COVID-19 early treatment: real-time analysis of 5,502 studies
What worksc19early.org
Direct treatment to the primary source of initial infection reduces progression and transmission.
Many low-cost agents are widely available.
Exercise, sunlight, a healthy diet, and good sleep all reduce risk.
Vitamins A, C, D, and zinc show reduced risk, as with other viruses.
Methods for increasing internal body temperature reduce risk, comparable to natural fever, enhancing immune system function.
Many systemic agents reduce risk, and may be required when infection progresses beyond the upper respiratory tract.
High-profit systemic agents are also effective, but have greater access and cost barriers.
Highly effective for matching variants. Rarely used, with high cost, variant dependence, and intravenous/subcutaneous administration.
Acetaminophen increases risk of severe outcomes and mortality.
Antiviral efficacy is offset by serious side effects, resulting in increased mortality with longer followup.
Timeline for when studies showed efficacy - details and limitations.
0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
Top journals that accept positive studies for low cost treatments:
Nutrients,
PLOS ONE,
Frontiers in Medicine,
Cureus,
Journal of Clinical Medicine,
Scientific Reports,
more...
Treatment cost times median NNT - details and limitations.
0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
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All clinical results for selected treatments. 0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
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| Random effects meta-analysis of all studies (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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| Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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| Random effects meta-analysis of all mortality results (all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages depend on the distribution of stages tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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| Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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| Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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| Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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| Random effects meta-analysis of long covid results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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| Random effects meta-analysis of transmission results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. |
| LATE TREATMENT | ||||||
| Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | MortalityDeath | ||
| Dr. David Uip (*) | Brazil | 2,200 | 38.6% (850) | Ref. | 2.5% (54) | Ref. |
| EARLY TREATMENT - 40 physicians/teams | ||||||
| Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | ImprovementImp. | MortalityDeath | ImprovementImp. |
| Dr. Roberto Alfonso Accinelli 0/360 deaths for treatment within 3 days |
Peru | 1,265 | 0.6% (7) | 77.5% | ||
| Dr. Mohammed Tarek Alam patients up to 84 years old |
Bangladesh | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Oluwagbenga Alonge | Nigeria | 310 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Raja Bhattacharya up to 88yo, 81% comorbidities |
India | 148 | 1.4% (2) | 44.9% | ||
| Dr. Flavio Cadegiani | Brazil | 3,450 | 0.1% (4) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Alessandro Capucci | Italy | 350 | 4.6% (16) | 88.2% | ||
| Dr. Shankara Chetty | South Africa | 8,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Deborah Chisholm | USA | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Ryan Cole | USA | 400 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Marco Cosentino vs. 3-3.8% mortality during period; earlier treatment better |
Italy | 392 | 6.4% (25) | 83.5% | 0.3% (1) | 89.6% |
| Dr. Jeff Davis | USA | 6,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Dhanajay | India | 500 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Bryan Tyson & Dr. George Fareed | USA | 20,000 | 0.0% (6) | 99.9% | 0.0% (4) | 99.2% |
| Dr. Raphael Furtado | Brazil | 170 | 0.6% (1) | 98.5% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Rabbi Yehoshua Gerzi | Israel | 860 | 0.1% (1) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Heather Gessling | USA | 1,500 | 0.1% (1) | 97.3% | ||
| Dr. Ellen Guimarães | Brazil | 500 | 1.6% (8) | 95.9% | 0.4% (2) | 83.7% |
| Dr. Syed Haider | USA | 4,000 | 0.1% (5) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Mark Hancock | USA | 24 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Sabine Hazan | USA | 1,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Mollie James | USA | 3,500 | 1.1% (40) | 97.0% | 0.0% (1) | 98.8% |
| Dr. Roberta Lacerda | Brazil | 550 | 1.5% (8) | 96.2% | 0.4% (2) | 85.2% |
| Dr. Katarina Lindley | USA | 100 | 5.0% (5) | 87.1% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Ben Marble | USA | 150,000 | 0.0% (4) | 99.9% | ||
| Dr. Edimilson Migowski | Brazil | 2,000 | 0.3% (7) | 99.1% | 0.1% (2) | 95.9% |
| Dr. Abdulrahman Mohana | Saudi Arabia | 2,733 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Carlos Nigro | Brazil | 5,000 | 0.9% (45) | 97.7% | 0.5% (23) | 81.3% |
| Dr. Benoit Ochs | Luxembourg | 800 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Ortore | Italy | 240 | 1.2% (3) | 96.8% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Valerio Pascua one death for a patient presenting on the 5th day in need of supplemental oxygen |
Honduras | 415 | 6.3% (26) | 83.8% | 0.2% (1) | 90.2% |
| Dr. Sebastian Pop | Romania | 300 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Brian Proctor | USA | 869 | 2.3% (20) | 94.0% | 0.2% (2) | 90.6% |
| Dr. Anastacio Queiroz | Brazil | 700 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Didier Raoult | France | 8,315 | 2.6% (214) | 93.3% | 0.1% (5) | 97.6% |
| Dr. Karin Ried up to 99yo, 73% comorbidities, av. age 63 |
Turkey | 237 | 0.4% (1) | 82.8% | ||
| Dr. Roman Rozencwaig patients up to 86 years old |
Canada | 80 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Vipul Shah | India | 8,000 | 0.1% (5) | 97.5% | ||
| Dr. Silvestre Sobrinho | Brazil | 116 | 8.6% (10) | 77.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Unknown | Brazil | 957 | 1.7% (16) | 95.7% | 0.2% (2) | 91.5% |
| Dr. Vladimir Zelenko | USA | 2,200 | 0.5% (12) | 98.6% | 0.1% (2) | 96.3% |
| Mean improvement with early treatment protocols | 238,381 | HospitalizationHosp. | 94.4% | MortalityDeath | 94.9% | |
Physician results with early treatment protocols compared to
no early treatment. These results are subject to selection and ascertainment
bias and more accurate analysis requires details of the patient populations
and followup, however results are consistently better across many teams, and consistent
with the extensive controlled trial evidence that shows a significant
reduction in risk with many early treatments, and improved results with the
use of multiple treatments in combination.
| Drysdale | 629,172 patients early treatment: 4% lower PASC (p=0.002) |
| Vukovikj | Review of SARS-CoV-2 variant mutations and their impact on susceptibility to monoclonal antibodies and antivirals. Mutations in the ORF1ab region.. |
| Hawryłkowicz | 366 patients: 77% lower hospitalization (p=0.001) |
| Brandão | Analysis of 2,065 Brazilian adults participating in the CUME study showing that higher intake of vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, white meat, and.. |
| Gayozo | In Silico study showing that ivermectin, the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein, and the ORF6 protein share binding sites on human importin α.. |
| Vukovikj | Review of SARS-CoV-2 variant mutations and their impact on susceptibility to monoclonal antibodies and antivirals. Mutations in the ORF1ab region.. |
| Vukovikj | Review of SARS-CoV-2 variant mutations and their impact on susceptibility to monoclonal antibodies and antivirals. Mutations in the ORF1ab region.. |
| Vukovikj | Review of SARS-CoV-2 variant mutations and their impact on susceptibility to monoclonal antibodies and antivirals. Mutations in the ORF1ab region.. |
| Vukovikj | Review of SARS-CoV-2 variant mutations and their impact on susceptibility to monoclonal antibodies and antivirals. Mutations in the ORF1ab region.. |
| Vukovikj | Review of SARS-CoV-2 variant mutations and their impact on susceptibility to monoclonal antibodies and antivirals. Mutations in the ORF1ab region.. |
| Meng | In Vitro and mouse study showing that covalently engineered ACE2 nanovesicle spray (nanoSpray) effectively neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 wild-type and.. |
Recent studies (see the individual treatment pages for all studies):
Mar 22 |
et al., Infection, doi:10.1007/s15010-025-02505-z | Impact of treatment of COVID-19 with sotrovimab on post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): an analysis of National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) data |
| 4% lower PASC (p=0.002). N3C retrospective 9,504 sotrovimab-treated high-risk COVID-19 patients versus 619,668 untreated high-risk controls showing reduced risk of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) with treatment. ATT weighting failed to adjust for "hea.. | ||
Mar 18 |
et al., PNAS Nexus, doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf085 | Clinical and molecular landscape of prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infection with resistance to remdesivir in immunocompromised patients |
| Clinical and virological study of 3 immunocompromised B-cell lymphoma patients with prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infection showing development of remdesivir and sotrovimab resistance. Through serial viral genome sequencing, authors identified NSP.. | ||
Mar 14 |
et al., Frontiers in Nutrition, doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1549747 | Vaccination and food consumption: association with Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome in Brazilian adults (CUME Study) |
| Analysis of 2,065 Brazilian adults participating in the CUME study showing that higher intake of vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, white meat, and vegetables were associated with lower risk of long COVID. | ||
Mar 14 |
et al., Pharmaceuticals, doi:10.3390/ph18030412 | Evaluating the Use of Inhaled Budesonide and Ipratropium Bromide Combination in Patients at High Risk of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Development: A Randomized Controlled Trial |
| Non-COVID-19 RCT with 119 hospitalized patients at high risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) showing significantly lower rates of ARDS and mechanical ventilation with inhaled budesonide + ipratropium bromide treatment. | ||
Mar 13 |
et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm14061931 | Association of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Polymorphisms with Clinical Severity in Patients with COVID-19 |
| Retrospective 178 COVID-19 patients examining the association between NOS3 genetic polymorphisms (G894T and 27-bp VNTR 4b/a) and disease severity. Overall, no statistically significant associations were found between NOS3 genotypes and CO.. | ||
Mar 13 |
et al., Infectious Disease Reports, doi:10.3390/idr17020025 | Unhealthy Food Consumption Is Associated with Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 in Brazilian Elderly People |
| Cross-sectional study of 1,322 elderly adults in Brazil showing associations between food consumption patterns and post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Fruit consumption was associated with a lower risk of PASC, while consumption of.. | ||
Mar 13 |
et al., Eurosurveillance, doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.10.2400252 | Impact of SARS-CoV-2 variant mutations on susceptibility to monoclonal antibodies and antiviral drugs: a non-systematic review, April 2022 to October 2024 |
| Review of SARS-CoV-2 variant mutations and their impact on susceptibility to monoclonal antibodies and antivirals. Mutations in the ORF1ab region led to decreased susceptibility to paxlovid, while nsp12 mutations reduced efficacy for remd.. | ||
Mar 13 |
et al., Biotecnia, doi:10.18633/biotecnia.v27.2485 | Binding affinities analysis of ivermectin, nucleocapsid and ORF6 proteins of SARS-CoV-2 to human importins α isoforms: A computational approach |
| In Silico study showing that ivermectin, the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein, and the ORF6 protein share binding sites on human importin α isoforms. Authors used molecular docking to analyze binding affinities between these molecules .. | ||
Mar 11 |
et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2025.03.09.642200 | The protease inhibitor Nirmatrelvir synergizes with inhibitors of GRP78 to suppress SARS-CoV-2 replication |
| In Vitro and animal study showing strong synergistic effects when combining nirmatrelvir with GRP78 inhibitors. | ||
Mar 10 |
et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-025-10684-1 | Development and validation of a nomogram to assess the occurrence of liver dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in the ICU |
| 40% worse results (p<0.0001). Retrospective 286 critically ill COVID-19 ICU patients developing a predictive model for liver dysfunction, showing significantly higher risk with azvudine and paxlovid use. | ||
Mar 8 |
et al., Pharmaceutics, doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17030349 | In Vitro Development of Local Antiviral Formulations with Potent Virucidal Activity Against SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Viruses |
| In Vitro study showing potent virucidal activity of D-limonene (DLM), monolaurin (ML), and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) formulations against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses. Authors developed two optimized formulations: an oral formula.. | ||
Mar 7 |
et al., Intensive Care Medicine Experimental, doi:10.1186/s40635-025-00739-7 | The effects of urine alkalinization on kidney function in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a proof-of-concept randomized clinical trial |
| 67% lower mortality (p=0.57) and 40% improvement (p=0.62). Early terminated RCT 16 critically ill COVID-19 patients showing no significant difference in AKI development or mortality with alkalinization using intravenous sodium bicarbonate. The intervention group achieved higher urine pH (75% vs 3.. | ||
Mar 5 |
et al., MDPI AG, doi:10.20944/preprints202503.0299.v1 | Vitamin D Status and Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections in the Borriana COVID-19 Cohort: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study |
| 38% fewer cases (p=0.02). Prospective cohort study of 378 confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases in Spain showing increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection with insufficient vitamin D status. | ||
Mar 4 |
et al., Journal of Health System Research, doi:10.48305/jhsr.v21i1.1579 | Investigating the Relationship between Food Intake and Severity of COVID-19 Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study |
| Cross-sectional study of 3,018 hospitalized (moderate and severe) and 717 outpatient (mild) COVID-19 patients showing differences in nutritional intake associated with disease severity. Patients requiring hospitalization had significantly.. | ||
Mar 4 |
et al., Frontiers of Medicine, doi:10.1007/s11684-025-1123-9 | Low dose of hydroxychloroquine is associated with reduced COVID-19 mortality: a multicenter study in China |
| 66% lower mortality (p<0.0001), 25% lower ventilation (p=0.05), 41% lower progression (p=0.21), and 31% improvement (p=0.005). PSM retrospective 53,030 hospitalized patients in China showing low dose HCQ treatment associated with significantly lower all-cause mortality, mechanical ventilation, acute heart injury, and acute kidney injury, with benefits consistent .. | ||
Mar 4 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2025.02.28.25323075 | Identifying DNA Methylation Patterns in Post COVID-19 Condition: Insights from a One-Year Prospective Cohort Study |
| Prospective cohort study with 22 Post COVID-19 condition (PCC+) patients and 22 matched COVID-19 convalescents (PCC-), showing distinct DNA methylation patterns diminishing over time. The study identified TXNRD1 methylation changes associ.. | ||
Mar 3 |
et al., Frontiers in Nutrition, doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1542449 | The association between nutrient patterns and hospital stay duration and symptoms in COVID-19 in Iranian patients: cross-sectional study |
| Cross-sectional study of 95 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing poor nutrient patterns associated with longer hospitalization, reduced appetite, and increased likelihood of headaches, fever, and respiratory distress syndrome. | ||
Mar 3 |
et al., Jentashapir Journal of Cellular and Molecular Biology, doi:10.5812/jjcmb-159606 | Evaluation of Glutathione Redox Status and Inflammatory Markers in ICU Patients with Acute Respiratory Syndrome due to COVID-19 |
| Rerospective 16 COVID-19 ICU patients and 16 healthy controls, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients. | ||
Mar 3 |
et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-025-10666-3 | Prognostic factors in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and effectiveness of prophylactic anticoagulant therapy: a single-center retrospective study |
| 48% higher mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective 2,520 hospitalized COVID-19 pneumonia patients focusing on prophylactic anticoagulation but also reporting results for azvudine and paxlovid. | ||
Mar 3 |
et al., Center for Open Science, doi:10.31219/osf.io/tc8hk_v2 | Expression of concern regarding the notice of retraction of the article "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment for COVID-19: results from an open-label, non-randomized clinical trial. |
| Response to the retraction of $[refi('gautretjaa')}. Authors note the study followed proper protocols and that concerns about patient enrollment timing, control group selection, and PCR interpretation methods do not justify retraction. Au.. | ||
Feb 28 |
et al., MDPI AG, doi:10.20944/preprints202502.2251.v1 | Selenium as a Nutritional Shield in Viral Defense: A Narrative Review |
| Review of selenium's functions in immune regulation, oxidative stress reduction, and antiviral protection. Authors explain that selenium, an essential micronutrient, is incorporated into selenoproteins that serve as enzymatic antioxidants.. | ||
Feb 26 |
et al., Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, doi:10.1080/14740338.2025.2471509 | Effects of Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (paxlovid) on the nervous system: analysis on adverse events released by FDA |
| Adverse event disproportionality analysis for COVID-19 drugs showing significantly higher risk of neurological adverse events with paxlovid. | ||
Feb 26 |
et al., Safety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy, doi:10.30895/2312-7821-2025-458 | The Effect of Potentially Hepatotoxic Medicinal Products on Alanine Transaminase Levels in COVID-19 Patients: A Case–Control Study |
| Case-control study of 1,296 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing remdesivir associated with significantly increased ALT levels (OR 4.38, p<0.001). | ||
Feb 26 |
et al., In Vivo, doi:10.21873/invivo.13887 | Prolonged Viral Shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in Patients With Underlying Haemato-oncological Disease |
| 223% slower viral clearance (p=0.004). Analysis of 63 hematological malignancy patients showing prolonged SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding (average 47 days) associated with immunosuppression status and with remdesivir use. | ||
Feb 26 |
et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu17050800 | Associations Between Dietary Patterns and the Occurrence of Hospitalization and Gastrointestinal Disorders—A Retrospective Study of COVID-19 Patients |
| 77% lower hospitalization (p=0.001). Retrospective 550 COVID-19 patients in Poland showing that higher adherence to a processed food dietary pattern was associated with 4.4 times higher odds of hospitalization. | ||
Feb 25 |
et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-025-10643-w | Real-world effectiveness and safety of oral Azvudine versus Paxlovid for COVID-19 in patients with kidney disease: a multicenter, retrospective, cohort study |
| Retrospective 657 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with kidney disease showing no significant difference in all-cause mortality or disease progression between azvudine and paxlovid. Subgroup analysis showed lower disease progression with az.. | ||
Feb 24 |
et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310438 | Protective effects of psychiatric medications against COVID-19 mortality before vaccines |
| Retrospective 366,937 COVID-19 patients in the US showing protective effects of certain psychiatric medications including SSRIs against COVID-19 severity. | ||
We aim to cover the most promising early treatments for
COVID-19. We use pre-specified effect extraction criteria that prioritizes
more serious outcomes, for details see methods. For specific
outcomes and different treatment stages see the individual pages. Not all
treatments are covered here, effectiveness has been reported for many other treatments in studies.
Of the 5,502 studies,
2,602 present results comparing with a control group,
2,387 are treatment studies, and
215 analyze outcomes based on serum levels. There are
103 animal studies,
200 in silico studies,
377 in vitro studies,
441 reviews,
and 235 meta analyses.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments.
c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from
thousands of papers. Community updates
help ensure high accuracy.
Treatments and other interventions are complementary.
All practical, effective, and safe
means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis.
No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current
and future variants.
We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication,
consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details
of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH
provide treatment protocols.
Thanks for your feedback! Please search before submitting papers and note
that studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may be
the date of an earlier preprint.