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Outcomes in COVID-19 nitazoxanide studies

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All studies   Exclusions   Mortality   Ventilation   ICU   Hospitalization   Serious outcomes   Recovery   Cases   Viral clearance   RCTs   RCT mortality   Peer-reviewed   All outcomes  
0 0.5 1 1.5+ All studies 33% 13 3,606 Improvement, Studies, Patients Relative Risk Mortality 42% 6 1,877 Ventilation 82% 3 588 ICU admission 28% 3 841 Hospitalization 61% 6 1,864 Progression -120% 2 981 Recovery 1% 5 1,309 Cases 17% 1 505 Viral clearance 38% 7 865 RCTs 8% 10 2,955 RCT mortality 28% 4 1,339 Peer-reviewed 50% 11 2,644 Prophylaxis 66% 1 505 Early 29% 8 2,545 Late 12% 4 556 Nitazoxanide for COVID-19 c19early.org Oct 2023 after exclusions Favorsnitazoxanide Favorscontrol
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Rocco (RCT) -404% 5.04 [0.24-104] ICU 2/194 0/198 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Cadegiani 88% 0.12 [0.01-2.52] death 0/357 2/137 Elalfy 87% 0.13 [0.06-0.27] viral+ 7/62 44/51 CT​2​ Silva (SB RCT) 26% 0.74 [0.38-1.41] viral+ 23 (n) 13 (n) ANTICOV ANTICOV (RCT) -188% 2.88 [1.05-7.85] progression 15/462 5/443 OT​1​ CT​2​ Rossignol (DB RCT) -206% 3.06 [0.13-74.6] death 1/184 0/195 Medhat (RCT) 56% 0.44 [0.22-0.88] viral+ 77 (n) 73 (n) Chandiwana (RCT) -13% 1.13 [0.23-5.46] progression 37 (n) 39 (n) CT​2​ Tau​2​ = 1.04, I​2​ = 78.3%, p = 0.46 Early treatment 29% 0.71 [0.29-1.73] 25/1,396 51/1,149 29% lower risk Blum (DB RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.07-1.50] death 2/25 6/25 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Calderón 68% 0.32 [0.04-2.49] death 1/17 5/27 OT​1​ Fowotade (RCT) -11% 1.11 [0.61-2.03] no recov. 31 (n) 26 (n) CT​2​ Rocco (DB RCT) -5% 1.05 [0.30-3.50] death 6/202 5/203 Tau​2​ = 0.03, I​2​ = 7.9%, p = 0.65 Late treatment 12% 0.88 [0.52-1.50] 9/275 16/281 12% lower risk COVER Sokhela (RCT) 66% 0.34 [0.01-8.41] death 0/240 1/265 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.52 Prophylaxis 66% 0.34 [0.01-8.41] 0/240 1/265 66% lower risk All studies 33% 0.67 [0.37-1.22] 34/1,911 68/1,695 33% lower risk 13 nitazoxanide COVID-19 studies c19early.org October 2023 Tau​2​ = 0.66, I​2​ = 69.4%, p = 0.19 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) ​1​ OT: comparison with other treatment​2​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors nitazoxanide Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Rocco (RCT) -404% 5.04 [0.24-104] ICU 2/194 0/198 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Cadegiani 88% 0.12 [0.01-2.52] death 0/357 2/137 Elalfy 87% 0.13 [0.06-0.27] viral+ 7/62 44/51 CT​2​ Silva (SB RCT) 26% 0.74 [0.38-1.41] viral+ 23 (n) 13 (n) Rossignol (DB RCT) -206% 3.06 [0.13-74.6] death 1/184 0/195 Medhat (RCT) 56% 0.44 [0.22-0.88] viral+ 77 (n) 73 (n) Chandiwana (RCT) -13% 1.13 [0.23-5.46] progression 37 (n) 39 (n) CT​2​ Tau​2​ = 0.67, I​2​ = 69.3%, p = 0.12 Early treatment 49% 0.51 [0.22-1.18] 10/934 46/706 49% lower risk Blum (DB RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.07-1.50] death 2/25 6/25 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Calderón 68% 0.32 [0.04-2.49] death 1/17 5/27 OT​1​ Fowotade (RCT) -11% 1.11 [0.61-2.03] no recov. 31 (n) 26 (n) CT​2​ Rocco (DB RCT) -5% 1.05 [0.30-3.50] death 6/202 5/203 Tau​2​ = 0.03, I​2​ = 7.9%, p = 0.65 Late treatment 12% 0.88 [0.52-1.50] 9/275 16/281 12% lower risk COVER Sokhela (RCT) 66% 0.34 [0.01-8.41] death 0/240 1/265 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.52 Prophylaxis 66% 0.34 [0.01-8.41] 0/240 1/265 66% lower risk All studies 44% 0.56 [0.32-1.01] 19/1,449 63/1,252 44% lower risk 12 nitazoxanide COVID-19 studies after exclusions c19early.org October 2023 Tau​2​ = 0.50, I​2​ = 63.0%, p = 0.052 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) ​1​ OT: comparison with other treatment​2​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors nitazoxanide Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Cadegiani 88% 0.12 [0.01-2.52] 0/357 2/137 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Rossignol (DB RCT) -206% 3.06 [0.13-74.6] 1/184 0/195 Tau​2​ = 2.67, I​2​ = 51.4%, p = 0.75 Early treatment 41% 0.59 [0.02-13.8] 1/541 2/332 41% lower risk Blum (DB RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.07-1.50] 2/25 6/25 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Calderón 68% 0.32 [0.04-2.49] 1/17 5/27 OT​1​ Rocco (DB RCT) -5% 1.05 [0.30-3.50] 6/202 5/203 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.23 Late treatment 40% 0.60 [0.26-1.39] 9/244 16/255 40% lower risk COVER Sokhela (RCT) 66% 0.34 [0.01-8.41] 0/240 1/265 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.52 Prophylaxis 66% 0.34 [0.01-8.41] 0/240 1/265 66% lower risk All studies 42% 0.58 [0.27-1.24] 10/1,025 19/852 42% lower risk 6 nitazoxanide COVID-19 mortality results c19early.org October 2023 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.16 ​1​ OT: comparison with other treatment Favors nitazoxanide Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Cadegiani 97% 0.03 [0.00-0.51] 0/357 9/137 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.015 Early treatment 97% 0.03 [0.00-0.51] 0/357 9/137 97% lower risk Blum (DB RCT) 62% 0.38 [0.11-1.25] 3/25 8/25 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Calderón 87% 0.13 [0.01-2.33] 0/17 4/27 OT​1​ Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.044 Late treatment 68% 0.32 [0.11-0.97] 3/42 12/52 68% lower risk All studies 82% 0.18 [0.04-0.76] 3/399 21/189 82% lower risk 3 nitazoxanide COVID-19 mechanical ventilation results c19early.org October 2023 Tau​2​ = 0.50, I​2​ = 27.5%, p = 0.019 ​1​ OT: comparison with other treatment Favors nitazoxanide Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Rocco (RCT) -404% 5.04 [0.24-104] 2/194 0/198 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.3 Early treatment -404% 5.04 [0.24-104] 2/194 0/198 404% higher risk Calderón 59% 0.41 [0.25-0.59] 0/17 16/27 OT​1​ Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Rocco (DB RCT) 31% 0.69 [0.40-1.17] 20/202 30/203 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.15 Late treatment 32% 0.68 [0.40-1.15] 20/219 46/230 32% lower risk All studies 28% 0.72 [0.43-1.21] 22/413 46/428 28% lower risk 3 nitazoxanide COVID-19 ICU results c19early.org October 2023 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.22 ​1​ OT: comparison with other treatment Favors nitazoxanide Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Rocco (RCT) -2% 1.02 [0.30-3.47] hosp. 5/194 5/198 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Cadegiani 99% 0.01 [0.00-0.17] hosp. 0/357 27/137 Rossignol (DB RCT) 79% 0.21 [0.02-1.80] hosp. 1/184 5/195 Tau​2​ = 3.68, I​2​ = 78.4%, p = 0.16 Early treatment 83% 0.17 [0.01-2.00] 6/735 37/530 83% lower risk Blum (DB RCT) 56% 0.44 [0.22-0.89] hosp. time 25 (n) 25 (n) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Calderón 52% 0.48 [0.29-0.82] hosp. time 17 (n) 27 (n) OT​1​ Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.0004 Late treatment 53% 0.47 [0.31-0.71] 0/42 0/52 53% lower risk COVER Sokhela (RCT) 79% 0.21 [0.01-4.31] hosp. 0/240 2/265 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.31 Prophylaxis 79% 0.21 [0.01-4.31] 0/240 2/265 79% lower risk All studies 61% 0.39 [0.20-0.78] 6/1,017 39/847 61% lower risk 6 nitazoxanide COVID-19 hospitalization results c19early.org October 2023 Tau​2​ = 0.29, I​2​ = 47.9%, p = 0.0078 ​1​ OT: comparison with other treatment Favors nitazoxanide Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Rocco (RCT) -404% 5.04 [0.24-104] ICU 2/194 0/198 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Cadegiani 88% 0.12 [0.01-2.52] death 0/357 2/137 ANTICOV ANTICOV (RCT) -188% 2.88 [1.05-7.85] progression 15/462 5/443 OT​1​ CT​2​ Rossignol (DB RCT) -206% 3.06 [0.13-74.6] death 1/184 0/195 Chandiwana (RCT) -13% 1.13 [0.23-5.46] progression 37 (n) 39 (n) CT​2​ Tau​2​ = 0.18, I​2​ = 15.0%, p = 0.2 Early treatment -82% 1.82 [0.73-4.53] 18/1,234 7/1,012 82% higher risk Blum (DB RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.07-1.50] death 2/25 6/25 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Calderón 68% 0.32 [0.04-2.49] death 1/17 5/27 OT​1​ Rocco (DB RCT) -5% 1.05 [0.30-3.50] death 6/202 5/203 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.23 Late treatment 40% 0.60 [0.26-1.39] 9/244 16/255 40% lower risk COVER Sokhela (RCT) 66% 0.34 [0.01-8.41] death 0/240 1/265 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.52 Prophylaxis 66% 0.34 [0.01-8.41] 0/240 1/265 66% lower risk All studies 2% 0.98 [0.47-2.01] 27/1,718 24/1,532 2% lower risk 9 nitazoxanide COVID-19 serious outcomes c19early.org October 2023 Tau​2​ = 0.33, I​2​ = 28.9%, p = 0.95 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) ​1​ OT: comparison with other treatment​2​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors nitazoxanide Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Rocco (RCT) -16% 1.16 [0.84-1.59] no recov. 59/194 52/198 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Rossignol (DB RCT) -7% 1.07 [0.46-2.49] recov. time 184 (n) 195 (n) Chandiwana (RCT) -23% 1.23 [0.73-2.08] recov. time 37 (n) 39 (n) CT​1​ Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.23 Early treatment -17% 1.17 [0.91-1.51] 59/415 52/432 17% higher risk Fowotade (RCT) -11% 1.11 [0.61-2.03] no recov. 31 (n) 26 (n) CT​1​ Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Rocco (DB RCT) 27% 0.73 [0.58-0.90] no disch. 202 (n) 203 (n) Tau​2​ = 0.04, I​2​ = 45.6%, p = 0.33 Late treatment 17% 0.83 [0.57-1.21] 0/233 0/229 17% lower risk All studies 1% 0.99 [0.76-1.30] 59/648 52/661 1% lower risk 5 nitazoxanide COVID-19 recovery results c19early.org October 2023 Tau​2​ = 0.04, I​2​ = 51.6%, p = 0.95 ​1​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors nitazoxanide Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ COVER Sokhela (RCT) 17% 0.83 [0.50-1.40] symp. case 23/240 37/265 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.47 Prophylaxis 17% 0.83 [0.50-1.40] 23/240 37/265 17% lower risk All studies 17% 0.83 [0.50-1.40] 23/240 37/265 17% lower risk 1 nitazoxanide COVID-19 case result c19early.org October 2023 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.47 Favors nitazoxanide Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Rocco (RCT) 12% 0.88 [0.80-0.96] viral+ 194 (n) 198 (n) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Elalfy 87% 0.13 [0.06-0.27] viral+ 7/62 44/51 CT​1​ Silva (SB RCT) 26% 0.74 [0.38-1.41] viral+ 23 (n) 13 (n) Medhat (RCT) 56% 0.44 [0.22-0.88] viral+ 77 (n) 73 (n) Chandiwana (RCT) -67% 1.67 [0.85-3.23] viral+ 27/37 25/38 CT​1​ Tau​2​ = 0.37, I​2​ = 91.9%, p = 0.11 Early treatment 38% 0.62 [0.35-1.11] 34/393 69/373 38% lower risk Blum (DB RCT) 90% 0.10 [0.01-0.85] viral+ 0/23 4/19 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Fowotade (RCT) 5% 0.95 [0.34-2.64] viral load 31 (n) 26 (n) CT​1​ Tau​2​ = 1.31, I​2​ = 52.6%, p = 0.48 Late treatment 53% 0.47 [0.06-3.59] 0/54 4/45 53% lower risk All studies 38% 0.62 [0.37-1.05] 34/447 73/418 38% lower risk 7 nitazoxanide COVID-19 viral clearance results c19early.org October 2023 Tau​2​ = 0.35, I​2​ = 88.3%, p = 0.076 ​1​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors nitazoxanide Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Rocco (RCT) -404% 5.04 [0.24-104] ICU 2/194 0/198 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Silva (SB RCT) 26% 0.74 [0.38-1.41] viral+ 23 (n) 13 (n) ANTICOV ANTICOV (RCT) -188% 2.88 [1.05-7.85] progression 15/462 5/443 OT​1​ CT​2​ Rossignol (DB RCT) -206% 3.06 [0.13-74.6] death 1/184 0/195 Medhat (RCT) 56% 0.44 [0.22-0.88] viral+ 77 (n) 73 (n) Chandiwana (RCT) -13% 1.13 [0.23-5.46] progression 37 (n) 39 (n) CT​2​ Tau​2​ = 0.39, I​2​ = 56.0%, p = 0.87 Early treatment -7% 1.07 [0.51-2.23] 18/977 5/961 7% higher risk Blum (DB RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.07-1.50] death 2/25 6/25 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Fowotade (RCT) -11% 1.11 [0.61-2.03] no recov. 31 (n) 26 (n) CT​2​ Rocco (DB RCT) -5% 1.05 [0.30-3.50] death 6/202 5/203 Tau​2​ = 0.03, I​2​ = 8.5%, p = 0.86 Late treatment 5% 0.95 [0.55-1.63] 8/258 11/254 5% lower risk COVER Sokhela (RCT) 66% 0.34 [0.01-8.41] death 0/240 1/265 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.52 Prophylaxis 66% 0.34 [0.01-8.41] 0/240 1/265 66% lower risk All studies 8% 0.92 [0.59-1.43] 26/1,475 17/1,480 8% lower risk 10 nitazoxanide COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials c19early.org October 2023 Tau​2​ = 0.16, I​2​ = 36.1%, p = 0.72 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) ​1​ OT: comparison with other treatment​2​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors nitazoxanide Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Rossignol (DB RCT) -206% 3.06 [0.13-74.6] 1/184 0/195 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.5 Early treatment -206% 3.06 [0.13-74.6] 1/184 0/195 206% higher risk Blum (DB RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.07-1.50] 2/25 6/25 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Rocco (DB RCT) -5% 1.05 [0.30-3.50] 6/202 5/203 Tau​2​ = 0.19, I​2​ = 28.2%, p = 0.46 Late treatment 35% 0.65 [0.22-1.98] 8/227 11/228 35% lower risk COVER Sokhela (RCT) 66% 0.34 [0.01-8.41] 0/240 1/265 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.52 Prophylaxis 66% 0.34 [0.01-8.41] 0/240 1/265 66% lower risk All studies 28% 0.72 [0.31-1.70] 9/651 12/688 28% lower risk 4 nitazoxanide COVID-19 RCT mortality results c19early.org October 2023 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.46 Favors nitazoxanide Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Rocco (RCT) -404% 5.04 [0.24-104] ICU 2/194 0/198 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Cadegiani 88% 0.12 [0.01-2.52] death 0/357 2/137 Elalfy 87% 0.13 [0.06-0.27] viral+ 7/62 44/51 CT​2​ Silva (SB RCT) 26% 0.74 [0.38-1.41] viral+ 23 (n) 13 (n) Rossignol (DB RCT) -206% 3.06 [0.13-74.6] death 1/184 0/195 Medhat (RCT) 56% 0.44 [0.22-0.88] viral+ 77 (n) 73 (n) Chandiwana (RCT) -13% 1.13 [0.23-5.46] progression 37 (n) 39 (n) CT​2​ Tau​2​ = 0.67, I​2​ = 69.3%, p = 0.12 Early treatment 49% 0.51 [0.22-1.18] 10/934 46/706 49% lower risk Blum (DB RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.07-1.50] death 2/25 6/25 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Calderón 68% 0.32 [0.04-2.49] death 1/17 5/27 OT​1​ Rocco (DB RCT) -5% 1.05 [0.30-3.50] death 6/202 5/203 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.23 Late treatment 40% 0.60 [0.26-1.39] 9/244 16/255 40% lower risk COVER Sokhela (RCT) 66% 0.34 [0.01-8.41] death 0/240 1/265 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.52 Prophylaxis 66% 0.34 [0.01-8.41] 0/240 1/265 66% lower risk All studies 50% 0.50 [0.27-0.91] 19/1,418 63/1,226 50% lower risk 11 nitazoxanide COVID-19 peer reviewed studies c19early.org October 2023 Tau​2​ = 0.45, I​2​ = 54.7%, p = 0.024 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) ​1​ OT: comparison with other treatment​2​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors nitazoxanide Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Rocco (RCT) -404% 5.04 [0.24-104] ICU 2/194 0/198 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Rocco (RCT) -2% 1.02 [0.30-3.47] hosp. 5/194 5/198 Rocco (RCT) -16% 1.16 [0.84-1.59] no recov. 59/194 52/198 Rocco (RCT) 12% 0.88 [0.80-0.96] viral+ 194 (n) 198 (n) Rocco (RCT) 14% 0.86 [0.77-0.96] viral+ 136/194 162/198 Cadegiani 88% 0.12 [0.01-2.52] death 0/357 2/137 Cadegiani 97% 0.03 [0.00-0.51] ventilation 0/357 9/137 Cadegiani 99% 0.01 [0.00-0.17] hosp. 0/357 27/137 Elalfy 87% 0.13 [0.06-0.27] viral+ 7/62 44/51 CT​2​ Elalfy 58% 0.42 [0.31-0.56] viral+ 26/62 51/51 CT​2​ Silva (SB RCT) 26% 0.74 [0.38-1.41] viral+ 23 (n) 13 (n) Silva (SB RCT) 38% 0.62 [0.36-1.05] viral+ 12/23 11/13 ANTICOV ANTICOV (RCT) -188% 2.88 [1.05-7.85] progression 15/462 5/443 OT​1​ CT​2​ Rossignol (DB RCT) -206% 3.06 [0.13-74.6] death 1/184 0/195 Rossignol (DB RCT) 79% 0.21 [0.02-1.80] hosp. 1/184 5/195 Rossignol (DB RCT) 85% 0.15 [0.02-1.22] severe case 1/184 7/195 Rossignol (DB RCT) 84% 0.16 [0.02-1.29] severe case 1/112 7/126 Rossignol (DB RCT) -7% 1.07 [0.46-2.49] recov. time 184 (n) 195 (n) Medhat (RCT) 56% 0.44 [0.22-0.88] viral+ 77 (n) 73 (n) Chandiwana (RCT) -13% 1.13 [0.23-5.46] progression 37 (n) 39 (n) CT​2​ Chandiwana (RCT) -23% 1.23 [0.73-2.08] recov. time 37 (n) 39 (n) CT​2​ Chandiwana (RCT) -67% 1.67 [0.85-3.23] viral+ 27/37 25/38 CT​2​ Blum (DB RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.07-1.50] death 2/25 6/25 Blum (DB RCT) 62% 0.38 [0.11-1.25] ventilation 3/25 8/25 Blum (DB RCT) 56% 0.44 [0.22-0.89] hosp. time 25 (n) 25 (n) Blum (DB RCT) 90% 0.10 [0.01-0.85] viral+ 0/23 4/19 Calderón 68% 0.32 [0.04-2.49] death 1/17 5/27 OT​1​ Calderón 87% 0.13 [0.01-2.33] ventilation 0/17 4/27 OT​1​ Calderón 59% 0.41 [0.25-0.59] ICU 0/17 16/27 OT​1​ Calderón 52% 0.48 [0.29-0.82] hosp. time 17 (n) 27 (n) OT​1​ Fowotade (RCT) -11% 1.11 [0.61-2.03] no recov. 31 (n) 26 (n) CT​2​ Fowotade (RCT) -87% 1.87 [0.88-3.98] no recov. 31 (n) 26 (n) CT​2​ Fowotade (RCT) 5% 0.95 [0.34-2.64] viral load 31 (n) 26 (n) CT​2​ Rocco (DB RCT) -5% 1.05 [0.30-3.50] death 6/202 5/203 Rocco (DB RCT) 31% 0.69 [0.40-1.17] ICU 20/202 30/203 Rocco (DB RCT) 40% 0.60 [0.35-1.02] oxygen 22/202 33/203 Rocco (DB RCT) 64% 0.36 [0.29-0.45] no improv. 202 (n) 203 (n) Rocco (DB RCT) 34% 0.66 [0.38-1.15] no improv. 202 (n) 203 (n) Rocco (DB RCT) 27% 0.73 [0.58-0.90] no disch. 202 (n) 203 (n) Rocco (DB RCT) 8% 0.92 [0.55-1.52] no disch. 202 (n) 203 (n) COVER Sokhela (RCT) 66% 0.34 [0.01-8.41] death 0/240 1/265 COVER Sokhela (RCT) 79% 0.21 [0.01-4.31] hosp. 0/240 2/265 COVER Sokhela (RCT) 17% 0.83 [0.50-1.40] symp. case 23/240 37/265 COVER Sokhela (RCT) -21% 1.21 [0.29-1.58] cases 23/240 37/265 Nitazoxanide COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org October 2023 ​1​ OT: comparison with other treatment​2​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors nitazoxanide Favors control
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. Vaccines and treatments are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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