The European Food Safety Authority has found evidence for a causal relationship between the intake of vitamin A and optimal immune system function Galmés, Galmés (B).
Recent:Al-Saleh Mandour Mahjoub.
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Oct 3 |
Vitamin A for COVID-19: real-time meta analysis of 17 studies (13 treatment studies and 4 sufficiency studies) | |
| Statistically significant lower risk is seen for recovery and viral clearance. 7 studies from 6 independent teams in 4 countries show statistically significant improvements. • Meta analysis using the most serious outcome reported shows.. | ||
Jul 21 |
et al., The Egyptian Journal of Bronchology, doi:10.1186/s43168-023-00210-9 | Evaluation of vitamin A and E deficiency with severity of SARS-COV-2 disease: a case–control study |
| 100% lower ARDS (p=0.001). Case control study with 30 ICU COVID-19 patients, 30 hospitalized non-ICU patients, and 30 matched healthy controls, showing vitamin A levels associated with COVID-19 and severity, with ICU patient levels < hospitalized patients < healthy.. | ||
Jun 30 |
et al., Brain Sciences, doi:10.3390/brainsci13071014 | A Pilot Study of Short-Course Oral Vitamin A and Aerosolised Diffuser Olfactory Training for the Treatment of Smell Loss in Long COVID |
| 75% lower PASC (p=0.05). RCT 24 patients with olfactory dysfunction post-COVID-19 in Hong Kong, showing significantly improved recovery with the addition of vitamin A to aerosolised diffuser olfactory training. 25,000IU vitamin A for 14 days. | ||
Jun 20 |
et al., Explore, doi:10.1016/j.explore.2023.06.009 | Melatonin, vitamins and minerals supplements for the treatment of Covid-19 and Covid-like illness: a prospective, randomized, double-blind multicenter study. |
| 67% improved recovery (p=0.32). RCT 164 low-risk (no hospitalizations) patients in Tunisia, showing improved recovery with zinc, melatonin, and vitamins A-E. This study includes COVID-19 and COVID-like illness, with 49% of 128 patients receiving a PCR test being COVID-1.. | ||
May 21 |
et al., Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2023.112087 | Early oral nutritional supplement improves COVID-19 outcomes among hospitalized older patients during the omicron wave |
| PSM retrospective 1,181 COVID-19 patients ≥60 years old in China, showing significantly lower mortality with a nutritional supplement. Hospitalization time and viral clearance time was improved with earlier initiation of treatment. The su.. | ||
May 11 |
et al., The Clinical Respiratory Journal, doi:10.1111/crj.13632 | The association between nutrients and occurrence of COVID-19 outcomes in the population of Western Iran: A cohort study |
| 17% lower hospitalization (p=0.04) and 11% fewer symptomatic cases (p=0.03). Analysis of nutrient intake and COVID-19 outcomes for 3,996 people in Iran, showing lower risk of COVID-19 hospitalization with sufficient vitamin A, vitamin C, and selenium intake, with statistical significance for vitamin A and selenium. | ||
Mar 31 |
et al., Experimental Lung Research, doi:10.1080/01902148.2023.2193637 | The multiphasic TNF-α-induced compromise of Calu-3 airway epithelial barrier function |
| In Vitro study showing that TNF-α induced a multiphasic transepithelial leak in Calu-3 cell layers, and that vitamin A and vitamin D (calcitriol) were effective at reducing the barrier compromise caused by TNF-α. | ||
Mar 21 |
et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu15061516 | Minerals and Antioxidant Micronutrients Levels and Clinical Outcome in Older Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 during the First Wave of the Pandemic |
| 23% lower mortality (p=0.02) and 2% lower severe cases (p=0.4). Retrospective 235 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in France, showing lower vitamin A levels associated with mortality. Results are provided for vitamin A levels as a continuous value. | ||
Feb 13 |
et al., Acta Biomedica Atenei Parmensis, doi:10.23750/abm.v94i1.13655 | Baseline serum vitamin A and vitamin C levels and their association with disease severity in COVID-19 patients |
| Analysis of 53 consecutive hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 26 matched controls, showing significantly lower vitamin A and vitamin C levels in COVID-19 patients, and a negative correlation between vitamin A and vitamin C levels and CT s.. | ||
Oct 21 2022 |
et al., Medicine, doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000031289 | Vitamin A in children’s pneumonia for a COVID-19 perspective: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 15 trials |
| Systematic review and meta analysis of 15 pediatric vitamin A trials for pneumonia, showing improved clinical efficacy and faster resolution of fever, cough, dyspnea, lung rale, and chest x-ray findings. There was no significant differenc.. | ||
Oct 19 2022 |
et al., PLOS Global Public Health, doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0000924 | Clinical progression and outcomes of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in humanitarian settings: A prospective cohort study in South Sudan and Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo |
| 26% lower mortality (p=1). Prospective study of 144 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the DRC and South Sudan, showing no significant difference with vitamin A treatment in unadjusted results with only 8 patients receiving vitamin A. | ||
Oct 7 2022 |
et al., Nutrition and Health, doi:10.1177/02601060221129144 | Effect of vitamin A supplementation on the outcome severity of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients: A pilot randomized clinical trial |
| 76% slower improvement (p=0.21) and 8% longer hospitalization (p=0.49). RCT 30 hospitalized patients in Iran, showing no significant difference with vitamin A treatment. All patients received HCQ. 50,000 IU/day intramuscular vitamin A for up to 2 weeks. | ||
Sep 19 2022 |
et al., Microbial Pathogenesis, doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105792 | The effect of Nutrition Bio-shield superfood (NBS) on disease severity and laboratory biomarkers in patients with COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial |
| 61% lower mortality (p=0.002) and 28% shorter hospitalization (p=0.001). RCT 70 hospitalized severe COVID-19 patients in Iran, showing lower mortality and improved clinical markers with treatment combining vitamins A, B1–B3, B5, B6, B9, C, D, K, and magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, manganese, calcium,.. | ||
Aug 21 2022 |
et al., Molecules, doi:10.3390/molecules27165323 | The Impact of Severe COVID-19 on Plasma Antioxidants |
| Retrospective 88 COVID-19 patients and 33 healthy controls, showing significantly lower vitamin A levels in COVID-19 patients vs. healthy controls, and in patients that did not survive vs. survivors. Patient ages were significantly differ.. | ||
Aug 18 2022 |
et al., Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, doi:10.26719/emhj.22.064 | Evaluation and comparison of the effect of vitamin A supplementation with standard therapies in the treatment of patients with COVID-19 |
| 26% lower hospitalization (p=0.63) and 32% improved recovery (p=0.53). RCT 91 vitamin A and 91 control patients in Iran, showing improved recovery with treatment. All patients received HCQ. 25,000IU/day oral vitamin A for 10 days. | ||
Aug 15 2022 |
et al., Antioxidants, doi:10.3390/antiox11081580 | Vitamin C Deficiency in Blood Samples of COVID-19 Patients |
| Analysis of 74 COVID-19 patients and 8 controls in Germany, showing low vitamin C levels associated with mortality. There was no significant difference for vitamin A, D, or E levels. Very few group details are provided, for example the ag.. | ||
Jul 13 2022 |
et al., mBio, doi:10.1128/mbio.01485-22 | A Retinol Derivative Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Interrupting Spike-Mediated Cellular Entry |
| In Vitro study showing all-trans retinoic acid, a vitamin A derivative, has potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in both human cell lines and human organoids of the lower respiratory tract. | ||
Jun 30 2022 |
et al., Computers in Biology and Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105788 | In-silico screening and in-vitro assay show the antiviral effect of Indomethacin against SARS-CoV-2 |
| In Silico study predicting indomethacin and vitamin A can bind critical host and viral proteins for SARS-CoV-2 interaction, and may be able to compensate for gene expressions changes related to SARS-CoV-2. | ||
May 28 2022 |
et al., Clinical Nutrition Open Science, doi:10.1016/j.nutos.2022.05.007 | Retinol Depletion in COVID-19 |
| Comparison of 27 COVID-19 ICU patients and 23 control patients, showing significantly lower vitamin A levels in COVID-19 patients. | ||
May 27 2022 |
et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14112254 | Suboptimal Consumption of Relevant Immune System Micronutrients Is Associated with a Worse Impact of COVID-19 in Spanish Populations |
| Ecological study in Spain, showing lower intake of vitamin D, A, B9, and zinc in regions with the highest COVID-19 incidence and mortality. Vitamin D intake was associated with lower prevalence, incidence, and a combined incidence+mortali.. | ||
May 10 2022 |
et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14102007 | Significantly Reduced Retinol Binding Protein 4 (RBP4) Levels in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patientshttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/10/2007 |
| Prospective study of 59 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 20 matched convalescent control patients in Germany, showing significantly lower vitamin A levels in COVID-19 patients. | ||
Apr 30 2022 |
et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14091862 | Prevalence of Micronutrient Deficiencies in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: An Observational Cohort Study |
| 76% lower combined mortality/ICU admission (p=0.004). Prospective study of 57 consecutive hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Switzerland, showing higher risk of mortality/ICU admission with vitamin A, vitamin D, and zinc deficiency, with statistical significance only for vitamin A and zinc. A.. | ||
Apr 20 2022 |
et al., Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, doi:10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951 | Unravelling Vitamin B12 as a potential inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2: A computational approach |
| In Silico study showing significant interaction with SARS-CoV-2 targets for multiple vitamins. | ||
Mar 10 2022 |
et al., International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms23062995 | Micronutrient Improvement of Epithelial Barrier Function in Various Disease States: A Case for Adjuvant Therapy |
| Review of epithelial and endothelial barrier compromise and associated disease risk including COVID-19, and the potential benefits of vitamin A, vitamin D, and zinc for improving barrier function. | ||
Mar 8 2022 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.03.05.22271959 | 13 cis retinoic acid improved the outcomes of COVID-19 patients. A randomized clinical trial |
| 86% lower mortality (p=0.23), 67% lower ICU admission (p=0.24), 35% faster recovery (p<0.0001), and 44% faster viral clearance (p<0.0001). RCT with 20 13-cis-retinoic acid patients and 20 control patients, showing faster recovery and viral clearance with treatment. Aerosolized 13-cis-retinoic acid with increasing dose from 0.2 mg/kg/day to 4 mg/kg/day for 14 days, plus oral.. | ||
Feb 28 2022 |
et al., Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, doi:10.17305/bjbms.2021.7009 | The impact of vitamin and mineral supplements usage prior to COVID-19 infection on disease severity and hospitalization |
| 21% lower hospitalization (p=0.4) and 21% lower severe cases (p=0.36). Retrospective 2,148 COVID-19 recovered patients in Jordan, showing no significant differences in the risk of severity and hospitalization with vitamin A prophylaxis. | ||
Jan 7 2022 |
et al., BioMetals, doi:10.1007/s10534-021-00355-48 | Essential metals, vitamins and antioxidant enzyme activities in COVID-19 patients and their potential associations with the disease severity |
| Prospective study of 155 COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia, showing that 37% of patients were vitamin A deficient (< 0.343 mg/L). Patients with severe COVID-19 symptoms had 23% lower vitamin A levels compared to asymptomatic patients afte.. | ||
Nov 14 2021 |
et al., Trials, doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05795-4 | The effect of supplementation with vitamins A, B, C, D, and E on disease severity and inflammatory responses in patients with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial |
| 89% lower mortality (p=0.11), 41% lower hospitalization (p=0.25), and 45% improved recovery (p=0.001). Small RCT 60 ICU patients in Iran, 30 treated with vitamins A, B, C, D, and E, showing significant improvement in SOFA score and several inflammatory markers at day 7 with treatment. 5,000 IU vitamin A daily, 600,000 IU vitamin D once, 30.. | ||
Aug 23 2021 |
et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v13081669 | All-Trans Retinoic Acid Exhibits Antiviral Effect against SARS-CoV-2 by Inhibiting 3CLpro Activity |
| In Vitro and In Silico study showing that all-trans retinoic acid is a potent SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitor, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells, and is effective against alpha, beta, gamma, and delta variants in Calu-3 .. | ||
Jun 24 2021 |
et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13072173 | Vitamin A Plasma Levels in COVID-19 Patients: A Prospective Multicenter Study and Hypothesis |
| 70% lower mortality (p=0.04) and 45% lower progression (p=0.05). Prospective analysis of 40 hospitalized patients and 47 age-matched convalescent patients, showing significantly lower vitamin A levels in critical patients, and significantly lower vitamin A levels in hospitalized patients vs. controls. .. | ||
Mar 30 2021 |
et al., Thorax, doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-217487 | Risk factors for developing COVID-19: a population-based longitudinal study (COVIDENCE UK) |
| 56% fewer cases (p=0.41). Prospective survey-based study with 15,227 people in the UK, showing lower risk of COVID-19 cases with vitamin A, vitamin D, zinc, selenium, probiotics, and inhaled corticosteroids; and higher risk with metformin and vitamin C. Statistica.. | ||
Feb 1 2021 |
et al., SAGE Open Medicine, doi:10.1177/2050312121991246 | Deficiency of antioxidants and increased oxidative stress in COVID-19 patients: A cross-sectional comparative study in Jigawa, Northwestern Nigeria |
| Case control study with 50 symptomatic COVID-19 patients and 21 healthy controls in Nigeria, showing that COVID-19 patients had significantly lower levels of selenium and zinc, and vitamins A, C, and E. Control patients were younger than .. | ||
Feb 1 2021 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.01.30.21250844 | Retinol Depletion in Severe COVID-19 |
| 282% higher mortality (p=0.001). Retrospective 27 severe COVID-19 patients and 23 non-COVID-19 patients, showing significantly lower vitamin A levels in COVID-19 patients (0.37mg/L vs. 0.52 mg/L, p<0.001). 10 of 27 COVID-19 patients received vitamin A, with higher mortal.. | ||
Jan 31 2021 |
et al., Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 12:1 | Therapeutic effect of vitamin A on COVID-19 patients and its prophylactic effect on contacts |
| 67% lower progression (p=0.27) and 38% faster recovery. Treatment and prophylaxis studies of vitamin A in Iraq. The treatment study contained 100 patients, 50 treated with 200,000IU vitamin A for two days, showing lower progression to severe disease, and shorter duration of symptoms. The proph.. | ||
Jan 20 2021 |
et al., British Journal of Nutrition, doi:10.1017/S0007114521000246 | Vitamin A in resistance to and recovery from infection: relevance to SARS-CoV2 |
| Review of the potential benefits of vitamin A for COVID-19, including maintaining innate and adaptive immunity, minimizing inflammation, supporting repair of respiratory epithelium and preventing fibrosis, and counteracting adverse effect.. | ||
Dec 31 2020 |
et al., EurAsian Journal of Biosciences, 14:7347-7350 | Therapeutic effect of Vitamin A on severe COVID-19 patients |
| 86% lower mortality (p=0.002). Retrospective 70 severe condition patients treated with vitamin A (200,000IU for two days), salbutamol, and budesonide, and 70 patients not treated with vitamin A, showing significantly lower mortality with the addition of vitamin A. | ||
Dec 31 2020 |
et al., Reviews in Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/rmv.2204 | Mega doses of retinol: A possible immunomodulation in Covid-19 illness in resource-limited settings |
| Review of the potential benefits of vitamin A for COVID-19, including the effect of vitamin A on ACE2 expression in the respiratory tract, potentially improving the generation of protective immune responses to vaccines, and dosage and saf.. | ||
Oct 26 2020 |
et al., Metabolites, doi:10.3390/metabo11090565 (date from preprint) | Low Levels of Few Micronutrients May Impact COVID-19 Disease Progression: An Observational Study on the First Wave |
| 71% lower ventilation (p=0.001) and 61% lower ICU admission (p=0.004). Retrospective 120 hospitalized patients in Spain showing vitamin A deficiency associated with higher ICU admission. | ||
Sep 8 2020 |
et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12092738 | Current State of Evidence: Influence of Nutritional and Nutrigenetic Factors on Immunity in the COVID-19 Pandemic Framework |
| Ecological study of European countries analyzing 10 vitamins and minerals endorsed by the European Food Safety Authority as having sufficient evidence for a causal relationship between intake and optimal immune system function: vitamins D.. | ||
Aug 15 2020 |
et al., Aging, doi:10.18632/aging.103888 | Revealing the targets and mechanisms of vitamin A in the treatment of COVID-19 |
| Bioinformatics and network pharmacology analysis identifying potential mechanisms of action of vitamin A for COVID-19. | ||
Jun 24 2020 |
et al., SciELO preprints, doi:10.1590/SciELOPreprints.839 | Vitamin A and D deficiencies in the prognosis of respiratory tract infections: A systematic review with perspectives for COVID-19 and a critical analysis on supplementation |
| Systematic review showing deficiencies of vitamins A and D negatively affecting the prognosis of respiratory tract infections. | ||
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