 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), 600µg/kg, day 28.
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|
risk of death, 194.7% higher, RR 2.95, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 817 (0.1%), control 0 of 774 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), 400µg/kg, day 28.
|
|
risk of death/hospitalization, 256.9% higher, RR 3.57, p = 0.11, treatment 7 of 708 (1.0%), control 2 of 722 (0.3%), 600µg/kg, day 28.
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risk of hospitalization, 5.3% higher, RR 1.05, p = 1.00, treatment 10 of 817 (1.2%), control 9 of 774 (1.2%), 400µg/kg, day 28.
|
|
risk of progression, 68.4% lower, RR 0.32, p = 0.36, treatment 1 of 817 (0.1%), control 3 of 774 (0.4%), NNT 377, 400µg/kg, aggravated C19 pneumonia, eTable 2.
|
|
risk of progression, 3.0% lower, RR 0.97, p = 0.53, treatment 39 of 708 (5.5%), control 42 of 722 (5.8%), NNT 324, adjusted per study, urgent or emergency care visits, hospitalizations, or death, 600µg/kg.
|
|
risk of progression, 20.0% higher, RR 1.20, p = 0.32, treatment 32 of 817 (3.9%), control 28 of 774 (3.6%), adjusted per study, urgent or emergency care visits, hospitalizations, or death, 400µg/kg.
|
|
clinical progression, 29.0% higher, OR 1.29, p = 0.39, treatment 708, control 724, mid-recovery, 600µg/kg, day 7, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
clinical progression, 150.0% higher, OR 2.50, p = 0.08, treatment 708, control 724, 600µg/kg, day 14, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
clinical progression, 150.0% higher, OR 2.50, p = 0.09, treatment 708, control 724, 600µg/kg, day 28, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
clinical progression, 24.0% lower, OR 0.76, p = 0.07, treatment 817, control 774, mid-recovery, 400µg/kg, day 7, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
clinical progression, 27.0% lower, OR 0.73, p = 0.05, treatment 817, control 774, 400µg/kg, day 14, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
clinical progression, 10.0% lower, OR 0.90, p = 0.62, treatment 817, control 774, 400µg/kg, day 28, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
time to recovery, 2.0% lower, HR 0.98, p = 0.71, treatment 708, control 724, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, 600µg/kg, post-hoc primary outcome.
|
|
risk of limited activity, 30.5% lower, RR 0.70, p = 0.14, treatment 30 of 805 (3.7%), control 41 of 765 (5.4%), NNT 61, eFigure 2, 400µg/kg, day 14.
|
|
time to recovery, 6.5% lower, HR 0.93, p = 0.22, treatment 817, control 774, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, 400µg/kg, post-hoc primary outcome.
|
|
time to recovery, 46.2% lower, HR 0.54, p = 0.02, treatment 39, control 51, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, 400µg/kg, severe, recovery.
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|
Ochoa-Jaramillo, 10/21/2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Colombia, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, study period 10 December, 2020 - 9 December, 2021, average treatment delay 8.8 days, dosage 400μg/kg single dose, trial NCT04602507 (history).
|
risk of death, 57.0% lower, HR 0.43, p = 0.35, treatment 2 of 37 (5.4%), control 4 of 38 (10.5%), NNT 20, Cox proportional hazards.
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 34.0% higher, HR 1.34, p = 0.62, treatment 7 of 37 (18.9%), control 5 of 38 (13.2%), Cox proportional hazards.
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 37.0% higher, HR 1.37, p = 0.52, treatment 8 of 37 (21.6%), control 6 of 38 (15.8%), Cox proportional hazards, primary outcome.
|
|
Okumuş, 1/12/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Turkey, peer-reviewed, 15 authors, study period May 2020 - September 2020, dosage 200μg/kg days 1-5, 36-50kg - 9mg, 51-65kg - 12mg, 66-79kg - 15mg, >80kg 200μg/kg, trial NCT04646109 (history).
|
risk of death, 33.3% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.55, treatment 6 of 30 (20.0%), control 9 of 30 (30.0%), NNT 10.
|
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risk of no improvement at day 10, 42.9% lower, RR 0.57, p = 0.18, treatment 8 of 30 (26.7%), control 14 of 30 (46.7%), NNT 5.0.
|
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risk of no improvement at day 5, 15.8% lower, RR 0.84, p = 0.60, treatment 16 of 30 (53.3%), control 19 of 30 (63.3%), NNT 10, primary outcome.
|
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risk of no viral clearance, 80.0% lower, RR 0.20, p = 0.02, treatment 2 of 16 (12.5%), control 5 of 8 (62.5%), NNT 2.0, day 10.
|
|
Osati, 7/16/2023, retrospective, Tanzania, preprint, median age 60.0, 22 authors, study period 26 March, 2021 - 30 July, 2022, dosage not specified.
|
risk of death, 31.5% lower, OR 0.68, p = 0.02, treatment 448, control 849, adjusted per study, inverted to make OR<1 favor treatment, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.
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|
Ozer, 11/23/2021, prospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 12 authors, dosage 200μg/kg days 1, 3.
|
risk of death, 75.0% lower, RR 0.25, p = 0.09, treatment 2 of 60 (3.3%), control 8 of 60 (13.3%), NNT 10.0, PSM.
|
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risk of mechanical ventilation, 12.6% lower, RR 0.87, p = 0.20, treatment 3 of 60 (5.0%), control 2 of 60 (3.3%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, propensity score matching, multivariable.
|
|
ventilation time, 83.3% lower, relative time 0.17, p = 0.002, treatment 60, control 60.
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risk of ICU admission, 48.7% lower, RR 0.51, p = 0.42, treatment 6 of 60 (10.0%), control 3 of 60 (5.0%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, propensity score matching, multivariable.
|
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ICU time, 70.6% lower, relative time 0.29, p < 0.001, treatment 60, control 60.
|
|
hospitalization time, 9.0% higher, relative time 1.09, p = 0.09, treatment 60, control 60, adjusted per study, propensity score matching, multivariable.
|
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Podder, 9/3/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Bangladesh, peer-reviewed, 4 authors, study period 1 May, 2020 - 31 July, 2020, average treatment delay 7.0 days, dosage 200μg/kg single dose.
|
recovery time from enrollment, 16.1% lower, relative time 0.84, p = 0.34, treatment 32, control 30.
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Pott-Junior, 3/9/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Brazil, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, study period 1 July, 2020 - 1 December, 2020, average treatment delay 8.0 days, dosage 200μg/kg single dose, dose varies in three arms 100, 200, 400μg/kg, censored, see notes, trial NCT04431466 (history).
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 85.2% lower, RR 0.15, p = 0.25, treatment 1 of 27 (3.7%), control 1 of 4 (25.0%), NNT 4.7.
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|
risk of ICU admission, 85.2% lower, RR 0.15, p = 0.25, treatment 1 of 27 (3.7%), control 1 of 4 (25.0%), NNT 4.7.
|
|
relative improvement in Ct value, 0.8% better, RR 0.99, p = 1.00, treatment 27, control 3.
|
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risk of no viral clearance, 11.1% higher, RR 1.11, p = 1.00, treatment 10 of 27 (37.0%), control 1 of 3 (33.3%), primary outcome.
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Qadeer, 8/31/2022, prospective, Pakistan, peer-reviewed, median age 55.4, 6 authors, study period 1 November, 2020 - 30 May, 2021, dosage 12mg days 1-5, excluded in exclusion analyses:
minimal baseline details provided.
|
risk of no viral clearance, 58.3% lower, RR 0.42, p < 0.001, treatment 35 of 105 (33.3%), control 84 of 105 (80.0%), NNT 2.1, mid-recovery, day 10.
|
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risk of no viral clearance, 20.0% lower, RR 0.80, p < 0.001, treatment 84 of 105 (80.0%), control 105 of 105 (100.0%), NNT 5.0, day 7.
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risk of no viral clearance, 98.6% lower, RR 0.01, p < 0.001, treatment 0 of 105 (0.0%), control 35 of 105 (33.3%), NNT 3.0, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), day 14.
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Rajter, 10/13/2020, retrospective, propensity score matching, USA, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, dosage 200μg/kg single dose.
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risk of death, 46.0% lower, RR 0.54, p = 0.045, treatment 13 of 98 (13.3%), control 24 of 98 (24.5%), NNT 8.9, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, PSM.
|
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risk of death, 66.9% lower, RR 0.33, p = 0.03, treatment 26 of 173 (15.0%), control 27 of 107 (25.2%), NNT 9.8, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariate, primary outcome.
|
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risk of mechanical ventilation, 63.6% lower, RR 0.36, p = 0.10, treatment 4 of 98 (4.1%), control 11 of 98 (11.2%), NNT 14, matched cohort excluding intubated at baseline.
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Ravikirti, 4/6/2022, retrospective, India, preprint, 7 authors, study period 1 April, 2021 - 15 May, 2021, dosage varies, excluded in exclusion analyses:
exclusion of patients in less severe condition, data/analysis concerns.
|
risk of death, 2.8% lower, RR 0.97, p = 0.82, treatment 53 of 171 (31.0%), control 254 of 794 (32.0%), NNT 100, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
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Ravikirti (B), 1/9/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, India, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, study period 1 August, 2020 - 31 October, 2020, average treatment delay 6.1 days, dosage 12mg days 1, 2.
|
risk of death, 88.7% lower, RR 0.11, p = 0.12, treatment 0 of 55 (0.0%), control 4 of 57 (7.0%), NNT 14, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
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risk of mechanical ventilation, 79.3% lower, RR 0.21, p = 0.10, treatment 1 of 55 (1.8%), control 5 of 57 (8.8%), NNT 14.
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risk of ICU admission, 13.6% lower, RR 0.86, p = 0.80, treatment 5 of 55 (9.1%), control 6 of 57 (10.5%), NNT 70.
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risk of no hospital discharge, 88.7% lower, RR 0.11, p = 0.12, treatment 0 of 55 (0.0%), control 4 of 57 (7.0%), NNT 14, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
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risk of no viral clearance, 11.6% higher, RR 1.12, p = 0.35, treatment 42 of 55 (76.4%), control 39 of 57 (68.4%).
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Rezai (B), 6/16/2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Iran, peer-reviewed, mean age 53.8, 29 authors, study period 19 February, 2021 - 14 August, 2021, average treatment delay 7.18 days, dosage 400μg/kg days 1-3, trial IRCT20111224008507N5, excluded in exclusion analyses:
multiple critical issues, see study page.
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risk of death, 30.8% lower, RR 0.69, p = 0.36, treatment 13 of 311 (4.2%), control 18 of 298 (6.0%), NNT 54.
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risk of mechanical ventilation, 50.0% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.07, treatment 311, control 298.
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risk of ICU admission, 16.0% lower, RR 0.84, p = 0.47, treatment 311, control 298.
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hospitalization time, 11.5% higher, relative time 1.11, p = 0.009, treatment mean 7.98 (±4.4) n=311, control mean 7.16 (±3.2) n=298.
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deterioration, 12.7% higher, RR 1.13, p = 0.74, treatment 20 of 311 (6.4%), control 17 of 298 (5.7%).
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risk of no recovery, 24.2% lower, RR 0.76, p = 0.02, treatment 311, control 298, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, post-hoc primary outcome.
|
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risk of no recovery, 64.0% lower, RR 0.36, p = 0.06, treatment 5 of 145 (3.4%), control 10 of 105 (9.5%), NNT 16, day 7, cough.
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risk of no recovery, 76.0% lower, RR 0.24, p = 0.38, day 7, tachypnea.
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Rezk, 10/30/2021, prospective, Egypt, peer-reviewed, 4 authors, dosage 36mg days 1, 3, 6.
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risk of death, 80.0% lower, RR 0.20, p = 0.50, treatment 0 of 160 (0.0%), control 2 of 160 (1.2%), NNT 80, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
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risk of progression, 55.6% lower, RR 0.44, p = 0.06, treatment 8 of 160 (5.0%), control 18 of 160 (11.2%), NNT 16, 2 weeks, including deaths.
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risk of no recovery, 33.4% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.27, treatment 14 of 145 (9.7%), control 20 of 138 (14.5%), NNT 21, 4 weeks, more patients were lost to followup in the control group.
|
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time to viral-, 27.3% lower, relative time 0.73, p = 0.01, treatment 160, control 160.
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Sarojvisut, 12/12/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, Thailand, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, study period 1 October, 2021 - 31 May, 2022, dosage 400μg/kg days 1-5, trial TCTR20220427005, excluded in exclusion analyses:
many critical issues including missing primary outcome results, non-reproducible values, and protocol violations.
|
risk of death, 1.9% higher, RR 1.02, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 157 (0.6%), control 1 of 160 (0.6%), all-cause in-hospital mortality.
|
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risk of ICU admission, 103.8% higher, RR 2.04, p = 0.62, treatment 2 of 157 (1.3%), control 1 of 160 (0.6%).
|
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risk of no improvement, 103.8% higher, RR 2.04, p = 0.62, treatment 2 of 157 (1.3%), control 1 of 160 (0.6%), failure to improve ≥2 points on WHO ordinal scale.
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recovery time, 3.8% lower, relative time 0.96, p = 0.63, treatment 157, control 160.
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Shahbaznejad, 1/19/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Iran, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, average treatment delay 6.29 days, dosage 200μg/kg single dose, trial IRCT20111224008507N3.
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risk of death, 197.1% higher, RR 2.97, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 35 (2.9%), control 0 of 34 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), patient died within 24 hours of admission.
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risk of mechanical ventilation, 94.3% higher, RR 1.94, p = 1.00, treatment 2 of 35 (5.7%), control 1 of 34 (2.9%).
|
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recovery time, 31.6% lower, relative time 0.68, p = 0.048, treatment 35, control 34, duration of dsypnea.
|
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recovery time, 19.2% lower, relative time 0.81, p = 0.02, treatment 35, control 34, duration of all symptoms, primary outcome.
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hospitalization time, 15.5% lower, relative time 0.85, p = 0.02, treatment 35, control 34.
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Shimizu, 12/31/2021, retrospective, Japan, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, study period December 2020 - May 2021, dosage 200μg/kg days 1, 14.
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risk of death, 99.9% lower, HR 0.001, p < 0.001, treatment 0 of 39 (0.0%), control 8 of 49 (16.3%), NNT 6.1, adjusted per study, Cox proportional hazard regression.
|
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ventilator free days, 47.9% lower, OR 0.52, p = 0.03, treatment 39, control 49, adjusted per study, inverted to make OR<1 favor treatment, proportional odds logistic regression, primary outcome, RR approximated with OR.
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ventilation time, 38.5% lower, relative time 0.62, p < 0.001, treatment 39, control 49.
|
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ICU free days, 42.8% lower, OR 0.57, p = 0.06, treatment 39, control 49, adjusted per study, inverted to make OR<1 favor treatment, proportional odds logistic regression, RR approximated with OR.
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ICU time, 37.5% lower, relative time 0.62, p < 0.001, treatment 39, control 49.
|
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GI complications while ventilated, 77.9% lower, RR 0.22, p = 0.03, treatment 39, control 49, adjusted per study, Cox proportional hazard regression.
|
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Soto, 3/2/2022, retrospective, Peru, peer-reviewed, median age 58.0, 10 authors, study period April 2020 - August 2020, dosage not specified, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely; substantial confounding by time possible due to significant changes in SOC and treatment propensity near the start of the pandemic.
|
risk of death, 41.0% higher, HR 1.41, p = 0.001, treatment 280 of 484 (57.9%), control 374 of 934 (40.0%), adjusted per study, multivariable.
|
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Soto-Becerra, 10/8/2020, retrospective, database analysis, Peru, preprint, median age 59.4, 4 authors, study period 1 April, 2020 - 19 July, 2020, dosage 200μg/kg single dose, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely; includes PCR+ patients that may be asymptomatic for COVID-19 but in hospital for other reasons.
|
risk of death, 17.1% lower, HR 0.83, p = 0.01, treatment 92 of 203 (45.3%), control 1,438 of 2,630 (54.7%), NNT 11, IVM vs. control day 43 (last day available) weighted KM from figure 3, per the pre-specified rules the last available day results have priority, day 43.
|
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risk of death, 39.0% higher, HR 1.39, p = 0.16, treatment 47 of 203 (23.2%), control 401 of 2,630 (15.2%), adjusted per study, Table 2, IVM wHR, day 30, primary outcome.
|
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Spoorthi, 11/14/2020, prospective, India, peer-reviewed, 2 authors, dosage not specified, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with doxycycline) - results of individual treatments may vary.
|
recovery time, 21.1% lower, relative time 0.79, p = 0.03, treatment 50, control 50.
|
|
hospitalization time, 15.5% lower, relative time 0.84, p = 0.01, treatment 50, control 50.
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Thairu, 2/25/2022, retrospective, Nigeria, peer-reviewed, mean age 41.7, 6 authors, study period April 2021 - November 2021, dosage 200μg/kg days 1-5, excluded in exclusion analyses:
significant confounding by time possible due to separation of groups in different time periods.
|
risk of death, 87.9% lower, RR 0.12, p = 0.12, treatment 0 of 21 (0.0%), control 4 of 26 (15.4%), NNT 6.5, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), propensity score matching.
|
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risk of death, 93.0% lower, RR 0.07, p = 0.007, treatment 0 of 61 (0.0%), control 4 of 26 (15.4%), NNT 6.5, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), all patients.
|
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time to discharge, 54.6% lower, relative time 0.45, p < 0.001, treatment 61, control 26, propensity score matching.
|
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risk of no viral clearance, 94.8% lower, RR 0.05, p = 0.001, treatment 0 of 21 (0.0%), control 10 of 26 (38.5%), NNT 2.6, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), propensity score matching, day 21.
|
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risk of no viral clearance, 95.2% lower, RR 0.05, p < 0.001, treatment 1 of 21 (4.8%), control 26 of 26 (100.0%), NNT 1.1, propensity score matching, day 14.
|
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risk of no viral clearance, 28.6% lower, RR 0.71, p = 0.005, treatment 15 of 21 (71.4%), control 26 of 26 (100.0%), NNT 3.5, propensity score matching, day 5.
|
|
Varnaseri, 4/30/2024, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Iran, peer-reviewed, 14 authors, study period July 2020 - June 2021, dosage 14mg bid days 1-3.
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 81.8% lower, RR 0.18, p = 0.02, treatment 2 of 55 (3.6%), control 11 of 55 (20.0%), NNT 6.1.
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 83.3% lower, RR 0.17, p < 0.001, treatment 3 of 55 (5.5%), control 18 of 55 (32.7%), NNT 3.7.
|
|
hospitalization time, 33.3% lower, relative time 0.67, p < 0.001, treatment 55, control 55.
|
|
recovery time, 28.4% lower, relative time 0.72, p < 0.001, treatment 55, control 55, all symptoms combined.
|
|
recovery time, 25.0% lower, relative time 0.75, p < 0.001, treatment 55, control 55, dyspnea.
|
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recovery time, 25.0% lower, relative time 0.75, p < 0.001, treatment 55, control 55, fever.
|
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recovery time, 25.0% lower, relative time 0.75, p < 0.001, treatment 55, control 55, shivering.
|
|
recovery time, 40.0% lower, relative time 0.60, p < 0.001, treatment 55, control 55, cough.
|
|
recovery time, 37.5% lower, relative time 0.62, p = 0.09, treatment 55, control 55, sore throat.
|
|
recovery time, 25.0% lower, relative time 0.75, p = 0.01, treatment 55, control 55, nausea.
|
|
recovery time, 37.5% lower, relative time 0.62, p = 0.005, treatment 55, control 55, diarrhea.
|
|
recovery time, 40.0% lower, relative time 0.60, p < 0.001, treatment 55, control 55, myalgia.
|
|
Wada, 5/22/2023, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Japan, peer-reviewed, 26 authors, study period August 2020 - October 2021, average treatment delay 6.6 days, dosage 200μg/kg single dose, trial NCT04703205 (history).
|
risk of progression, 19.0% lower, RR 0.81, p = 0.46, treatment 19 of 106 (17.9%), control 23 of 106 (21.7%), NNT 26, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
risk of progression, 27.1% lower, RR 0.73, p = 0.47, treatment 7 of 28 (25.0%), control 9 of 29 (31.0%), NNT 17, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, pneumonia for patients w/o pneumonia at baseline.
|
|
risk of oxygen therapy, 14.3% higher, RR 1.14, p = 0.46, treatment 22 of 106 (20.8%), control 19 of 106 (17.9%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
improvement, 23.5% worse, OR 1.23, p = 0.61, treatment 106, control 106, adjusted per study, inverted to make OR<1 favor treatment, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 60.0% lower, RR 0.40, p = 0.17, treatment 4 of 107 (3.7%), control 10 of 107 (9.3%), NNT 18, day 15, dyspnea.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 20.0% lower, RR 0.80, p = 1.00, treatment 4 of 107 (3.7%), control 5 of 107 (4.7%), NNT 107, day 15, headache.
|
|
risk of no recovery, no change, RR 1.00, p = 1.00, treatment 7 of 107 (6.5%), control 7 of 107 (6.5%), day 15, sore throat.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 18.2% lower, RR 0.82, p = 0.81, treatment 9 of 107 (8.4%), control 11 of 107 (10.3%), NNT 53, day 15, nasal discharge.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 3.8% higher, RR 1.04, p = 1.00, treatment 27 of 107 (25.2%), control 26 of 107 (24.3%), day 15, cough.
|
|
risk of no recovery, no change, RR 1.00, p = 1.00, treatment 18 of 107 (16.8%), control 18 of 107 (16.8%), day 15, sputum.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 20.0% lower, RR 0.80, p = 1.00, treatment 4 of 107 (3.7%), control 5 of 107 (4.7%), NNT 107, day 15, diarhhea.
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risk of no recovery, 66.7% higher, RR 1.67, p = 0.72, treatment 5 of 107 (4.7%), control 3 of 107 (2.8%), day 15, myalgia.
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risk of no recovery, 1000.0% higher, RR 11.00, p = 0.06, treatment 5 of 107 (4.7%), control 0 of 107 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), day 15, arthralgia.
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risk of no viral clearance, 4.2% higher, HR 1.04, p = 0.79, treatment 106, control 106, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, Kaplan-Meier, primary outcome.
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Zubair, 1/18/2022, retrospective, Pakistan, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, study period October 2020 - February 2021, dosage 12mg single dose, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely; unadjusted results with no group details.
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risk of death, 9.0% higher, RR 1.09, p = 1.00, treatment 5 of 90 (5.6%), control 5 of 98 (5.1%), unadjusted.
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hospitalization time, 8.0% higher, relative time 1.08, p = 0.40, treatment 90, control 98, unadjusted, Table 3, mean number of days.
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Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules as detailed above
and gives priority to more serious outcomes. Only the first (most serious)
outcome is used in pooled analysis, which may differ from the effect a paper
focuses on. Other outcomes are used in outcome specific analyses.
