| Indomethacin for COVID-19: real-time meta-analysis of 4 studies (Version 3) | ||
| Significantly lower risk is seen for recovery. 2 studies (both from the same team/sponsor) show significant benefit. Meta-analysis using the most serious outcome reported shows 74% [-20‑94%] lower risk, without reaching statist.. | ||
Mar 24 |
et al., Exploration of Medicine, doi:10.37349/emed.2026.1001392 | Indomethacin, a drug with known antiviral activity against SARS-CoVs neglected during the COVID-19 pandemic |
| Review of indomethacin as an antiviral drug for COVID-19. | ||
Dec 8 2024 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2024.12.07.24318645 | Effect of background therapy with Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other anti-inflammatory agents on COVID-19 outcomes |
| Retrospective 485,779 osteoarthritis patients in the US showing lower mortality with non-aspirin NSAIDs and celecoxib, and higher mortality with aspirin. Aspirin was associated with higher hospitalization in COVID-positive and COVID-negat.. | ||
Nov 15 2024 |
et al., Journal of Chemical Research, doi:10.1177/17475198241298547 | Discovery of potential FDA-approved SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like protease inhibitors: A multi-phase in silico approach |
| In silico study showing potential inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) by 7 FDA-approved drugs including indomethacin. Authors screened 3,009 drugs and identified indomethacin, vismodegib, celecoxib, ketoprofen, naphazoli.. | ||
Sep 30 2024 |
et al., Journal of Virus Eradication, doi:10.1016/j.jve.2024.100387 | Indomethacin inhibits human seasonal coronaviruses at late stages of viral replication in lung cells: Impact on virus-induced COX-2 expression |
| In vitro study showing that indomethacin inhibits the replication of human seasonal coronaviruses HCoV-229E (alpha-coronavirus) and HCoV-OC43 (beta-coronavirus) in lung-derived MRC-5 cells. Indomethacin acts at late stages of the viral li.. | ||
Apr 16 2024 |
et al., ScienceOpen, doi:10.58647/DRUGARXIV.PR000010.v1 | Network-based multi-omics-disease-drug associations reveal drug repurposing candidates for COVID-19 disease phases |
| In silico study identifying potential drugs beneficial for COVID-19 by integrating transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, and drug data. Authors explore interactions between drugs, molecular features, and disease severity... | ||
Feb 2 2024 |
et al., Heliyon, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25734 | Evaluating NSAIDs in SARS-CoV-2: Immunomodulatory mechanisms and future therapeutic strategies |
| Review of NSAIDs and their complex immunomodulatory roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Authors discuss the mechanisms by which NSAIDs impact viral replication, immune responses, and inflammation. They note NSAIDs can reduce neutrophil recruit.. | ||
Jan 3 2024 |
et al., BMJ Open, doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077365 | NSAID prescribing and adverse outcomes in common infections: a population-based cohort study |
| 219% higher combined mortality/hospitalization (p<0.0001). Retrospective 142,925 outpatients in the UK showing significantly higher risk of hospitalization or death with prescription of NSAIDs for respiratory tract infections (RTI) or urinary tract infections (UTI). Practice-level analysis also f.. | ||
Oct 18 2023 |
et al., Journal of Infection, doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2023.10.009 | Analysis of blood and nasal epithelial transcriptomes to identify mechanisms associated with control of SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the upper respiratory tract |
| Blood and nasal epithelial transcriptomic analysis suggesting potential benefits of several treatments including: Vitamin E: transcriptomic analysis revealed that the AIPL1 module, which contains genes connected to vitamin E (α-tocopherol.. | ||
Aug 15 2023 |
et al., iScience, doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.107631 | Combating pan-coronavirus infection by indomethacin through simultaneously inhibiting viral replication and inflammatory response |
| In vitro analysis of indomethacin for multiple human coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2. Indomethacin exhibited antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection in human cell lines and lung airway organoid models. Treatment with indomethac.. | ||
Mar 31 2023 |
et al., Master's Dissertation | Analysis of the effects of indomethacin on SARS-CoV-2 infection and the inflammatory response associated with the purinergic system |
| Vero E6 and Calu-3 in vitro study showing that indomethacin protects against SARS-CoV-2-induced cytopathic effects and suppresses ATP-associated inflammatory responses. | ||
Jun 30 2022 |
et al., Computers in Biology and Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105788 | In-silico screening and in-vitro assay show the antiviral effect of Indomethacin against SARS-CoV-2 |
| In silico study predicting indomethacin and vitamin A can bind critical host and viral proteins for SARS-CoV-2 interaction, and may be able to compensate for gene expressions changes related to SARS-CoV-2. | ||
Jun 17 2022 |
et al., Nucleic Acids Research, doi:10.1093/nar/gkac513 | Body temperature variation controls pre-mRNA processing and transcription of antiviral genes and SARS-CoV-2 replication |
| In vitro and hamster study showing that higher temperature reduces SARS-CoV-2 replication. Authors show a 1.5°C increase in temperature (from 36.5 to 38°C) enhanced the expression of antiviral genes. Elevated temperatures were found to re.. | ||
Apr 19 2022 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10370-1 | An open label randomized clinical trial of Indomethacin for mild and moderate hospitalised Covid-19 patients |
| 30% improved recovery (p=0.002), 98% lower progression (p<0.0001), and 17% improved viral clearance (p=0.19). RCT with 103 indomethacin and 107 paracetamol patients, showing lower progression and improved recovery with indomethacin. Notably, improvements include faster resolution of cough. [Alkotaji] previously hypothesised the benefit of indomet.. | ||
Jan 13 2022 |
et al., Immunopathologia Persa, doi:10.34172/ipp.2022.xx | Efficacy of oral indomethacin in the treatment of COVID-19 infection; a randomized clinical trial |
| 66% lower ventilation (p=1) and 40% slower recovery (p=0.52). Very small RCT with 22 indomethacin and 23 control patients, showing no significant difference in outcomes. All patients were treated with HCQ. | ||
Dec 31 2021 |
et al., Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2020.12.005 | Temperature dependence of the SARS-CoV-2 affinity to human ACE2 determines COVID-19 progression and clinical outcome |
| In silico and in vitro study showing decreased SARS-CoV-2 binding affinity to the human ACE2 receptor at higher temperature (40°C vs. 37°C). Molecular dynamics simulations, surface plasmon resonance experiments, and pseudovirus cell entry.. | ||
Dec 8 2021 |
et al., Medical Science Monitor, doi:10.12659/MSM.935379 | Retrospective Study of Outcomes and Hospitalization Rates of Patients in Italy with a Confirmed Diagnosis of Early COVID-19 and Treated at Home Within 3 Days or After 3 Days of Symptom Onset with Prescribed and Non-Prescribed Treatments Between November 2020 and August 2021 |
| Retrospective 158 COVID-19 patients in Italy treated with hesperidin, quercetin, indomethacin, aspirin, omeprazole, azithromycin, LMWH, and betamethasone (treatment specific for each patient), showing significantly lower hospitalization a.. | ||
Jul 31 2021 |
et al., Journal of the Indian Medical Association, 119:7 | Use of indomethacin in COVID-19 patients: experience from two medical centres |
| 96% lower need for oxygen therapy (p<0.0001) and 43% faster recovery (p<0.0001). PSM retrospective 72 indomethacin and 72 paracetamol patients in India, showing lower progression and improved recovery with indomethacin. | ||
Apr 22 2021 |
et al., Current Pharmacology Reports, doi:10.1007/s40495-021-00257-6 | Indomethacin: Can It Counteract Bradykinin Effects in COVID-19 Patients? |
| Hypothesis that indomethacin will be beneficial for COVID-19 induced dry cough, via inhibition of the cyclooxygenase enzyme and reducing the level of inflammatory mediator bradykinin. | ||
Dec 4 2020 |
et al., Science, doi:10.1126/science.abe9403 | Comparative host-coronavirus protein interaction networks reveal pan-viral disease mechanisms |
| 67% lower hospitalization (p=0.34) and 57% lower progression (p=0.21). Analysis of interactions between viral and human proteins for SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, and MERS-CoV and genetic screening to identify host factors that enhance or inhibit viral infection. Authors predict indomethacin will have antiviral ac.. | ||
Nov 23 2020 |
et al., Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health, doi:10.1093/emph/eoaa044 | Let fever do its job |
| Review of fever focusing on COVID-19. Authors note that fever is a key component of the acute phase response to infection. Fever enhances immune cell performance, induces cellular stress on pathogens, and acts synergistically with other s.. | ||
Apr 30 1988 |
et al., Journal of Interferon Research, doi:10.1089/jir.1988.8.143 | Hyperthermia in Humans Enhances Interferon-γ Synthesis and Alters the Peripheral Lymphocyte Population |
| Analysis of induced hyperthermia (high body temperature) showing 10 times greater interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production and increased natural killer cells. This response was observed at a core body temperature of ~39°C, highlighting its pot.. | ||
