COVID-19 early treatment: real-time analysis of 3,553 studies
Analysis of 62 COVID-19 early treatments,
approvals in 102 countries, database of
5,900 treatments
| Gao | 393 patients ursodeoxycholic acid prophylaxis: 12% fewer cases (p=0.03) |
| Wicaksono | Systematic review and meta analysis showing lower mortality and progression, and improved viral load with casirivimab/imdevimab treatment. |
| Yu | Budesonide meta analysis: 55% lower hospitalization (p=0.26) and 25% improved recovery (p<0.0001) |
| Renieris | 190 patients vitamin D sufficiency: 52% lower mortality (p=0.04) |
| Rabe | 6,145 patients HCQ prophylaxis: 29% fewer cases (p=0.22) |
Treatment cost times median NNT - details and limitations.
0.7% of treatments show efficacy.
Timeline for when studies showed efficacy - details and limitations.
0.7% of treatments show efficacy.
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All clinical results for selected treatments. 0.7% of treatments show efficacy.
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| Random effects meta-analysis of all studies (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.7% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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| Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.7% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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| Random effects meta-analysis of all mortality results (all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages depend on the distribution of stages tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.7% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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| Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.7% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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| Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.7% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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| Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.7% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. |
| LATE TREATMENT | ||||||
| Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | MortalityDeath | ||
| Dr. David Uip (*) | Brazil | 2,200 | 38.6% (850) | Ref. | 2.5% (54) | Ref. |
| EARLY TREATMENT - 39 physicians/teams | ||||||
| Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | ImprovementImp. | MortalityDeath | ImprovementImp. |
| Dr. Roberto Alfonso Accinelli 0/360 deaths for treatment within 3 days |
Peru | 1,265 | 0.6% (7) | 77.5% | ||
| Dr. Mohammed Tarek Alam patients up to 84 years old |
Bangladesh | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Oluwagbenga Alonge | Nigeria | 310 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Raja Bhattacharya up to 88yo, 81% comorbidities |
India | 148 | 1.4% (2) | 44.9% | ||
| Dr. Flavio Cadegiani | Brazil | 3,450 | 0.1% (4) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Alessandro Capucci | Italy | 350 | 4.6% (16) | 88.2% | ||
| Dr. Shankara Chetty | South Africa | 8,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Deborah Chisholm | USA | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Ryan Cole | USA | 400 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Marco Cosentino vs. 3-3.8% mortality during period; earlier treatment better |
Italy | 392 | 6.4% (25) | 83.5% | 0.3% (1) | 89.6% |
| Dr. Jeff Davis | USA | 6,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Dhanajay | India | 500 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Bryan Tyson & Dr. George Fareed | USA | 20,000 | 0.0% (6) | 99.9% | 0.0% (4) | 99.2% |
| Dr. Raphael Furtado | Brazil | 170 | 0.6% (1) | 98.5% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Heather Gessling | USA | 1,500 | 0.1% (1) | 97.3% | ||
| Dr. Ellen Guimarães | Brazil | 500 | 1.6% (8) | 95.9% | 0.4% (2) | 83.7% |
| Dr. Syed Haider | USA | 4,000 | 0.1% (5) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Mark Hancock | USA | 24 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Sabine Hazan | USA | 1,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Mollie James | USA | 3,500 | 1.1% (40) | 97.0% | 0.0% (1) | 98.8% |
| Dr. Roberta Lacerda | Brazil | 550 | 1.5% (8) | 96.2% | 0.4% (2) | 85.2% |
| Dr. Katarina Lindley | USA | 100 | 5.0% (5) | 87.1% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Ben Marble | USA | 150,000 | 0.0% (4) | 99.9% | ||
| Dr. Edimilson Migowski | Brazil | 2,000 | 0.3% (7) | 99.1% | 0.1% (2) | 95.9% |
| Dr. Abdulrahman Mohana | Saudi Arabia | 2,733 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Carlos Nigro | Brazil | 5,000 | 0.9% (45) | 97.7% | 0.5% (23) | 81.3% |
| Dr. Benoit Ochs | Luxembourg | 800 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Ortore | Italy | 240 | 1.2% (3) | 96.8% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Valerio Pascua one death for a patient presenting on the 5th day in need of supplemental oxygen |
Honduras | 415 | 6.3% (26) | 83.8% | 0.2% (1) | 90.2% |
| Dr. Sebastian Pop | Romania | 300 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Brian Proctor | USA | 869 | 2.3% (20) | 94.0% | 0.2% (2) | 90.6% |
| Dr. Anastacio Queiroz | Brazil | 700 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Didier Raoult | France | 8,315 | 2.6% (214) | 93.3% | 0.1% (5) | 97.6% |
| Dr. Karin Ried up to 99yo, 73% comorbidities, av. age 63 |
Turkey | 237 | 0.4% (1) | 82.8% | ||
| Dr. Roman Rozencwaig patients up to 86 years old |
Canada | 80 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Vipul Shah | India | 8,000 | 0.1% (5) | 97.5% | ||
| Dr. Silvestre Sobrinho | Brazil | 116 | 8.6% (10) | 77.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Unknown | Brazil | 957 | 1.7% (16) | 95.7% | 0.2% (2) | 91.5% |
| Dr. Vladimir Zelenko | USA | 2,200 | 0.5% (12) | 98.6% | 0.1% (2) | 96.3% |
| Mean improvement with early treatment protocols | 237,521 | HospitalizationHosp. | 94.1% | MortalityDeath | 94.7% | |
Physician results with early treatment protocols compared to
no early treatment. These results are subject to selection and ascertainment
bias and more accurate analysis requires details of the patient populations
and followup, however results are consistently better across many teams, and consistent
with the extensive controlled trial evidence that shows a significant
reduction in risk with many early treatments, and improved results with the
use of multiple treatments in combination.
| Gao | 393 patients prophylaxis: 12% fewer cases (p=0.03) |
| Colapietro | 3,847 patients late treatment: no change in mortality (p=0.24) |
| Marrone | 629 patients prophylaxis: 7% higher mortality (p=0.77) |
| Wicaksono | Systematic review and meta analysis showing lower mortality and progression, and improved viral load with casirivimab/imdevimab treatment. |
| Yu | Meta analysis: 55% lower hospitalization (p=0.26) and 25% improved recovery (p<0.0001) |
| Wei | 725 patients late treatment: no change in mortality (p=1), 38% higher ventilation (p=0.04), 122% higher ICU admission (p=0.05), and 28% higher progression (p=0.07) |
| Leducq | Prospective study of 264 high-risk COVID-19 patients treated with monoclonal antibodies. Tixagevimab/cilgavimab was associated with 5 times higher.. |
| Hulscher | Review of evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can damage cardiovascular, hematological, neurological, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and.. |
| Horga | 83 patient late treatment RCT: 86% lower mortality (p=0.24), 2% improved recovery (p=1), and 9% improved viral clearance (p=0.8) |
| Yang | 804 patients early treatment: 91% lower mortality (p=0.09), 75% lower hospitalization (p=0.05), and 16% improved recovery (p=0.19) |
| Sun | 490 patients late treatment: 54% lower mortality (p=0.16), 38% lower need for oxygen therapy (p=0.15), and 48% lower progression (p=0.02) |
| Wei | 725 patients late treatment: no change in mortality (p=1), 28% lower ventilation (p=0.04), 55% lower ICU admission (p=0.05), and 22% lower progression (p=0.07) |
| Chen | 207 patients early treatment: 12% slower recovery (p=0.95) and 32% improved viral clearance (p=0.04) |
| Zhao | Retrospective propensity-matched analysis of 227 COVID-19 patients in Tibet, China comparing azvudine to paxlovid. Overall, azvudine had comparable.. |
| Han | 856 patients early treatment PSM: 37% lower mortality (p=0.05) and 3% greater improvement (p=0.73) |
| Zhao | Retrospective 60 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China, 32 treated with azvudine for 7-14 days. The azvudine group had impoved eosinophil counts,.. |
| Intharuksa | Review of Andrographis paniculata extracts and compounds like andrographolide with antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties.. |
| Pu | In Vitro and mouse study investigating the potential therapeutic effects of dehydroandrographolide (Deh), a compound from the herb Andrographis.. |
| Noh | Retrospective 101 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in South Korea examining outcomes with the monoclonal antibody treatment regdanvimab, comparing 31.. |
| Jang | 210 patients early treatment: 60% lower need for oxygen therapy (p<0.0001), 44% higher hospital discharge (p=0.03), and 13% shorter hospitalization (p=0.003) |
| Park | 754 patients early treatment PSM: 79% lower progression (p<0.0001) and 13% shorter hospitalization (p<0.0001) |
| Choi | 398 patients late treatment: 76% lower need for oxygen therapy (p=0.004) |
| Chae | 124 patients early treatment: 71% lower mortality (p=1), 64% lower ventilation (p=0.46), and 9% shorter hospitalization (p=0.56) |
Recent studies (see the individual treatment pages for all studies):
Nov 28 |
et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0294872 | Clinical efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A living review and meta-analysis |
| 55% lower hospitalization (p=0.26) and 25% improved recovery (p<0.0001). Systematic review and meta-analysis of 8 randomized controlled trials (2,788 patients) comparing inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) to placebo or usual care for the treatment of COVID-19. Overall, ICS treatment was associated with improved cli.. | ||
Nov 27 |
et al., Heliyon, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22839 | Efficacy and safety of casirivimab-imdevimab combination on COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis randomized controlled trial |
| Systematic review and meta analysis showing lower mortality and progression, and improved viral load with casirivimab/imdevimab treatment. | ||
Nov 27 |
et al., Open Forum Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofad500.579 | Real-world Effectiveness of Sotrovimab for COVID-19: Evidence from United States (US) Administrative Claims Data |
| 80% lower mortality (p<0.0001), 30% lower ICU admission (p=0.0002), and 16% lower hospitalization (p<0.0001). Retrospective 34,160 COVID-19 patients in the USA treated with sotrovimab matched to 68,320 untreated patients from May 2021-April 2022, during periods when Delta and early Omicron were predominant. Sotrovimab-treated patients had signifi.. | ||
Nov 26 |
et al., Journal of Innate Immunity, doi:10.1159/000535302 | Association of Vitamin D with severity and outcome of COVID-19: Clinical and Experimental Evidence |
| 52% lower mortality (p=0.04). Retrospective 190 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing vitamin D deficiency associated with increased disease severity and mortality. Authors also report on mouse experiments that show vitamin D reduced lung inflammation and downregulat.. | ||
Nov 23 |
et al., Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, doi:10.4103/1735-5362.389947 | Andrographis paniculata extract versus placebo in the treatment of COVID-19: a double-blinded randomized control trial |
| 51% lower progression (p=0.25) and 8% improved recovery (p=0.33). RCT 165 low-risk mild COVID-19 patients in Thailand receiving either 180mg/day of Andrographis paniculata extract or placebo for 5 days. No significant difference was found between groups for disease progression, though A. paniculata show.. | ||
Nov 23 |
et al., The Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/infdis/jiad523 | Spike protein genetic evolution in patients at high-risk of severe COVID-19 treated by monoclonal antibodies |
| Prospective study of 264 high-risk COVID-19 patients treated with monoclonal antibodies. Tixagevimab/cilgavimab was associated with 5 times higher risk of emergence of mutations. Treatment with sotrovimab was linked to mutations associate.. | ||
Nov 23 |
et al., Infectious Diseases and Therapy, doi:10.1007/s40121-023-00891-1 | Virologic Outcomes with Molnupiravir in Non-hospitalized Adult Patients with COVID-19 from the Randomized, Placebo-Controlled MOVe-OUT Trial |
| Virological outcomes for the MOVe-OUT trial. Results are shown with the main paper [Jayk Bernal]. | ||
Nov 23 |
et al., Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, doi:10.3389/fcell.2023.1271201 | Quercetin improves and protects Calu-3 airway epithelial barrier function |
| In Vitro analysis of quercetin on airway epithelial barrier function using the Calu-3 cell culture model. Results show that quercetin increases transepithelial electrical resistance and decreases transepithelial leaks, indicating improved.. | ||
Nov 22 |
et al., Infection & Chemotherapy, doi:10.3947/ic.2023.0087 | Effectiveness of Molnupiravir Treatment in Patients with COVID-19 in Korea: A Propensity Score Matched Study |
| 25% lower mortality (p<0.0001) and 29% lower progression (p<0.0001). PSM retrospective 190,692 COVID-19 patients treated with molnupiravir and 762,768 matched controls, showing lower mortality and combined severe/critical illness and mortality with treatment. | ||
Nov 22 |
et al., BMJ Open, doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071072 | Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in England prior to vaccination: a retrospective observational cohort study |
| 29% fewer cases (p=0.22). Retrospective cohort of 6,145 SLE patients showing lower incidence of COVID-19 for patients receiving HCQ/CQ (antimalarials), without statistical significance. Groups were not matched and results may be influenced by factors such as disea.. | ||
Nov 21 |
et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.49204 | Clinical Approach to Post-acute Sequelae After COVID-19 Infection and Vaccination |
| Review of evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can damage cardiovascular, hematological, neurological, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and immunological systems, and may be a primary cause of long COVID symptoms. Authors introduce a .. | ||
Nov 20 |
et al., Pharmaceuticals, doi:10.3390/ph16111631 | Quercetin as a Therapeutic Product: Evaluation of Its Pharmacological Action and Clinical Applications—A Review |
| Review of the pharmacological actions, clinical trials, patents, marketed products, and approaches to improving the bioavailability of the flavonoid quercetin. Quercetin has shown therapeutic potential as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory.. | ||
Nov 20 |
et al., BJGP Open, doi:10.3399/bjgpo.2023.0109 | The DAWN antivirals trial: process evaluation of a COVID-19 trial in general practice |
| 83% worse recovery (p=0.36). Very small early terminated RCT with 8 molnupiravir and 17 placebo patients showing worse recovery with molnupiravir, without statistical significance. | ||
Nov 20 |
et al., Immunity, Inflammation and Disease, doi:10.1002/iid3.1083 | Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of oral N‐acetylcysteine in patients with COVID‐19 receiving the routine antiviral and hydroxychloroquine protocol: A randomized controlled clinical trial |
| 67% lower mortality (p=0.61). RCT 60 hospitalized COVID-19 patients evaluating the efficacy and safety of adding oral N-acetylcysteine (NAC) at 600mg three times daily to standard antiviral treatment regimens. The NAC group showed significantly greater reduction in C-.. | ||
Nov 17 |
, E., Do Your Own Research, Nov 17, 2023 | Waiting for PRINCIPLE |
| Discussion of issues in the ivermectin arm of the PRINCIPLE trial [PRINCIPLE], including the unsupported supply claim and continuation, design issues favoring finding no effect, changes to include lower risk patients, and the extended del.. | ||
Nov 16 |
et al., Microbiology and Infectious Diseases The American Medical Journal, doi:10.33590/microbiolinfectdisamj/10304488 | A Retrospective Study in Patients With Varying Prescription Coverage With Ursodeoxycholic Acid and Association With Incidence of COVID-19 Diagnosis in Primary Care |
| 13% fewer cases (p=0.03). Retrospective 8,964 primary care patients prescribed ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in the UK. Higher categorized UDCA adherence (≥80%) was associated with lower COVID-19 incidence (OR 0.86), whereas adherence as a continuous variable was no.. | ||
Nov 16 |
et al., International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms242216392 | In Vitro Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Ivermectin Interaction |
| In Vitro analysis showing a definitive interaction between ivermectin and the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, suggesting therapeutic potential for COVID-19. Using equilibrium dialysis and UV–Vis techniques, the study determined the affin.. | ||
Nov 15 |
et al., Inflammopharmacology, doi:10.1007/s10787-023-01385-9 | Nigella sativa and its chemical constituents: pre-clinical and clinical evidence for their potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects |
| Review of pre-clinical and clinical evidence for the the use of nigella sativa for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. | ||
Nov 15 |
et al., Microorganisms, doi:10.3390/microorganisms11112777 | Potent Antiviral Activity of Vitamin B12 against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, and Human Coronavirus 229E |
| In Vitro and In Silico analysis finding that methylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, and cyanocobalamin forms of vitamin B12 showed broad-spectrum inhibition against SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and HCoV-229E. Methylcobalamin had the highest activity.. | ||
Nov 14 |
et al., Biology Methods and Protocols, doi:10.1093/biomethods/bpad033 | Crowdsourcing Temporal Transcriptomic Coronavirus Host Infection Data: resources, guide, and novel insights |
| Ensemble transcriptomic analyses showing that HCQ exhibited strong inverse correlations to SARS-CoV-1 infected lung early temporal meta-signatures at 1, 2, and 4 days post-infection. This suggests HCQ may help counteract pathogenic proces.. | ||
Nov 13 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-023-46249-y | Inhibitory efficiency of Andrographis paniculata extract on viral multiplication and nitric oxide production |
| In Vitro study analyzing the antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties of extracts and fractions from Andrographis paniculata, against herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and influenza A virus H3N2 as surrogates for COVID-19. The results show.. | ||
Nov 11 |
et al., Nucleic Acids Research, doi:10.1093/nar/gkad1002 | Uridine–cytidine kinase 2 potentiates the mutagenic influence of the antiviral β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine |
| In Vitro study showing that molnupiravir increased mutation rates in mouse blood cancer cell lines. The mutagenic effects were enhanced by overexpression of the enzyme uridine-cytidine kinase 2 (Uck2), and lessened in Uck2 knockout cells... | ||
Nov 11 |
et al., Medical Data Mining, doi:10.53388/MDM202407003 | Exploring the bioactive compounds of Feiduqing formula for the prevention and management of COVID-19 through network pharmacology and molecular docking |
| In Silico study of components of Feiduqing finding that quercetin, among other compounds, has significant binding affinity to PTGS2, HSP90AA1, SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, and ACE2, suggesting that quercetin may have therapeutic potential for COVID-1.. | ||
Nov 11 |
et al., Trials, doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07624-2 | Beneficial effects of the combination of BCc1 and Hep-S nanochelating-based medicines on IL-6 in hospitalized moderate COVID-19 adult patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial |
| 35% lower mortality (p=0.68), 81% lower need for oxygen therapy, and 22% improved recovery. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 122 moderate hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Iran, evaluating the addition of BCc1 iron chelator and Hep-S selenium nanomedicines to standard treatment. The nanomedicine group showed.. | ||
Nov 10 |
et al., Medicine, doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000035987 | Clinical outcomes of mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019 patients treated with Regdanvimab in delta-variant outbreak: Retrospective cohort study |
| Retrospective 101 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in South Korea examining outcomes with the monoclonal antibody treatment regdanvimab, comparing 31 patients during the delta variant outbreak period to 49 patients with pre-delta variants. .. | ||
Nov 10 |
et al., Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.29208 | Discovery of the covalent SARS‐CoV‐2 Mpro inhibitors from antiviral herbs via integrating target‐based high‐throughput screening and chemoproteomic approaches |
| In Vitro study showing that quercetin can potently inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mpro activity. Screening of 60 antiviral herbs showed Lonicera japonica extract inhibited Mpro in a time-dependent manner, indicating the presence of covalent cysteine-.. | ||
Nov 9 |
et al., Diseases, doi:10.3390/diseases11040165 | Association of COVID-19 Infection with Sociodemographic, Anthropometric and Lifestyle Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study in an Older Adults’ Population Aged over 65 Years Old |
| 42% fewer cases (p=0.001). Retrospective 5,197 Greek adults over 65. After adjustment for confounders, COVID-19 infection was independently associated with poor sleep, low physical activity, low Mediterranean diet adherence, living in urban areas, smoking, obesity,.. | ||
Nov 9 |
et al., Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, doi:10.1002/jbt.23536 | Assessment of toxicological effects of favipiravir (T‐705) on the lung tissue of rats: An experimental study |
| Analysis of the toxicological effects of favipiravir on healthy lung tissue in rats. Authors found that favipiravir treatment increased oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in the lung tissue as evidenced by changes in antioxidan.. | ||
Nov 8 |
et al., Cell Host & Microbe, doi:10.1016/j.chom.2023.10.007 | Cross-regulation of antibody responses against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and commensal microbiota via molecular mimicry |
| Analysis of the role of oral microbiota, particularly Streptococcus salivarius, in enhancing immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Authors show that several commensal bacteria express proteins that mimic the receptor binding domain of the s.. | ||
Nov 7 |
et al., Heliyon, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21941 | Inflammatory predictors (eosinophil, C-RP and IL-6) and effectiveness of oral Azvudine tablets treatment in COVID-19 hospitalized patients: A retrospective, self-controlled study |
| Retrospective 60 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China, 32 treated with azvudine for 7-14 days. The azvudine group had impoved eosinophil counts, CRP, IL-6, fibrinogen, NT-proBNP, and improved lung CT findings, suggesting reduced inflam.. | ||
Nov 7 |
et al., Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, doi:10.1017/cts.2023.668 | Strategies used for the COVID-OUT decentralized trial of outpatient treatment of SARS-CoV-2 |
| Report on the operation of the COVID-OUT trial noting several issues affecting the reliability of the results: - Use of home pulse oximeters for measuring oxygen saturation: authors note that the FDA warned about inaccuracies with home pu.. | ||
Nov 7 |
et al., MDPI AG, doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0330.v1 | Association between lifestyle factors and COVID-19: findings from Qatar Biobank |
| 18% more cases (p=0.29). Retrospective 10,000 adults in Qatar, showing higher risk of COVID-19 cases with vitamin B9 supplementation, without statistical significance. Authors do not analyze COVID-19 severity. | ||
Nov 7 |
et al., MDPI AG, doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0402.v1 | Calcitriol Downregulates ACE1/ACE2, Renin and TMPRSS2 Gene Expression in the Human Placenta |
| In Vitro study showing calcitriol downregulated ACE2 and TMPRSS2 (involved in SARS-CoV-2 entry), renin (involved in blood pressure regulation), and ACE1/ACE2 ratio in cultured human placental cells. Authors suggest calcitriol could potent.. | ||
Nov 6 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-023-46162-4 | Association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with physical activity domains and types |
| Retrospective 22,165 adults in the French NutriNet-Santé cohort showing higher levels of total physical activity, vigorous activity, leisure-time activity, household activity, outdoor activity, and indoor activity during the COVID-19 lock.. | ||
Nov 6 |
, E., Do Your Own Research | TOGETHER Files 2: Lawsuit reveals FTX bought effective control of TOGETHER trial, part of SBF's dream of a pharma empire |
| Analysis of legal documents showing that a non-profit controlled by FTX's SBF and a former colleague invested >$50 million in the Together Trial and had the right to potentially control the company. Author notes that incorrect and mislead.. | ||
Nov 5 |
et al., DIGITAL HEALTH, doi:10.1177/20552076231207593 | Detecting the most critical clinical variables of COVID-19 breakthrough infection in vaccinated persons using machine learning |
| Retrospective 257 individuals, finding higher physical activity as one of the most predictive variables for lower risk of COVID-19 breakthrough infection. | ||
Nov 3 |
et al., Frontiers in Immunology, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1264447 | SARS-CoV-2 N protein induced acute kidney injury in diabetic db/db mice is associated with a Mincle-dependent M1 macrophage activation |
| In Vitro and mouse study showing that quercetin may ameliorate COVID-19 associated acute kidney injury through modulation of macrophage polarization by blocking the Mincle/Syk/NF-kB pathway. Authors suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 N protein c.. | ||
Nov 2 |
et al., JAMA Network Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.40608 | Streptococcus salivarius Probiotics to Prevent Acute Otitis Media in Children |
| 33% fewer cases (p=1). RCT 827 children aged 1-6 years in daycare in Finland analyzing the effectiveness of daily Streptococcus salivarius K12 oral probiotic use for 6 months in preventing acute otitis media (AOM). The probiotic group did not have a significant.. | ||
Nov 2 |
et al., International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms242115894 | Exploring the Binding Effects of Natural Products and Antihypertensive Drugs on SARS-CoV-2: An In Silico Investigation of Main Protease and Spike Protein |
| In Silico molecular docking and molecular dynamics analysis identifying curcumin, quercetin, rosmarinic acid, and salvianolic acid B as having favorable binding to Mpro and three distinct sites on the S protein. Molecular dynamics simulat.. | ||
We aim to cover the most promising early treatments for
COVID-19. We use pre-specified effect extraction criteria that prioritizes
more serious outcomes, for details see methods. For specific
outcomes and different treatment stages see the individual pages. Not all
treatments are covered here, effectiveness has been reported for many other treatments in studies.
Of the 3,553 studies,
2,019 present results comparing with a control group,
1,832 are treatment studies, and
187 analyze outcomes based on serum levels. There are
47 animal studies,
96 in silico studies,
187 in vitro studies,
212 reviews,
and 151 meta analyses.
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Vaccines and treatments are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe
means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment, vaccine, or
intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future
variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication,
consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details
of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH
provide treatment protocols.
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that studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may be
the date of an earlier preprint.