COVID-19 early treatment: real-time analysis of 2,614 studies
All studies
Early treatment
Mortality
Early mortality
Prophylaxis
Prophylaxis mortality
Physicians
Recent
Analysis of 49 COVID early treatments,
approvals in 101 countries, database of
2,603 treatments
Lahaye | Vitamin A sufficiency: 23% lower mortality [p=0.02] and 2% lower severe cases [p=0.4] |
Kim | 14 patient peginterferon lambda late treatment RCT: 200% higher ICU admission [p=1], 25% longer hospitalization [p=0.59], and 12% improved viral clearance [p=1] |
Bucurica | 11,182 patients vitamin D sufficiency: 28% fewer cases [p<0.0001] |
Goodwin | 416 patients molnupiravir early treatment: 110% higher mortality [p=0.47] and 58% lower hospitalization [p=0.7] |
Schloss | Review of 22 nutritional factors that have been linked to COVID-19 outcomes, the role of nutrients in COVID-19 infection, and the prevalence of.. |
Treatment cost times median NNT - details and limitations
Timeline for when studies showed efficacy - details and limitations.
1.4% of treatments show efficacy.
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Random effects meta-analysis of all studies (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of all mortality results (all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages depend on the distribution of stages tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. | |||||
Loading.. Loading.. | |||||
Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. | |||||
Loading.. Loading.. | |||||
Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. |
LATE TREATMENT | ||||||
Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | MortalityDeath | ||
Dr. David Uip (*) | Brazil | 2,200 | 38.6% (850) | Ref. | 2.5% (54) | Ref. |
EARLY TREATMENT - 37 physicians/teams | ||||||
Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | ImprovementImp. | MortalityDeath | ImprovementImp. |
Dr. Roberto Alfonso Accinelli 0/360 deaths for treatment within 3 days |
Peru | 1,265 | 0.6% (7) | 77.5% | ||
Dr. Mohammed Tarek Alam patients up to 84 years old |
Bangladesh | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Oluwagbenga Alonge | Nigeria | 310 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Raja Bhattacharya up to 88yo, 81% comorbidities |
India | 148 | 1.4% (2) | 44.9% | ||
Dr. Flavio Cadegiani | Brazil | 3,450 | 0.1% (4) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Alessandro Capucci | Italy | 350 | 4.6% (16) | 88.2% | ||
Dr. Shankara Chetty | South Africa | 8,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Deborah Chisholm | USA | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Ryan Cole | USA | 400 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Marco Cosentino vs. 3-3.8% mortality during period; earlier treatment better |
Italy | 392 | 6.4% (25) | 83.5% | 0.3% (1) | 89.6% |
Dr. Jeff Davis | USA | 6,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Dhanajay | India | 500 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Bryan Tyson & Dr. George Fareed | USA | 20,000 | 0.0% (6) | 99.9% | 0.0% (4) | 99.2% |
Dr. Raphael Furtado | Brazil | 170 | 0.6% (1) | 98.5% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Heather Gessling | USA | 1,500 | 0.1% (1) | 97.3% | ||
Dr. Ellen Guimarães | Brazil | 500 | 1.6% (8) | 95.9% | 0.4% (2) | 83.7% |
Dr. Syed Haider | USA | 4,000 | 0.1% (5) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Mark Hancock | USA | 24 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Mollie James | USA | 3,500 | 1.1% (40) | 97.0% | 0.0% (1) | 98.8% |
Dr. Roberta Lacerda | Brazil | 550 | 1.5% (8) | 96.2% | 0.4% (2) | 85.2% |
Dr. Katarina Lindley | USA | 100 | 5.0% (5) | 87.1% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Ben Marble | USA | 150,000 | 0.0% (4) | 99.9% | ||
Dr. Edimilson Migowski | Brazil | 2,000 | 0.3% (7) | 99.1% | 0.1% (2) | 95.9% |
Dr. Abdulrahman Mohana | Saudi Arabia | 2,733 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Carlos Nigro | Brazil | 5,000 | 0.9% (45) | 97.7% | 0.5% (23) | 81.3% |
Dr. Benoit Ochs | Luxembourg | 800 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Ortore | Italy | 240 | 1.2% (3) | 96.8% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Valerio Pascua one death for a patient presenting on the 5th day in need of supplemental oxygen |
Honduras | 415 | 6.3% (26) | 83.8% | 0.2% (1) | 90.2% |
Dr. Sebastian Pop | Romania | 300 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Brian Proctor | USA | 869 | 2.3% (20) | 94.0% | 0.2% (2) | 90.6% |
Dr. Anastacio Queiroz | Brazil | 700 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Didier Raoult | France | 8,315 | 2.6% (214) | 93.3% | 0.1% (5) | 97.6% |
Dr. Karin Ried up to 99yo, 73% comorbidities, av. age 63 |
Turkey | 237 | 0.4% (1) | 82.8% | ||
Dr. Roman Rozencwaig patients up to 86 years old |
Canada | 80 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Vipul Shah | India | 8,000 | 0.1% (5) | 97.5% | ||
Dr. Silvestre Sobrinho | Brazil | 116 | 8.6% (10) | 77.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Vladimir Zelenko | USA | 2,200 | 0.5% (12) | 98.6% | 0.1% (2) | 96.3% |
Mean improvement with early treatment protocols | 235,564 | HospitalizationHosp. | 94.0% | MortalityDeath | 94.7% |
Physician results with early treatment protocols compared to
no early treatment. These results are subject to selection and ascertainment
bias and more accurate analysis requires details of the patient populations
and followup, however results are consistently better across many teams, and consistent
with the extensive controlled trial evidence that shows a significant
reduction in risk with many early treatments, and improved results with the
use of multiple treatments in combination.
Treatment |
Improvement (early) |
Studies (early) |
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BUBudesonide | 82% | 1 |
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PXProxalutamide | 71% | 3 |
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BLBamlaniv../e.. | 69% | 8 |
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(H)CQHydroxychlor.. | 62% | 36 |
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IVMIvermectin | 62% | 37 |
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RDRemdesivir | 61% | 4 |
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V.DVitamin D | 60% | 11 |
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FVFluvoxamine | 56% | 6 |
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CICasirivimab/i.. | 47% | 20 |
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PLPaxlovid | 41% | 23 |
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ZnZinc | 41% | 6 |
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SSotrovimab | 34% | 14 |
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FPVFavipiravir | 26% | 17 |
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V.CVitamin C | 24% | 5 |
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MPMolnupiravir | 18% | 26 |
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ACEAcetaminophen | -17% | 3 |
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TCTixagev../c.. | -29% | 2 |
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IBIbuprofen | -52% | 2 |
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Early treatments approved by >2 countries. 101 countries have officially approved treatments.
Details.
Lahaye | Sufficiency: 28% lower mortality [p=0.26] and 53% lower severe cases [p=0.02] |
Schloss | Review of 22 nutritional factors that have been linked to COVID-19 outcomes, the role of nutrients in COVID-19 infection, and the prevalence of.. |
Kim | 14 patient late treatment RCT: 200% higher ICU admission [p=1], 25% longer hospitalization [p=0.59], and 12% improved viral clearance [p=1] |
Bucurica | 11,182 patients sufficiency: 28% fewer cases [p<0.0001] |
Montini | Case control analysis with 149 multiple sclerosis patients and 292 matched controls in Italy, showing lower risk of COVID-19 cases with higher.. |
Bhat | 580 patients prophylaxis: 34% fewer symptomatic cases [p=0.01] |
Schloss | Review of 22 nutritional factors that have been linked to COVID-19 outcomes, the role of nutrients in COVID-19 infection, and the prevalence of.. |
Topan | 2,342 patients sufficiency: 31% lower mortality [p=0.02] and 11% lower severe cases [p=0.02] |
Domazet Bugarin | 152 patient ICU RCT: 21% lower mortality [p=0.2], no change in recovery [p=0.71], and 6% longer hospitalization [p=0.76] |
Liu | Prospective study of 250 healthcare workers in the USA. The results are unclear - Figure 3 shows ~40% lower incidence with vitamin D supplementation.. |
Şengül | 318 patients prophylaxis: 69% fewer cases [p=0.004] |
Kim | In Silico analysis of drug–drug interactions for paxlovid. From 2,248 prescription drugs, 1,628 were predicted to have 2,445 interactions with.. |
Durstenfeld | 4,684 patients long COVID: 14% higher PASC [p=0.4] |
Goodwin | 416 patients early treatment: 110% higher mortality [p=0.47] and 58% lower hospitalization [p=0.7] |
Goodwin | 505 patients early treatment: 75% lower mortality [p=0.55] and 60% lower hospitalization [p=0.35] |
Schloss | Review of 22 nutritional factors that have been linked to COVID-19 outcomes, the role of nutrients in COVID-19 infection, and the prevalence of.. |
Schloss | Review of 22 nutritional factors that have been linked to COVID-19 outcomes, the role of nutrients in COVID-19 infection, and the prevalence of.. |
Wang | 55 patient late treatment RCT: 39% shorter hospitalization [p=0.0009] |
Samajdar | 102 patients late treatment: 69% lower hospitalization [p=0.07] and 29% improved recovery [p=0.008] |
Langen | Extensive review of melatonin and the evidence of beneficial effects for many health issues including COVID-19. |
Matino | 218 patient late treatment RCT: 12% higher mortality [p=0.85], 45% higher ventilation [p=0.39], 6% higher combined mortality/ICU admission [p=0.87], and 34% worse recovery [p=0.12] |
Recent studies (see the individual treatment pages for all studies):
Mar 21 |
et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu15061516 | Minerals and Antioxidant Micronutrients Levels and Clinical Outcome in Older Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 during the First Wave of the Pandemic |
28% lower mortality [p=0.26] and 53% lower severe cases [p=0.02]. Retrospective 235 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in France, showing lower zinc levels associated with severe cases. Results are provided for zinc levels as a continuous value. | ||
Mar 15 |
et al., Frontiers in Public Health, doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1145669 | Efficacy of nasal irrigation and oral rinse with sodium bicarbonate solution on virus clearance for COVID-19 patients |
39% shorter hospitalization [p=0.0009]. RCT 55 mild/moderate patients in China, showing shorter hospitalization with sodium bicarbonate nasal irrigation and oral rinsing. Oral rinse with 5% sodium bicarbonate solution three times daily. Nasal irrigation two times with the solut.. | ||
Mar 15 |
et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281915 | Evaluation of outpatient treatment for non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19: The experience of a regional centre in the UK |
110% higher mortality [p=0.47] and 58% lower hospitalization [p=0.7]. Retrospective 604 outpatients in the UK, showing lower risk of hospitalization with molnupiravir treatment, without statistical significance due to the small number of hospitalizations. | ||
Mar 15 |
et al., Inflammopharmacology, doi:10.1007/s10787-023-01183-3 (Review) | Nutritional deficiencies that may predispose to long COVID |
Review of 22 nutritional factors that have been linked to COVID-19 outcomes, the role of nutrients in COVID-19 infection, and the prevalence of multiple nutritional deficiencies in the population. | ||
Mar 13 |
et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, doi:10.1073/pnas.2221857120 | Computational prediction of interactions between Paxlovid and prescription drugs |
In Silico analysis of drug–drug interactions for paxlovid. From 2,248 prescription drugs, 1,628 were predicted to have 2,445 interactions with nirmatrelvir and/or ritonavir (673 for nirmatrelvir and 1,403 ritonavir). For 873 drugs, author.. | ||
Mar 9 |
et al., F1000Research, doi:10.12688/f1000research.131730.1 | The effect of Vitamin D levels on the course of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients – a 1-year prospective cohort study |
56% lower mortality [p=0.24], 59% higher ICU admission [p=0.59], and 61% higher severe cases [p=0.009]. Prospective study of 301 hospitalized patients in Slovenia, showing higher mortality with vitamin D deficiency, without statistical significance. Fewer patients with severe cases were deficient, which authors hypothesize was due to their.. | ||
Mar 6 |
et al., Diagnostics, doi:10.3390/diagnostics13050998 | Association of Vitamin D Deficiency and Insufficiency with Pathology in Hospitalized Patients |
28% fewer cases [p<0.0001]. Retrospective 11,182 hospitalized patients in Romania, showing vitamin D deficiency associated with COVID-19 cases. | ||
Mar 6 |
et al., Journal of Infection, doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2023.03.004 | Effect of calcifediol supplementation as add-on therapy on the immune repertoire in recipients of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine: A prospective open-label, placebo-controlled, clinical trial |
34% fewer symptomatic cases [p=0.01]. Prospective study of 580 ChAdOx1 recipients, 262 treated with calcifediol (patient choice), showing lower cases with treatment. Supplementation did not significantly affect antibody levels following ChAdOx1 receipt. Calcifediol patients w.. | ||
Mar 5 |
, M., Rounding The Earth (Review) (Preprint) | Melatonin - the Hormone of Both Sun and Darkness - Protects Your Health and Can Save Your Life |
Extensive review of melatonin and the evidence of beneficial effects for many health issues including COVID-19. | ||
Mar 5 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.23286730 | Association of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir Treatment with Long COVID Symptoms in an Online Cohort of Non-Hospitalized Individuals Experiencing Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Omicron Era |
14% higher PASC [p=0.4]. Retrospective 4,684 COVID+ patients mostly in the USA, 988 treated with paxlovid, showing higher odds of long COVID with treatment, without statistical significance. | ||
Mar 5 |
et al., The Journal of Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.03.001 | Vitamin D and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: SERVE Study (SARS-CoV-2 Exposure and the Role of Vitamin D among Hospital Employees) |
Prospective study of 250 healthcare workers in the USA. The results are unclear - Figure 3 shows ~40% lower incidence with vitamin D supplementation, while the text indicates OR 1.18. Authors collected symptom information, stating that &q.. | ||
Mar 4 |
et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu15051285 | Effect of Lactoferrin on Clinical Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: The LAC Randomized Clinical Trial |
12% higher mortality [p=0.85], 45% higher ventilation [p=0.39], 6% higher combined mortality/ICU admission [p=0.87], and 34% worse recovery [p=0.12]. RCT 218 hospitalized patients in Italy, showing no significant differences with lactoferrin treatment. Authors note that in several previous studies showing clinical improvement, lactoferrin was given at an earlier stage of disease. Autho.. | ||
Mar 4 |
et al., Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2023.02.011 | Effect of zinc supplementation on symptom reduction and length of hospital stay among pediatric patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) |
88% lower mortality [p=0.13], 26% lower ventilation [p=0.75], 3% lower ICU admission [p=1], and 73% lower progression [p=0.004]. Retrospective 101 hospitalized pediatric patients in Saudi Arabia, showing zinc treatment associated with lower respiratory failure and shorter hospitalization in unadjusted results. Patients receiving zinc were older. Authors note elevat.. | ||
Mar 3 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-023-30859-7 | Association of ApaI rs7975232 and BsmI rs1544410 in clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients according to different SARS-CoV-2 variants |
Retrospective 3,184 patients in Iran, showing COVID-19 outcomes for specific variants were associated with genotypes of the ApaI rs7975232 and BsmI rs1544410 vitamin D receptor polymorphisms. | ||
Mar 3 |
et al., Lung India, doi:10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_268_22 | Effectiveness of budesonide formoterol fixed-dose combination MDI in reducing cough symptoms in COVID-19 patients: A real-world evidence study |
69% lower hospitalization [p=0.07] and 29% improved recovery [p=0.008]. Prospective study of 102 patients in India, showing improved recovery of cough with budesonide+formoterol. Authors note better results with earlier treatment. Budesonide 800mcg + formoterol 12mcg bid for 7 days. | ||
Mar 3 |
et al., Molecular Psychiatry, doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02004-3 | Association of fluvoxamine with mortality and symptom resolution among inpatients with COVID-19 in Uganda: a prospective interventional open-label cohort study |
68% lower mortality [p<0.0001] and 53% improved recovery [p=0.04]. Prospective study of 316 hospitalized patients in Uganda, 94 receiving fluvoxamine, showing significantly lower mortality and improved recovery with treatment. | ||
Mar 2 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.02.28.23286515 | Association between spironolactone use and COVID-19 outcomes in population-scale claims data: a retrospective cohort study |
18% lower mortality [p=0.004] and 17% lower ventilation [p<0.0001]. PSM retrospective 898,303 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the USA, 16,324 on spironolactone, showing lower mortality and ventilation with spironolactone use. | ||
Mar 2 |
et al., Microbiology Spectrum, doi:10.1128/spectrum.04674-22 | A Randomized Clinical Trial Testing Hydroxychloroquine for Reduction of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Shedding and Hospitalization in Early Outpatient COVID-19 Infection |
73% higher hospitalization [p=0.54], 20% improved recovery [p=0.19], and 17% improved viral clearance [p=0.19]. Delayed publication of an early terminated late treatment RCT with low-risk (no mortality) outpatients in the USA, showing no significant differences with HCQ. Authors do not provide symptom onset data, but the subgroup analysis suggests .. | ||
Mar 1 |
, K., Yakugaku Zasshi, doi:10.1248/yakushi.22-00169-1 (Dosing) | Pharmacokinetic Study of Antiviral Drugs in Patients with COVID-19 |
Pharmacokinetics study measuring the blood concentration of favipiravir in 7 critical patients in Japan, showing concentrations below the EC50 in 33 of 36 samples when using the standard dosing regimen. Authors note that patient character.. | ||
Feb 28 |
et al., Frontiers in Immunology, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1123497 | Utility of laboratory and immune biomarkers in predicting disease progression and mortality among patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease at a Philippine tertiary hospital |
42% higher mortality [p=0.12] and 59% higher progression [p=0.001]. Prospective study of 400 hospitalized patients in the Philippines, showing higher progression with remdesivir in unadjusted results, without statistical significance. | ||
Feb 28 |
et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu15051227 | 25 Hydroxyvitamin D Serum Concentration and COVID-19 Severity and Outcome—A Retrospective Survey in a Romanian Hospital |
31% lower mortality [p=0.02] and 11% lower severe cases [p=0.02]. Retrospective 2,342 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Romania with vitamin D levels measured on admission day, showing lower risk of mortality and severe/critical cases with vitamin D levels ≥ 20ng/mL. | ||
Feb 28 |
et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu15051234 | Vitamin D Supplementation and Clinical Outcomes in Severe COVID-19 Patients—Randomized Controlled Trial |
21% lower mortality [p=0.2], no change in recovery [p=0.71], and 6% longer hospitalization [p=0.76]. Very late stage RCT 155 ICU patients in Croatia with low vitamin D levels, showing no significant differences with 10,000IU cholecalciferol daily. Calcifediol or calcitriol, which avoids several days delay in conversion, may be more succe.. | ||
Feb 28 |
et al., Rheumatology Advances in Practice, doi:10.1093/rap/rkad025 | Predictors of COVID-19 severity and outcomes in Indian patients with rheumatic diseases: a prospective cohort study |
20% lower mortality [p=0.8], no change in hospitalization [p=0.94], and 40% lower severe cases [p=0.37]. Prospective study of 64 rheumatic disease patients with COVID-19, showing no significant difference in outcomes with HCQ use. | ||
Feb 28 |
et al., BMC Research Notes, doi:10.1186/s13104-023-06281-7 | Hydroxychloroquine to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers: early termination of a phase 3, randomised, open-label, controlled clinical trial |
69% more cases [p=0.46]. Early terminated healthcare worker PrEP RCT with only 68 patients and 8 cases, showing no significant difference with HCQ. No information on symptoms per group, case severity, or the timing of cases is provided. | ||
Feb 28 |
et al., Infection and Drug Resistance, doi:10.2147/idr.s400561 | Plasma 25(OH)D Level is Associated with the Nucleic Acid Negative Conversion Time of COVID-19 Patients: An Exploratory Study |
40% improved viral clearance [p=0.01]. Retrospective 158 COVID+ patients in China, showing low vitamin D levels associated with slower viral clearance. | ||
Feb 27 |
et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu15051188 | The Effect of Weekly 50,000 IU Vitamin D3 Supplements on the Serum Levels of Selected Cytokines Involved in Cytokine Storm: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Adults with Vitamin D Deficiency |
RCT 100 patients in Jordan, showing that high-dose cholecalciferol (50,000 IU/week) significantly increased IL-6, indicating that high weekly doses could have a negative effect for cytokine storm with COVID-19. Other studies have found no.. | ||
Feb 27 |
et al., Pharmacological Reports, doi:10.1007/s43440-023-00463-7 (Review) | Nasal sprays for treating COVID-19: a scientific note |
Review of nasal sprays for treatment of COVID-19. Authors note that the nasal epithelium is typically the primary site of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and there may be significant advantages for treatments via the nasal route. | ||
Feb 27 |
et al., Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies, doi:10.15605/jafes.038.01.07 | Association of Vitamin D levels on the Clinical Outcomes of Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 in a Tertiary Hospital |
71% lower progression [p=0.04], 91% lower mortality [p=0.002], and 82% lower ICU admission [p=0.01]. Retrospective 135 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the Philippines, showing higher risk of a poor outcome with vitamin D deficiency. | ||
Feb 27 |
et al., The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific, doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100716 (meta analysis) | Relationship between antidepressants and severity of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection: a retrospective cohort study using real-world data |
PSM retrospective 60,903 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Hong Kong, showing antidepressants associated with lower mortality, including for SSRIs, and for FIASMA antidepressants. | ||
Feb 24 |
et al., Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1095828 | Peginterferon lambda for the treatment of hospitalized patients with mild COVID-19: A pilot phase 2 randomized placebo-controlled trial |
200% higher ICU admission [p=1], 25% longer hospitalization [p=0.59], and 12% improved viral clearance [p=1]. Very small RCT with 14 hospitalized patients in the USA showing no significant differences with peginterferon lambda. Viral load was improved, however 86% of treatment versus 14% of control patients received remdesivir, and the median bas.. | ||
Feb 24 |
(News) | Refusal of the marketing authorisation for Lagevrio (molnupiravir) |
The European Medicines Agency has recommended the refusal of the marketing authorisation of molnupiravir. | ||
Feb 24 |
et al., BMJ Open, doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067910 | Colchicine and high-intensity rosuvastatin in the treatment of non-critically ill patients hospitalised with COVID-19: a randomised clinical trial |
75% higher mortality [p=0.54], 200% higher ventilation [p=0.28], and 46% higher severe cases [p=0.34]. RCT 250 late stage (80% on oxygen) hospitalized patients in the USA, showing no significant differences with combined colchicine/rosuvastatin treatment. There was a trend towards increased risk, which authors note may be due to chance bec.. | ||
Feb 23 |
et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282210 | Is metformin use associated with low mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus hospitalized for COVID-19? a multivariable and propensity score-adjusted meta-analysis |
Meta analysis of 22 metformin studies, showing significantly lower mortality with metformin use prior to hospitalization. | ||
Feb 22 |
et al., Journal of Infection, doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2023.02.029 | Molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir reduce mortality risk during post-acute COVID-19 phase |
11% lower mortality [p=0.02], 1% lower hospitalization [p=0.76], and 4% higher progression [p=0.18]. Retrospective 30,040 hospitalized patients in Hong Kong, showing lower mortality with molnupiravir treatment. | ||
Feb 21 |
et al., International Journal of General Medicine, doi:10.2147/IJGM.S394413 | Risk of Underlying Diseases and Effectiveness of Drugs on COVID-19 Inpatients Assessed Using Medical Claims in Japan: Retrospective Observational Study |
44% higher mortality [p=0.01]. Retrospective 18,566 hospitalized patients in Japan, showing higher mortality with remdesivir treatment. | ||
Feb 21 |
et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, doi:10.3390/ijerph20053832 | Serious Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 Related to Acetaminophen or NSAIDs from a Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study |
71% higher mortality [p=0.34], 14% higher ventilation [p=1], 40% lower ICU admission [p=0.72], and 9% higher need for oxygen therapy [p=0.87]. PSM retrospective in South Korea, showing no significant differences in outcomes with acetaminophen use vs. NSAID use. Adherence and dosage are unknown. | ||
Feb 21 |
, Press Release (Preprint) | Merck Provides Update on Phase 3 MOVe-AHEAD Trial Evaluating LAGEVRIO™ (molnupiravir) for Post-exposure Prophylaxis for Prevention of COVID-19 |
MOVe-AHEAD PEP RCT reporting no significant difference in cases. Limited information is available. There were 23.6% fewer cases with treatment, but the number of cases and confidence interval are not provided. | ||
Feb 20 |
et al., International Journal of Clinical Practice, doi:10.1155/2023/9917306 | Nigelladine A among Selected Compounds from Nigella sativa Exhibits Propitious Interaction with Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2: An In Silico Study |
In Silico study of 96 phytochemical compounds of nigella sativa, identifying Nigelladine A as the most promising compound for SARS-CoV-2 inhibition with the highest docking scores for the spike protein and Mpro. Dithymoquinone, kaempferol.. | ||
Feb 20 |
et al., JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2023.1650 | Effect of Higher-Dose Ivermectin for 6 Days vs Placebo on Time to Sustained Recovery in Outpatients With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial |
600µg/kg arm of ACTIV-6. Results of this trial are unreliable, with multiple critical anomalies, and no response from the authors. For details see [c19early]. | ||
Feb 20 |
et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2596201/v1 (Preprint) | Investigational medications in 9,638 hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19: lessons from the “fail-and-learn” strategy during the first two waves of the pandemic in 2020 |
26% lower mortality [p=0.002]. PSM retrospective 9,638 patients in the USA, showing significantly lower mortality with HCQ in early 2020 (1,157 HCQ patients), and no significant difference in late 2020 (82 HCQ patients). The few patients treated in the later period may.. |
We aim to cover the most promising early treatments for
COVID-19. We use pre-specified effect extraction criteria that prioritizes
more serious outcomes, for details see methods. For specific
outcomes and different treatment stages see the individual pages. Not all
treatments are covered here, effectiveness has been reported for many other treatments in studies.
Of the 2,614 studies,
1,700 present results comparing with a control group,
1,547 are treatment studies, and
153 analyze outcomes based on serum levels. There are
31 animal studies,
63 in silico studies,
133 in vitro studies,
and 131 meta analyses.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. Vaccines and
treatments are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should
be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention
is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not
provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified
physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and
benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH
provide treatment protocols.
Thanks for your feedback! Please search before submitting papers and note
that studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may be
the date of an earlier preprint.