A summary of study results is below. Please submit
updates and corrections at the bottom of this page.
A summary of study results is below. Please submit
updates and corrections at https://c19early.org/cpmeta.html.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules as detailed above
and gives priority to more serious outcomes.
For pooled analyses, the first (most serious) outcome is used, which may
differ from the effect a paper focuses on.
Other outcomes are used in outcome specific analyses.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules as detailed above
and gives priority to more serious outcomes.
For pooled analyses, the first (most serious) outcome is used, which may
differ from the effect a paper focuses on.
Other outcomes are used in outcome specific analyses.
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Abayomi, 11/20/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Nigeria, peer-reviewed, 1 author, trial PACTR202006760881890 (LACCPT).
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risk of death, 16.7% higher, RR 1.17, p = 1.00, treatment 7 of 11 (63.6%), control 6 of 11 (54.5%).
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Agarwal, 10/22/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, India, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, study period 22 April, 2020 - 14 July, 2020, average treatment delay 8.0 days, trial CTRI/2020/04/024775 (PLACID).
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risk of death, 7.0% higher, RR 1.07, p = 0.74, treatment 34 of 235 (14.5%), control 31 of 229 (13.5%).
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combined death at 28 days or progression to severe disease, 7.0% higher, RR 1.07, p = 0.74, treatment 44 of 235 (18.7%), control 41 of 229 (17.9%).
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risk of mechanical ventilation, 1.0% lower, RR 0.99, p = 0.98, treatment 19 of 227 (8.4%), control 19 of 224 (8.5%), NNT 892.
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risk of no viral clearance, 28.0% lower, RR 0.72, p = 0.02, treatment 56 of 173 (32.4%), control 76 of 169 (45.0%), NNT 7.9, day 7.
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AlQahtani, 11/4/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Bahrain, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, study period 19 April, 2020 - 9 July, 2020, trial NCT04356534 (history).
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risk of death, 50.0% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.55, treatment 1 of 20 (5.0%), control 2 of 20 (10.0%), NNT 20.
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noninvasive or mechanical ventilation, 33.3% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.47, treatment 4 of 20 (20.0%), control 6 of 20 (30.0%), NNT 10, primary outcome.
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hospitalization time, 21.9% lower, relative time 0.78, p = 0.12, treatment 20, control 20.
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Alshamrani, 2/15/2023, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, peer-reviewed, 3 authors, study period March 2020 - January 2021.
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risk of death, 14.3% higher, RR 1.14, p = 0.39, treatment 24 of 41 (58.5%), control 108 of 205 (52.7%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, propensity score matching, multivariable.
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risk of progression, 17.3% higher, RR 1.17, p = 0.047, treatment 34 of 41 (82.9%), control 154 of 205 (75.1%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, AKI, ARDS, multi-organ failure, or mortality, propensity score matching, multivariable.
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ICU time, 42.6% higher, relative time 1.43, p = 0.003, treatment 37, control 166, propensity score matching.
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hospitalization time, 31.8% higher, relative time 1.32, p = 0.01, treatment 41, control 205, propensity score matching.
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Avendaño-Solà, 9/29/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Spain, peer-reviewed, 38 authors, study period 4 April, 2020 - 10 July, 2020, average treatment delay 8.0 days, trial NCT04345523 (history) (ConPlas-19).
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risk of death, 88.3% lower, RR 0.12, p = 0.12, treatment 0 of 38 (0.0%), control 4 of 43 (9.3%), NNT 11, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), day 29.
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risk of progression, 93.0% lower, RR 0.07, p = 0.01, treatment 0 of 38 (0.0%), control 7 of 43 (16.3%), NNT 6.1, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), day 29, progression to categories 5-7.
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risk of progression, 91.9% lower, RR 0.08, p = 0.03, treatment 0 of 38 (0.0%), control 6 of 43 (14.0%), NNT 7.2, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), day 15, progression to categories 5-7, primary outcome.
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Averyanov, 9/23/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Russia, trial NCT04392414 (history).
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60 patient RCT with results unknown and over 6 years late.
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Bajpai, 4/6/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, India, peer-reviewed, mean age 55.5, 23 authors, study period June 2020 - December 2020, trial NCT04425915 (history) (COPLA-II).
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risk of death, 13.5% higher, RR 1.14, p = 0.62, treatment 42 of 200 (21.0%), control 37 of 200 (18.5%), day 28.
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risk of death, 19.0% higher, RR 1.19, p = 0.64, treatment 25 of 200 (12.5%), control 21 of 200 (10.5%), day 7.
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risk of mechanical ventilation, 12.5% higher, RR 1.13, p = 0.76, treatment 27 of 200 (13.5%), control 24 of 200 (12.0%), day 7.
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ICU time, 1.7% higher, relative time 1.02, p = 0.80, treatment mean 11.1 (±7.77) n=200, control mean 10.91 (±6.96) n=200.
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hospitalization time, 0.1% lower, relative time 1.00, p = 0.98, treatment mean 13.8 (±7.03) n=200, control mean 13.82 (±7.19) n=200.
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risk of no recovery, 5.9% lower, RR 0.94, p = 0.75, treatment 64 of 200 (32.0%), control 68 of 200 (34.0%), NNT 50, day 28.
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relative mean Ct, 1.1% worse, RR 1.01, p = 0.54, treatment mean 34.31 (±6.61) n=200, control mean 34.7 (±6.2) n=200, day 7.
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Bajpai (B), 10/27/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, India, peer-reviewed, mean age 48.2, 17 authors, trial NCT04346446 (history) (ILBS-COVID-02).
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risk of death, 323.0% higher, HR 4.23, p = 0.22, treatment 3 of 14 (21.4%), control 1 of 15 (6.7%), adjusted per study, 28 days, Cox proportional hazards.
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risk of death, 114.3% higher, RR 2.14, p = 0.60, treatment 2 of 14 (14.3%), control 1 of 15 (6.7%), 7 days.
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risk of mechanical ventilation, 221.4% higher, RR 3.21, p = 0.33, treatment 3 of 14 (21.4%), control 1 of 15 (6.7%), 7 days.
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hospitalization time, 24.9% lower, relative time 0.75, p = 0.08, treatment 14, control 15.
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relative improvement in Ct value, 33.1% better, RR 0.67, p = 0.11, treatment 14, control 15.
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Baksh, 1/31/2023, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, peer-reviewed, 26 authors, study period 3 June, 2020 - 1 October, 2021, average treatment delay 6.0 days, trial NCT04373460 (history).
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risk of no recovery, 1.0% higher, RR 1.01, p = 0.62, treatment 381 of 538 (70.8%), control 381 of 532 (71.6%), NNT 125, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, day 14.
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risk of long COVID, 4.4% higher, RR 1.04, p = 0.78, treatment 533, control 528, all patients.
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risk of long COVID, 9.0% lower, OR 0.91, p = 0.67, treatment 232, control 234, ≤5 days, full population, RR approximated with OR.
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risk of long COVID, 18.0% higher, OR 1.18, p = 0.41, treatment 301, control 294, >5 days, full population, RR approximated with OR.
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Baldeón, 1/9/2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Ecuador, peer-reviewed, 17 authors, study period May 2020 - January 2021, average treatment delay 10.6 days.
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risk of death, 12.0% lower, RR 0.88, p = 1.00, treatment 7 of 63 (11.1%), control 12 of 95 (12.6%), NNT 66.
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Bar, 12/15/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, peer-reviewed, median age 63.0, 40 authors, study period 18 May, 2020 - 8 January, 2021, trial NCT04397757 (history) (PennCCP2).
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risk of death, 81.0% lower, HR 0.19, p = 0.03, treatment 40, control 39, Cox proportional hazards, day 28.
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risk of no improvement, 43.8% lower, OR 0.56, p = 0.18, treatment 40, control 39, WHO8 score, day 28, RR approximated with OR.
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risk of mechanical ventilation, 51.2% lower, RR 0.49, p = 0.16, treatment 5 of 40 (12.5%), control 10 of 39 (25.6%), NNT 7.6.
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Baylor Research Institute, 12/31/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, USA, trial NCT04333251 (history).
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Estimated 115 patient RCT with results unknown and over 3 years late.
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Bennett-Guerrero, 4/16/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, peer-reviewed, 18 authors, study period 8 April, 2020 - 1 February, 2021, average treatment delay 9.0 days, trial NCT04344535 (history).
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risk of death, 18.6% lower, RR 0.81, p = 0.75, treatment 16 of 59 (27.1%), control 5 of 15 (33.3%), NNT 16, day 90.
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risk of death, 11.0% lower, RR 0.89, p = 1.00, treatment 14 of 59 (23.7%), control 4 of 15 (26.7%), NNT 34, day 28.
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risk of no improvement, 0.4% lower, RR 1.00, p = 1.00, treatment 47 of 59 (79.7%), control 12 of 15 (80.0%), NNT 295.
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Bégin, 9/9/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, multiple countries, peer-reviewed, 33 authors, study period 14 May, 2020 - 29 January, 2021, average treatment delay 8.0 days, trial NCT04348656 (history) (CONCOR-1).
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risk of death, 13.0% higher, RR 1.13, p = 0.33, treatment 156 of 625 (25.0%), control 69 of 313 (22.0%), day 90.
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risk of death, 12.0% higher, RR 1.12, p = 0.40, treatment 141 of 614 (23.0%), control 63 of 307 (20.5%), day 30.
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risk of death/intubation, 16.0% higher, RR 1.16, p = 0.18, treatment 199 of 614 (32.4%), control 86 of 307 (28.0%), primary outcome.
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Camacho-Ortiz, 5/1/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Mexico, trial NCT04358783 (history) (COP-COVID-19).
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31 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
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Cardesa Gil, 12/30/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Spain, trial NCT04366245 (history).
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72 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
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Cho, 6/21/2021, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 24 authors, trial NCT04545047 (history).
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risk of death, 4.0% higher, HR 1.04, p = 0.88, treatment 402, control 4,642.
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Chowdhury, 10/30/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Bangladesh, trial NCT04403477 (history).
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Estimated 60 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
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de la Puerta Rueda, 12/31/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Spain, trial NCT05247307 (history).
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93 patient RCT with results unknown and over 4 years late.
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De Santis, 3/31/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, Brazil, peer-reviewed, 23 authors, average treatment delay 9.0 days.
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risk of death, 13.2% lower, RR 0.87, p = 0.67, treatment 11 of 36 (30.6%), control 25 of 71 (35.2%), NNT 21, day 60.
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risk of death, 12.3% lower, RR 0.88, p = 0.81, treatment 8 of 36 (22.2%), control 18 of 71 (25.4%), NNT 32, day 30.
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Denkinger, 12/29/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, Germany, peer-reviewed, 54 authors, study period 3 September, 2020 - 20 January, 2022, average treatment delay 7.0 days.
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risk of death, 8.2% lower, RR 0.92, p = 0.39, treatment 68, control 66, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, day 84.
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risk of mechanical ventilation, 2.5% higher, RR 1.02, p = 1.00, treatment 19 of 68 (27.9%), control 18 of 66 (27.3%).
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risk of 7-point scale, 22.5% lower, HR 0.78, p = 0.22, treatment 68, control 66, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, primary outcome.
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Devos, 8/26/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Belgium, peer-reviewed, 26 authors, study period 2 May, 2020 - 26 January, 2021, average treatment delay 7.0 days, trial NCT04429854 (history) (DAWn-plasma).
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risk of death, 1.0% lower, HR 0.99, p = 0.98, treatment 320, control 163.
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risk of mechanical ventilation, 8.0% higher, HR 1.08, p = 0.78, treatment 320, control 163.
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risk of ICU admission, no change, HR 1.00, p = 1.00, treatment 320, control 163.
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Dillner, 1/26/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, Sweden, trial NCT04649879 (history).
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59 patient RCT with results unknown and over 4 years late.
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ElDesouky, 12/31/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Egypt, trial NCT04438694 (history) (CP IN COVID19).
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Estimated 67 patient RCT with results unknown and over 4 years late.
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Elhadi, 4/30/2021, prospective, Libya, peer-reviewed, 21 authors, study period 29 May, 2020 - 30 December, 2020.
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risk of death, 16.0% higher, RR 1.16, p = 0.39, treatment 16 of 23 (69.6%), control 265 of 442 (60.0%).
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Fundacin Biomedica Galicia Sur, 3/31/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Spain, trial NCT05578391 (history) (CoV-PlasGal).
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61 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
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Gauiran, 2/15/2024, Randomized Controlled Trial, Philippines, peer-reviewed, median age 60.0, 26 authors, study period 28 September, 2020 - 31 May, 2021, average treatment delay 8.0 days, trial NCT04567173 (history) (Co-CLARITY).
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risk of death, 400.0% higher, RR 5.00, p = 0.49, treatment 2 of 22 (9.1%), control 0 of 22 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
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risk of ICU admission, 100% higher, RR 2.00, p = 1.00, treatment 2 of 22 (9.1%), control 1 of 22 (4.5%).
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hospitalization time, 7.1% higher, relative time 1.07, p = 0.70, treatment 22, control 22.
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Gharbharan (B), 5/27/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Netherlands, peer-reviewed, 32 authors, study period 8 April, 2020 - 14 June, 2020, average treatment delay 10.0 days, trial NCT04342182 (history) (ConCoVid-19).
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risk of death, 3.8% lower, RR 0.96, p = 0.95, treatment 6 of 43 (14.0%), control 11 of 43 (25.6%), NNT 8.6, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariable logistic regression, primary outcome.
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time to discharge, 11.7% lower, relative time 0.88, p = 0.68, treatment 43, control 43, adjusted per study, multivariable Fine and Gray regression.
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Gonzalez, 6/19/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Argentina, trial NCT04468009 (history).
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134 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
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Gonzalez (B), 3/31/2021, retrospective, Mexico, preprint, 17 authors, study period 5 May, 2020 - 17 October, 2020, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo, trial NCT04381858 (history).
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risk of death, 6.5% higher, RR 1.07, p = 0.76, treatment 60 of 130 (46.2%), control 26 of 60 (43.3%), day 28, intention-to-treat.
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risk of death, 1.0% higher, RR 1.01, p = 1.00, treatment 70 of 130 (53.8%), control 32 of 60 (53.3%), followup, day 28, intention-to-treat.
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Herrick, 5/5/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, USA, trial NCT04442191 (history).
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Estimated 50 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
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Higgins, 12/16/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, multiple countries, peer-reviewed, 66 authors, study period 9 March, 2020 - 22 June, 2021, trial NCT02735707 (history) (REMAP-CAP).
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risk of death, 1.0% lower, HR 0.99, p = 0.90, treatment 370 of 944 (39.2%), control 324 of 790 (41.0%), NNT 55, adjusted per study, day 180.
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Holm, 12/4/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Sweden, peer-reviewed, 14 authors, study period June 2020 - January 2021, average treatment delay 7.0 days, trial NCT04600440 (history) (COP20).
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risk of death, 45.1% lower, RR 0.55, p = 0.64, treatment 2 of 17 (11.8%), control 3 of 14 (21.4%), NNT 10.
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risk of mechanical ventilation, 68.9% lower, RR 0.31, p = 0.45, treatment 0 of 17 (0.0%), control 1 of 14 (7.1%), NNT 14, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
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risk of progression, 18.8% lower, RR 0.81, p = 1.00, treatment 4 of 16 (25.0%), control 4 of 13 (30.8%), NNT 17, progression to HFNC.
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oxygen time, 57.1% higher, relative time 1.57, p = 0.43, treatment 17, control 14.
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hospitalization time, 62.5% higher, relative time 1.62, p = 0.21, treatment 17, control 14.
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Horby et al., 1/15/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, United Kingdom, peer-reviewed, 36 authors, average treatment delay 9.0 days, trial NCT04381936 (history) (RECOVERY).
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risk of death, 1.0% higher, RR 1.01, p = 0.78, treatment 1,622 of 5,795 (28.0%), control 1,610 of 5,763 (27.9%), day 180.
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risk of death, no change, RR 1.00, p = 0.95, treatment 1,399 of 5,795 (24.1%), control 1,408 of 5,763 (24.4%), NNT 345, day 28, primary outcome.
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risk of no hospital discharge, 1.0% higher, RR 1.01, p = 0.57, treatment 1,963 of 5,795 (33.9%), control 1,941 of 5,763 (33.7%), inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, day 28.
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Hsue, 8/23/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, USA, preprint, 1 author, study period 9 June, 2020 - 30 April, 2021, trial NCT04421404 (history) (CAPRI).
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risk of death, 212.5% higher, RR 3.12, p = 0.47, treatment 1 of 16 (6.2%), control 0 of 18 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), day 28.
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risk of death, 12.5% higher, RR 1.12, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 16 (6.2%), control 1 of 18 (5.6%), all cause, day 28.
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risk of mechanical ventilation, 425.0% higher, RR 5.25, p = 0.21, treatment 2 of 16 (12.5%), control 0 of 18 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), day 28.
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risk of progression, 425.0% higher, RR 5.25, p = 0.21, treatment 2 of 16 (12.5%), control 0 of 18 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), death or mechanical ventilation, day 28, primary outcome.
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risk of progression, 425.0% higher, RR 5.25, p = 0.21, treatment 2 of 16 (12.5%), control 0 of 18 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), death or mechanical ventilation, day 14, primary outcome.
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Iasella, 10/24/2024, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 30 authors, study period March 2020 - June 2021.
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risk of death, 25.9% higher, RR 1.26, p = 0.14, treatment 73 of 290 (25.2%), control 58 of 290 (20.0%), propensity score matching, day 30.
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risk of mechanical ventilation, 0.6% higher, RR 1.01, p = 1.00, treatment 155 of 290 (53.4%), control 154 of 290 (53.1%), MV/ECMO, propensity score matching, day 30.
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oxygen, no change, RR 1.00, p = 1.00, treatment 118 of 290 (40.7%), control 118 of 290 (40.7%), propensity score matching, day 30.
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Itinose, 4/7/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, Brazil, trial NCT05077930 (history).
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38 patient RCT with results unknown and over 4 years late.
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Jalili, 1/1/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, Iran, peer-reviewed, 15 authors, study period May 2020 - July 2020.
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risk of death, 45.5% higher, RR 1.45, p = 0.38, treatment 16 of 60 (26.7%), control 11 of 60 (18.3%).
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risk of ICU admission, 8.0% higher, RR 1.08, p = 0.85, treatment 27 of 60 (45.0%), control 25 of 60 (41.7%).
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risk of ARDS, 250.0% higher, RR 3.50, p = 0.16, treatment 7 of 60 (11.7%), control 2 of 60 (3.3%).
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hospitalization time, 9.9% higher, relative time 1.10, p = 0.39, treatment 60, control 60.
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Karyana, 12/31/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Indonesia, trial NCT04873414 (history) (PlaSenTer).
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Estimated 364 patient RCT with results unknown and over 4 years late.
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Kasten, 12/1/2023, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, median age 63.6, 13 authors, study period 1 September, 2020 - 28 February, 2021, trial NCT04884477 (history).
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risk of death, 3.8% higher, RR 1.04, p = 1.00, treatment 7 of 19 (36.8%), control 11 of 31 (35.5%), day 90.
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risk of death, 16.5% higher, RR 1.17, p = 1.00, treatment 5 of 19 (26.3%), control 7 of 31 (22.6%), day 30.
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Kaufman, 6/30/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, USA, trial NCT04361253 (history) (ESCAPE).
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45 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
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Khawaja, 3/21/2024, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Finland, peer-reviewed, mean age 51.7, 23 authors, study period 2 February, 2021 - 19 January, 2022, average treatment delay 8.0 days, trial NCT04730401 (history) (CP_COVID-19).
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risk of death, 154.1% higher, RR 2.54, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 37 (2.7%), control 0 of 20 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
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risk of mechanical ventilation, 73.0% lower, RR 0.27, p = 0.28, treatment 1 of 37 (2.7%), control 2 of 20 (10.0%), NNT 14.
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risk of ICU admission, 45.9% lower, RR 0.54, p = 0.65, treatment 3 of 37 (8.1%), control 3 of 20 (15.0%), NNT 15.
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Kirenga, 8/9/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Uganda, peer-reviewed, median age 50.0, 30 authors, study period 16 June, 2020 - 31 December, 2020, average treatment delay 7.0 days, trial NCT04542941 (history) (COVIDIT).
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risk of death, 21.4% higher, RR 1.21, p = 0.80, treatment 10 of 69 (14.5%), control 8 of 67 (11.9%).
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risk of progression, 9.1% lower, RR 0.91, p = 1.00, treatment 9 of 41 (22.0%), control 7 of 29 (24.1%), NNT 46.
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time to viral-, 50.0% higher, relative time 1.50, p = 0.20, treatment 67, control 67.
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Krishnan, 4/5/2023, retrospective, India, peer-reviewed, mean age 52.8, 48 authors, study period March 2020 - March 2021.
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risk of death, 270.0% higher, OR 3.70, p = 0.07, adjusted per study, case control OR, multivariable.
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Körper, 10/15/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Germany, peer-reviewed, median age 60.0, 27 authors, study period 30 August, 2020 - 24 December, 2020, trial NCT04433910 (history) (CAPSID).
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risk of death, 36.5% lower, RR 0.63, p = 0.19, treatment 11 of 53 (20.8%), control 17 of 52 (32.7%), NNT 8.4, day 60.
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risk of death, 14.2% lower, RR 0.86, p = 0.79, treatment 7 of 53 (13.2%), control 8 of 52 (15.4%), NNT 46, day 21.
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risk of no recovery, 15.9% lower, RR 0.84, p = 0.32, treatment 30 of 53 (56.6%), control 35 of 52 (67.3%), NNT 9.3, composite outcome of survival and no longer fulfilling criteria for severe COVID-19, day 21, primary outcome.
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Lacombe, 8/10/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, France, preprint, 33 authors, study period 16 April, 2020 - 21 April, 2021, average treatment delay 7.0 days, trial NCT04345991 (history) (CORIPLASM).
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risk of death, 49.0% lower, HR 0.51, p = 0.16, treatment 7 of 60 (11.7%), control 12 of 60 (20.0%), NNT 12, adjusted per study, day 28.
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risk of death, 64.0% lower, HR 0.36, p = 0.04, treatment 4 of 22 (18.2%), control 11 of 27 (40.7%), NNT 4.4, adjusted per study, day 28, immunocompromised.
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risk of progression, 68.3% higher, RR 1.68, p = 0.18, treatment 13 of 60 (21.7%), control 8 of 60 (13.3%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, WHO-CPS ≥6, day 4, primary outcome.
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risk of progression, 4.0% higher, HR 1.04, p = 0.89, treatment 19 of 60 (31.7%), control 20 of 60 (33.3%), NNT 60, adjusted per study, ventilation, additional immunomodulators, or death, day 14, primary outcome.
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hospitalization time, 6.7% higher, relative time 1.07, p = 0.99, treatment 60, control 60.
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Lewandowski, 3/7/2024, retrospective, Poland, peer-reviewed, 15 authors.
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risk of death, 61.8% higher, OR 1.62, p = 0.12, RR approximated with OR.
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Li, 6/3/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, China, peer-reviewed, 34 authors, study period 14 February, 2020 - 1 April, 2020.
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risk of death, 34.6% lower, RR 0.65, p = 0.30, treatment 8 of 51 (15.7%), control 12 of 50 (24.0%), NNT 12, odds ratio converted to relative risk, 28 days.
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risk of no improvement, 15.3% lower, RR 0.85, p = 0.37, treatment 25 of 52 (48.1%), control 29 of 51 (56.9%), NNT 11, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, odds ratio converted to relative risk, 28 days.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 76.4% lower, RR 0.24, p = 0.01, treatment 4 of 26 (15.4%), control 15 of 23 (65.2%), NNT 2.0, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
Lubis, 10/31/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Indonesia, trial NCT04380935 (history).
|
Estimated 60 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
|
|
Manzini, 11/22/2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Italy, peer-reviewed, median age 66.6, 54 authors, study period June 2020 - August 2021, trial NCT04428021 (history) (PLACO COVID).
|
risk of death, 25.0% higher, RR 1.25, p = 0.54, treatment 14 of 60 (23.3%), control 12 of 60 (20.0%), adjusted per study, day 30.
|
|
risk of death/intubation, 10.0% higher, RR 1.10, p = 0.76, treatment 17 of 59 (28.8%), control 14 of 56 (25.0%), day 30.
|
|
time to viral-, 6.4% higher, relative time 1.06, p = 0.76, treatment 60, control 60, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment.
|
Marshall, 3/23/2023, USA, trial NCT04412486 (history).
|
86 patient study with results unknown and over 3 years late.
|
Martinaud, 6/1/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, France, trial NCT04372979 (history) (PLASCOSSA).
|
18 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
|
|
Menichetti, 11/29/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Italy, peer-reviewed, 110 authors, study period 15 July, 2020 - 8 December, 2020, average treatment delay 7.0 days, trial NCT04716556 (history) (TSUNAMI).
|
risk of death, 23.4% lower, RR 0.77, p = 0.47, treatment 14 of 231 (6.1%), control 19 of 240 (7.9%), NNT 54.
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 3.9% higher, RR 1.04, p = 1.00, treatment 25 of 231 (10.8%), control 25 of 240 (10.4%), mechanical ventilation or death.
|
|
risk of progression, 12.0% lower, RR 0.88, p = 0.54, treatment 59 of 231 (25.5%), control 67 of 239 (28.0%), NNT 40, PaO2/FiO2 <150 mm Hg or death, primary outcome.
|
|
Mesina, 3/1/2022, prospective, Philippines, preprint, median age 60.0, 7 authors, study period April 2020 - March 2021.
|
risk of death, 28.6% higher, RR 1.29, p = 0.54, treatment 18 of 65 (27.7%), control 14 of 65 (21.5%).
|
|
hospitalization time, 60.0% higher, relative time 1.60, p = 0.07, treatment mean 16.0 (±25.08) n=65, control mean 10.0 (±7.87) n=65.
|
|
Ortigoza, 12/13/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, USA, peer-reviewed, median age 63.0, 268 authors, study period 17 April, 2020 - 15 March, 2021, average treatment delay 7.0 days, trial NCT04364737 (history) (CONTAIN COVID-19).
|
risk of death, 11.8% lower, RR 0.88, p = 0.45, treatment 59 of 462 (12.8%), control 71 of 462 (15.4%), NNT 39, odds ratio converted to relative risk, day 28.
|
|
risk of death, 1.3% lower, RR 0.99, p = 0.95, treatment 35 of 463 (7.6%), control 39 of 463 (8.4%), NNT 116, odds ratio converted to relative risk, day 14.
|
|
WHO scale, 7.6% lower, OR 0.92, p = 0.50, treatment 468, control 473, day 28, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
WHO scale, 6.4% lower, OR 0.94, p = 0.58, treatment 468, control 473, day 14, primary outcome, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 2.4% higher, RR 1.02, p = 0.88, treatment 141, control 140, all categories combined.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 5.0% lower, OR 0.95, p = 0.87, treatment 141, control 140, general, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 15.0% higher, OR 1.15, p = 0.70, treatment 141, control 140, gastrointestinal, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 18.0% lower, OR 0.82, p = 0.54, treatment 141, control 140, neurological, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of long COVID, 18.0% higher, OR 1.18, p = 0.53, treatment 141, control 140, respiratory, RR approximated with OR.
|
Pathak, 8/9/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, India, trial NCT04374487 (history).
|
100 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
|
Perilla, 12/1/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Colombia, trial NCT04391101 (history).
|
Estimated 231 patient RCT with results unknown and over 4 years late.
|
Perner, 6/30/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, Denmark, trial NCT04634422 (history) (COVID-PLEX).
|
Estimated 220 patient RCT with results unknown and over 4 years late.
|
|
Pouladzadeh, 4/10/2021, Single Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, multiple countries, peer-reviewed, mean age 53.5, 17 authors, study period March 2020 - May 2020, trial IRCT20200310046736N1.
|
risk of death, 40.0% lower, RR 0.60, p = 0.71, treatment 3 of 30 (10.0%), control 5 of 30 (16.7%), NNT 15.
|
|
hospitalization time, 30.0% higher, relative time 1.30, p = 0.06, treatment 30, control 30.
|
Quintero-Vega, 2/1/2021, Single Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Colombia, trial NCT04425837 (history) (PLASMA COVID-19).
|
Estimated 236 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
|
|
Ray, 11/29/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, India, peer-reviewed, mean age 26.0, 38 authors, study period 31 May, 2020 - 12 October, 2020, trial CTRI/2020/05/025209.
|
risk of death, 33.0% lower, HR 0.67, p = 0.34, treatment 10 of 40 (25.0%), control 14 of 40 (35.0%), NNT 10, adjusted per study, Mantel-Haenszel, primary outcome.
|
Rego, 1/30/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, Brazil, trial NCT04528368 (history).
|
Estimated 60 patient RCT with results unknown and over 4 years late.
|
|
Rojas, 6/27/2022, Single Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Colombia, peer-reviewed, 45 authors, study period 8 August, 2020 - 13 November, 2020, average treatment delay 11.0 days, trial NCT04332835 (history) (CP-COVID-19).
|
risk of death, 220.0% higher, HR 3.20, p = 0.16, treatment 46, control 45, Cox proportional hazards.
|
|
risk of no hospital discharge, 37.5% lower, HR 0.62, p = 0.04, treatment 46, control 45, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, Cox proportional hazards.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 25.0% higher, OR 1.25, p = 0.72, treatment 46, control 45, adjusted per study, mid-recovery, day 4, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 16.0% higher, OR 1.16, p = 0.82, treatment 46, control 45, adjusted per study, day 7, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 51.0% higher, OR 1.51, p = 0.60, treatment 46, control 45, adjusted per study, day 14, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 12.0% higher, OR 1.12, p = 0.91, treatment 46, control 45, adjusted per study, day 28, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Safai, 9/21/2026, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, study period January 2020 - May 2023, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication possible.
|
risk of death, 63.0% higher, OR 1.63, p = 0.25, treatment 44, control 1,905, adjusted per study, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.
|
Schiffer, 9/1/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Germany, trial NCT04712344 (history) (IPCO).
|
Estimated 58 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
|
|
Sekine, 7/8/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Brazil, peer-reviewed, 28 authors, study period 15 July, 2020 - 10 December, 2020, average treatment delay 10.0 days, trial NCT04547660 (history) (PLACOVID).
|
risk of death, 38.5% higher, RR 1.38, p = 0.42, treatment 18 of 80 (22.5%), control 13 of 80 (16.2%), day 28.
|
|
risk of death, 100% higher, RR 2.00, p = 0.28, treatment 10 of 80 (12.5%), control 5 of 80 (6.2%), day 14.
|
|
risk of no improvement, 10.7% higher, RR 1.11, p = 0.74, treatment 31 of 80 (38.8%), control 28 of 80 (35.0%), day 28.
|
|
hospitalization time, 66.7% higher, relative time 1.67, p = 0.87, treatment 80, control 80.
|
|
Self, 11/30/2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, USA, peer-reviewed, 51 authors, study period 28 April, 2020 - 1 June, 2021, average treatment delay 8.0 days, trial NCT04362176 (history) (PassItOn).
|
risk of death, 3.3% higher, RR 1.03, p = 0.86, treatment 89 of 482 (18.5%), control 80 of 465 (17.2%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, day 28.
|
|
risk of death, 26.1% higher, RR 1.26, p = 0.29, treatment 63 of 482 (13.1%), control 48 of 465 (10.3%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, day 14.
|
|
risk of 7-point scale, 4.0% higher, OR 1.04, p = 0.76, treatment 487, control 473, day 14, primary outcome, RR approximated with OR.
|
Sevdi, 6/17/2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Turkey, trial NCT04442958 (history).
|
60 patient RCT with results unknown and over 6 years late.
|
|
Shaheen, 3/31/2025, Randomized Controlled Trial, Bangladesh, peer-reviewed, mean age 51.7, 9 authors, study period June 2020 - July 2021.
|
risk of death, no change, RR 1.00, p = 1.00, treatment 8 of 30 (26.7%), control 8 of 30 (26.7%).
|
Sierra-Madero, 12/31/2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Mexico, trial NCT04388410 (history) (EPCOvid-1).
|
Estimated 410 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
|
|
Simonovich, 11/24/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Argentina, peer-reviewed, 39 authors, study period 28 May, 2020 - 27 August, 2020, average treatment delay 8.0 days, trial NCT04383535 (history) (PlasmAr).
|
risk of death, 4.1% lower, RR 0.96, p = 1.00, treatment 25 of 228 (11.0%), control 12 of 105 (11.4%), NNT 216.
|
|
risk of 7-point scale, 19.0% lower, OR 0.81, p = 0.40, treatment 228, control 105, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Song, 6/30/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, Brazil, peer-reviewed, median age 61.0, 20 authors, study period 2 June, 2020 - 18 November, 2020, average treatment delay 8.0 days, trial NCT04415086 (history) (COOP-COVID-19-MCTI).
|
risk of death, 51.7% higher, RR 1.52, p = 0.37, treatment 22 of 87 (25.3%), control 7 of 42 (16.7%).
|
|
Sullivan, 12/21/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, peer-reviewed, 58 authors, study period 3 June, 2020 - 1 October, 2021, average treatment delay 6.0 days, trial NCT04373460 (history) (CSSC-004).
|
risk of death, 85.7% lower, RR 0.14, p = 0.12, treatment 0 of 592 (0.0%), control 3 of 589 (0.5%), NNT 196, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 25.4% lower, RR 0.75, p = 0.73, treatment 3 of 592 (0.5%), control 4 of 589 (0.7%), NNT 580.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 54.3% lower, RR 0.46, p = 0.005, treatment 17 of 592 (2.9%), control 37 of 589 (6.3%), NNT 29.
|
Talarico, 5/15/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Italy, trial NCT04385043 (history) (COV2-CP).
|
Estimated 400 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
|
|
Teofili, 5/26/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Italy, preprint, 1 author, trial NCT04374526 (history) (LIFESAVER).
|
risk of death, 100% higher, RR 2.00, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 4 (25.0%), control 1 of 8 (12.5%).
|
|
Thorlacius-Ussing, 9/30/2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Denmark, peer-reviewed, 27 authors, study period 13 June, 2020 - 16 March, 2021, average treatment delay 11.0 days, trial NCT04345289 (history) (CCAP-2).
|
risk of death, 76.0% higher, RR 1.76, p = 0.43, treatment 15 of 98 (15.3%), control 4 of 46 (8.7%), day 90.
|
|
risk of death, 87.8% higher, RR 1.88, p = 0.39, treatment 12 of 98 (12.2%), control 3 of 46 (6.5%), day 28.
|
|
risk of death, 72.1% higher, RR 1.72, p = 0.55, treatment 11 of 98 (11.2%), control 3 of 46 (6.5%), day 21.
|
|
risk of death, 64.3% higher, RR 1.64, p = 0.72, treatment 7 of 98 (7.1%), control 2 of 46 (4.3%), day 14.
|
|
risk of death, 734.7% higher, RR 8.35, p = 0.18, treatment 5 of 98 (5.1%), control 0 of 46 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), day 7.
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 37.2% higher, RR 1.37, p = 1.00, treatment 6 of 94 (6.4%), control 2 of 43 (4.7%), day 28.
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 31.5% higher, RR 1.31, p = 0.77, treatment 12 of 89 (13.5%), control 4 of 39 (10.3%), day 28.
|
|
risk of 7-point scale, 41.0% higher, OR 1.41, p = 0.32, treatment 98, control 46, day 14, primary outcome, RR approximated with OR.
|
Torres, 2/4/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Spain, trial NCT04547127 (history).
|
200 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
|
Torres (B), 9/30/2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Mexico, trial NCT04542967 (history) (PC-COVID-HCM).
|
150 patient RCT with results unknown and over 6 years late.
|
|
van den Berg, 2/15/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, South Africa, peer-reviewed, 30 authors, study period 30 September, 2020 - 14 January, 2021, average treatment delay 9.0 days, trial NCT04516811 (history) (PROTECT-Patient).
|
risk of death, 17.0% lower, RR 0.83, p = 0.65, treatment 11 of 52 (21.2%), control 13 of 51 (25.5%), NNT 23, day 28.
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 67.3% lower, RR 0.33, p = 0.36, treatment 1 of 52 (1.9%), control 3 of 51 (5.9%), NNT 25.
|
|
risk of no improvement, 5.4% lower, RR 0.95, p = 1.00, treatment 16 of 47 (34.0%), control 18 of 50 (36.0%), NNT 51, day 28.
|
|
risk of no hospital discharge, 3.0% higher, RR 1.03, p = 1.00, treatment 18 of 46 (39.1%), control 19 of 50 (38.0%), day 28.
|
Zuluaga, 12/30/2020, Single Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Colombia, trial NCT04385186 (history).
|
Estimated 60 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
|
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules as detailed above
and gives priority to more serious outcomes.
For pooled analyses, the first (most serious) outcome is used, which may
differ from the effect a paper focuses on.
Other outcomes are used in outcome specific analyses.
