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Other Treatments Global Adoption

COVID-19 early treatment: real-time analysis of 2,887 studies

Analysis of 51 COVID early treatments, approvals in 102 countries, database of 3,991 treatments  
Tse
2,664 patients aspirin prophylaxis PSM: 67% lower combined mortality/intubation [p=0.0003]
Wang
1,979 patient sleep study: 36% lower PASC [p=0.0004]
Miyashita
1,688 patients sotrovimab early treatment: 55% lower need for oxygen therapy [p<0.0001]
Sheldrick
Dr. Kyle Sheldrick, part of a group of researchers known for false and highly influential claims about ivermectin research, posted a schedule A..
Jalaludin
Analysis of weather data, air quality, and COVID-19 in Malaysia, showing COVID-19 cases negatively correlated with solar radiation and positively..
Evolution of COVID-19 clinical evidence Vitamin D p<0.0000000001 Acetaminophen p=0.0000018 2020 2021 2022 2023 Effective Harmful c19early.org June 2023 meta analysis results (pooled effects) 100% 50% 0% -50%
Cost per life saved from NNT in
studies to date
c19early.org Jun 2023
Melatonin
9
48%
  $8
Vitamin D
62
37%
  $10
Vitamin C
36
20%
  $12
Zinc
20
29%
  $16
Alkalinization
4
42%
  $18
Ivermectin
49
51%
  $22
HCQ
237
24%
  $27
Vitamin A
6
42%
  $30
Colchicine
39
33%
  $31
Curcumin
7
63%
  $40
Aspirin
58
11%
  $45
Probiotics
8
61%
  $99
Famotidine
18
17%
  $105
Antiandrogens
33
38%
  $175
Metformin
49
32%
  $184
Quercetin
4
59%
  $188
Nigella Sativa
4
73%
  $279
Fluvoxamine
8
41%
  $411
Nitazoxanide
6
42%
  $680
Favipiravir
32
15%
  $1,015
Paxlovid
15
55%
  $39,035
Molnupiravir
15
23%
  $137,653
Casirivimab/i..
8
40%
  $181,694
Bamlaniv../e..
11
59%
  $269,237
Remdesivir
46
12%
  $363,922
Sotrovimab
8
16%
  $454,125
Bebtelovimab
4
60%
  $737,601
Tixagev../c..
6
36%
  $14,894,456
Conv. Plasma
40
-0%
N/A
Acetaminophen
14
-24%
N/A
Treatment cost times median NNT - details and limitations. 0.9% of treatments show efficacy.
Evusheld Paxlovid Alkalinization APD Fluvoxamine Famotidine Molnupiravir Quercetin Bamlanivimab/e.. Budesonide Aspirin Probiotics Curcumin REGEN-COV Povidone-Iodine Nigella Sativa Melatonin Acetaminophen ↑risk Favipiravir Vitamin D Vitamin C Colchicine Antiandrogens Ivermectin Metformin Zinc HCQ 2020 2021 2022 Pooled outcomes Specific outcome RCT pooled RCT specific Statistically significant ≥10% improvement ≥3 studies c19early.org Jun 2023 Time when COVID-19 studies showed efficacy
Evusheld Paxlovid Alkalinization APD Fluvoxamine Famotidine Molnupiravir Quercetin Bamlanivimab/e.. Budesonide Aspirin Probiotics Curcumin REGEN-COV Povidone-Iodine Nigella Sativa Melatonin Acetaminophen ↑risk Favipiravir Vitamin D Vitamin C Colchicine Antiandrogens Ivermectin Metformin Zinc HCQ 2020 2021 2022 Pooled outcomes Specific outcome RCT pooled RCT specific Statistically significant ≥10% improvement ≥3 studies c19early.org Jun 2023 Time when COVID-19 studies showed efficacy
Timeline for when studies showed efficacy - details and limitations. 0.9% of treatments show efficacy.
Loading..
All clinical results for selected treatments. 0.9% of treatments show efficacy.
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Iota-carragee.. 80% [11-96%] 1 $1 394 very limited data Cost Studies Patients Improvement Relative Risk Proxalutamide 78% [70-83%] 4 $500 1,953 limited data Indomethacin 74% [-20-94%] 4 $5 605 limited data Ivermectin 63% [55-69%] 97 $1 135,766 Nigella Sativa 53% [27-70%] 11 $5 2,959 Bamlaniv../e.. 52% [29-68%] 16 $1,250 31,584 variant dependent Casirivimab/i.. 52% [34-65%] 27 $2,100 58,886 variant dependent Quercetin 50% [20-69%] 10 $5 1,387 Povidone-Iod.. 50% [37-61%] 20 $1 3,226 Diet 48% [38-56%] 24 $0 687,838 Tixagev../c.. 47% [26-62%] 10 $855 26,602 variant dependent Ensovibep 46% [-173-89%] 2 $2,100 885 limited data Sunlight 45% [19-62%] 4 $0 19,635 Melatonin 43% [30-54%] 18 $1 14,301 Bromhexine 43% [-5-69%] 7 $5 875 very limited data Alkalinization 43% [23-58%] 7 $1 1,092 Bebtelovimab 42% [-16-71%] 5 $1,200 12,949 intravenous Exercise 41% [34-47%] 55 $0 1,791,863 Curcumin 38% [27-48%] 24 $5 5,071 Fluvoxamine 38% [19-52%] 17 $4 36,705 Vitamin D 37% [31-42%] 111 $1 183,150 Spironolactone 36% [17-51%] 11 $5 28,019 Vitamin A 34% [-3-58%] 12 $2 22,260 APD 33% [12-50%] 3 $5 5,215 limited data Nitazoxanide 33% [-22-63%] 13 $4 3,606 Paxlovid 32% [23-40%] 30 $529 69,108 independent trials refused Sleep 31% [22-40%] 13 $0 354,908 Colchicine 31% [21-40%] 48 $1 32,301 Budesonide 30% [16-42%] 12 $4 27,682 Antiandrogens 30% [21-38%] 49 $5 119,838 Zinc 29% [18-38%] 41 $1 45,885 Metformin 28% [23-32%] 65 $10 256,116 Ensitrelvir 27% [-19-55%] 2 $500 255 very limited data Nitric Oxide 27% [-11-52%] 9 $11 1,484 Hydroxychlor.. 26% [22-29%] 393 $1 519,091 Probiotics 24% [15-33%] 22 $5 18,114 Lactoferrin 24% [-30-56%] 6 $5 1,213 Favipiravir 20% [10-30%] 61 $20 29,214 N-acetylcys.. 20% [10-29%] 19 $1 25,033 Vitamin C 20% [13-27%] 61 $1 63,059 Famotidine 17% [6-26%] 26 $5 113,469 Sotrovimab 17% [0-31%] 18 $2,100 36,329 variant dependent Molnupiravir 14% [-4-29%] 33 $707 107,979 mutagenic/teratogenic Aspirin 11% [6-17%] 67 $1 176,482 Remdesivir 11% [4-17%] 54 $3,120 135,962 lower w/longer followup Peg.. Lambda 7% [-138-63%] 4 $500 2,143 subcutaneous Ibuprofen 0% [-9-9%] 13 $1 54,707 Conv. Plasma -0% [-5-4%] 41 $5,000 24,249 intravenous Vitamin B9 -11% [-52-19%] 9 $1 35,148 Cannabidiol -19% [-128-38%] 7 $25 16,883 Acetaminoph.. -28% [-41--16%] 24 $1 542,361 All studies (pooled effects, all stages) c19early.org Jun 2023 Favors treatment Favors control
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Iota-carragee.. 80% 1 very limited data Studies, Improvement Relative Risk Proxalutamide 78% 4 limited data Indomethacin 74% 4 limited data Ivermectin 63% 97 Nigella Sativa 53% 11 Bamlaniv../e.. 52% 16 variant dependent Casirivimab/.. 52% 27 variant dependent Quercetin 50% 10 Povidone-Iod.. 50% 20 Diet 48% 24 Tixagev../c.. 47% 10 variant dependent Ensovibep 46% 2 limited data Sunlight 45% 4 Melatonin 43% 18 Bromhexine 43% 7 very limited data Alkalinization 43% 7 Bebtelovimab 42% 5 intravenous Exercise 41% 55 Curcumin 38% 24 Fluvoxamine 38% 17 Vitamin D 37% 111 Spironolactone 36% 11 Vitamin A 34% 12 APD 33% 3 limited data Nitazoxanide 33% 13 Paxlovid 32% 30 independent trials refused Sleep 31% 13 Colchicine 31% 48 Budesonide 30% 12 Antiandrogens 30% 49 Zinc 29% 41 Metformin 28% 65 Ensitrelvir 27% 2 very limited data Nitric Oxide 27% 9 Hydroxychlor.. 26% 393 Probiotics 24% 22 Lactoferrin 24% 6 Favipiravir 20% 61 N-acetylcys.. 20% 19 Vitamin C 20% 61 Famotidine 17% 26 Sotrovimab 17% 18 variant dependent Molnupiravir 14% 33 mutagenic/teratogenic Aspirin 11% 67 Remdesivir 11% 54 lower w/longer followup Peg.. Lambda 7% 4 subcutaneous Ibuprofen 0% 13 Conv. Plasma -0% 41 intravenous Vitamin B9 -11% 9 Cannabidiol -19% 7 Acetaminoph.. -28% 24 All studies (pooled effects, all stages) c19early.org Jun 23 Rotate device for details Favors treatment Favors control
Random effects meta-analysis of all studies (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.9% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.9% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of all mortality results (all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages depend on the distribution of stages tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.9% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.9% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.9% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.9% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
LATE TREATMENT
Physician / TeamLocationPatients HospitalizationHosp. MortalityDeath
Dr. David Uip (*) Brazil 2,200 38.6% (850) Ref. 2.5% (54) Ref.
EARLY TREATMENT - 39 physicians/teams
Physician / TeamLocationPatients HospitalizationHosp. ImprovementImp. MortalityDeath ImprovementImp.
Dr. Roberto Alfonso Accinelli
0/360 deaths for treatment within 3 days
Peru 1,265 0.6% (7) 77.5%
Dr. Mohammed Tarek Alam
patients up to 84 years old
Bangladesh 100 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Oluwagbenga Alonge Nigeria 310 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Raja Bhattacharya
up to 88yo, 81% comorbidities
India 148 1.4% (2) 44.9%
Dr. Flavio Cadegiani Brazil 3,450 0.1% (4) 99.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Alessandro Capucci Italy 350 4.6% (16) 88.2%
Dr. Shankara Chetty South Africa 8,000 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Deborah Chisholm USA 100 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Ryan Cole USA 400 0.0% (0) 100.0% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Marco Cosentino
vs. 3-3.8% mortality during period; earlier treatment better
Italy 392 6.4% (25) 83.5% 0.3% (1) 89.6%
Dr. Jeff Davis USA 6,000 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Dhanajay India 500 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Bryan Tyson & Dr. George Fareed USA 20,000 0.0% (6) 99.9% 0.0% (4) 99.2%
Dr. Raphael Furtado Brazil 170 0.6% (1) 98.5% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Heather Gessling USA 1,500 0.1% (1) 97.3%
Dr. Ellen Guimarães Brazil 500 1.6% (8) 95.9% 0.4% (2) 83.7%
Dr. Syed Haider USA 4,000 0.1% (5) 99.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Mark Hancock USA 24 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Sabine Hazan USA 1,000 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Mollie James USA 3,500 1.1% (40) 97.0% 0.0% (1) 98.8%
Dr. Roberta Lacerda Brazil 550 1.5% (8) 96.2% 0.4% (2) 85.2%
Dr. Katarina Lindley USA 100 5.0% (5) 87.1% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Ben Marble USA 150,000 0.0% (4) 99.9%
Dr. Edimilson Migowski Brazil 2,000 0.3% (7) 99.1% 0.1% (2) 95.9%
Dr. Abdulrahman Mohana Saudi Arabia 2,733 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Carlos Nigro Brazil 5,000 0.9% (45) 97.7% 0.5% (23) 81.3%
Dr. Benoit Ochs Luxembourg 800 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Ortore Italy 240 1.2% (3) 96.8% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Valerio Pascua
one death for a patient presenting on the 5th day in need of supplemental oxygen
Honduras 415 6.3% (26) 83.8% 0.2% (1) 90.2%
Dr. Sebastian Pop Romania 300 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Brian Proctor USA 869 2.3% (20) 94.0% 0.2% (2) 90.6%
Dr. Anastacio Queiroz Brazil 700 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Didier Raoult France 8,315 2.6% (214) 93.3% 0.1% (5) 97.6%
Dr. Karin Ried
up to 99yo, 73% comorbidities, av. age 63
Turkey 237 0.4% (1) 82.8%
Dr. Roman Rozencwaig
patients up to 86 years old
Canada 80 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Vipul Shah India 8,000 0.1% (5) 97.5%
Dr. Silvestre Sobrinho Brazil 116 8.6% (10) 77.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Unknown Brazil 957 1.7% (16) 95.7% 0.2% (2) 91.5%
Dr. Vladimir Zelenko USA 2,200 0.5% (12) 98.6% 0.1% (2) 96.3%
Mean improvement with early treatment protocols 237,521 HospitalizationHosp. 94.1% MortalityDeath 94.7%
Physician results with early treatment protocols compared to no early treatment. These results are subject to selection and ascertainment bias and more accurate analysis requires details of the patient populations and followup, however results are consistently better across many teams, and consistent with the extensive controlled trial evidence that shows a significant reduction in risk with many early treatments, and improved results with the use of multiple treatments in combination.
Treatment
Improvement
  (early)
Studies
  (early)
PXProxalutamide 71% 3
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
BLBamlaniv../e.. 63% 10
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(H)CQHydroxychlor.. 62% 36
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
IVMIvermectin 62% 37
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
V.DVitamin D 60% 11
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
BUBudesonide 49% 2
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CICasirivimab/i.. 47% 21
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
FVFluvoxamine 43% 8
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ZnZinc 41% 6
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
RDRemdesivir 40% 6
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PLPaxlovid 38% 27
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
V.CVitamin C 37% 6
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
FPVFavipiravir 23% 18
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SSotrovimab 20% 16
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
MPMolnupiravir 16% 29
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ACEAcetaminophen -17% 3
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
TCTixagev../c.. -29% 2
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
IBIbuprofen -52% 2
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Early treatments approved by >2 countries. 102 countries have officially approved treatments. Details.
Tse
2,664 patients prophylaxis PSM: 67% lower combined mortality/intubation [p=0.0003]
Wang
1,979 patients: 36% lower PASC [p=0.0004]
Miyashita
1,688 patients early treatment: 55% lower need for oxygen therapy [p<0.0001]
Sheldrick
Dr. Kyle Sheldrick, part of a group of researchers known for false and highly influential claims about ivermectin research, posted a schedule A..
Scheim
Analysis of PP vs. ITT results in three RCTs, including discussion of multiple critical issues with the ivermectin arm of the TOGETHER trial [1]: -..
Jalaludin
Analysis of weather data, air quality, and COVID-19 in Malaysia, showing COVID-19 cases negatively correlated with solar radiation and positively..
Butt
65,010 patients early treatment: 9% higher combined mortality/hospitalization [p=0.75]
Taslim
60 patient late treatment RCT: 71% lower need for oxygen therapy [p=0.01], 21% shorter hospitalization [p=0.0002], and 38% faster viral clearance [p<0.0001]
Capraru
Retrospective 1,376 patients in Romania, showing vitamin D levels inversely related to COVID-19 symptoms, severity, ICU admission, and death.
Ducharme
Report on the PROTECT vitamin D prophylaxis trial for healthcare workers, terminated after 34 patients and providing no results. Authors indicate..
Pop-Kostova
Retrospective 115 COVID-19 patients in North Macedonia, showing lower vitamin D levels associated with hospitalization.
Chen
PSM retrospective 1,181 COVID-19 patients ≥60 years old in China, showing significantly lower mortality with a nutritional supplement...
Cardoso
614 patients: 73% lower severe cases [p<0.0001]
Nindenshuti
Systematic review showing 25 of 25 studies reported a decrease in physical activity and 13 of 13 studies reported an increase in sedentary behavior..
Alobaidy
Analysis of 40 COVID-19 ICU patients and 40 matched healthy controls, showing significantly lower melatonin levels in COVID-19 patients.
Chen
PSM retrospective 1,181 COVID-19 patients ≥60 years old in China, showing significantly lower mortality with a nutritional supplement...
Chen
PSM retrospective 1,181 COVID-19 patients ≥60 years old in China, showing significantly lower mortality with a nutritional supplement...
Chen
PSM retrospective 1,181 COVID-19 patients ≥60 years old in China, showing significantly lower mortality with a nutritional supplement...
Chen
PSM retrospective 1,181 COVID-19 patients ≥60 years old in China, showing significantly lower mortality with a nutritional supplement...
Miguel
Retrospective study showing shorter ICU stay with metformin, animal study showing that metformin minimized lung damage in an ARDS model, and in..
Sindu
546 patients prophylaxis PSM: 96% higher ventilation [p=0.58], 210% higher ICU admission [p=0.33], 53% lower hospitalization [p=0.18], and 29% fewer symptomatic cases [p=0.14]
Recent studies (see the individual treatment pages for all studies):

Jun 2
Tse et al., Heart, doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2023-BCS.211 Aspirin is associated with lower risks of severe covid-19 disease: a population-based study
67% lower combined mortality/intubation [p=0.0003]. PSM retrospective 2,664 COVID-19 hospitalized patients receiving steroids/antiviral therapy in Hong Kong, showing lower risk of combined death/intubation with aspirin use.
Jun 2
Jalaludin et al., Atmosphere, doi:10.3390/atmos14060973 The Impact of Air Quality and Meteorology on COVID-19 Cases at Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, Malaysia and Prediction Using Machine Learning
Analysis of weather data, air quality, and COVID-19 in Malaysia, showing COVID-19 cases negatively correlated with solar radiation and positively correlated with air pollution.
Jun 1
Jalavu et al., IJID Regions, doi:10.1016/j.ijregi.2023.05.007 An investigation of the correlation of vitamin D status and management outcomes in patients with severe COVID-19 at a South African tertiary hospital
1% lower mortality [p=0.97]. Prospective analysis of 68 COVID-19 ICU patients in South Africa, showing a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency. There was no significant difference in mortality based on vitamin D sufficiency, however this result does n..
Jun 1
Wani et al., Intervirology, doi:10.1159/000530906 Impact of Age and Clinico-Biochemical Parameters on Clinical severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
72% lower severe cases [p=0.007]. Retrospective 236 COVID-19 patients in India, showing higher risk of severe cases with vitamin D deficiency.
Jun 1
Butt et al., The Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/infdis/jiad195 Molnupiravir Use and 30-Day Hospitalizations or Death in Previously Uninfected Non-hospitalized High-risk Population with COVID-19
9% higher combined mortality/hospitalization [p=0.75]. Retrospective 65,010 veterans in the USA, showing no significant difference in hospitalization/death with molnupiravir treatment. 1,729 patients received molnupiravir. Authors emulate a target trial closely matching the MOVe-OUT RCT and u..
May 31
Miyashita et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v15061300 Clinical Efficacy of the Neutralizing Antibody Therapy Sotrovimab in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 Subvariant Infections
55% lower need for oxygen therapy [p<0.0001]. Retrospective 844 patients treated with sotrovimab and matched controls in Japan, showing lower risk of oxygen therapy with treatment.
May 30
Wang et al., JAMA Network Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.15885 Multidimensional Sleep Health Prior to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Risk of Post–COVID-19 Condition
36% lower PASC [p=0.0004]. Retrospective 1,979 nurses in the USA, showing lower risk of long COVID with better sleep quality.
May 29
Saeed et al., University of Thi-Qar Journal of Medicine, 25:1 Vitamin D Deficiency and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19
Analysis of 59 COVID-19 patients and 25 healthy controls in Iraq, showing lower vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients.
May 27
Sheldrick, K., This Scattrd Corn (News) Schedule A: Statement
Dr. Kyle Sheldrick, part of a group of researchers known for false and highly influential claims about ivermectin research, posted a schedule A statement admitting to false claims regarding one of the world's most highly published and res..
May 25
Ducharme et al., BMJ Open, doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064058 Prevention of COVID-19 with oral vitamin D supplemental therapy in essential healthcare teams (PROTECT): protocol for a multicentre, triple-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Report on the PROTECT vitamin D prophylaxis trial for healthcare workers, terminated after 34 patients and providing no results. Authors indicate the trial was terminated for low enrollment due to high use of vitamin D and a high concurre..
May 24
Alobaidy et al., Molecular Biology Reports, doi:10.1007/s11033-023-08515-0 Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 gene expression and markers of oxidative stress are correlated with disease severity in patients with COVID-19
Analysis of 40 COVID-19 ICU patients and 40 matched healthy controls, showing significantly lower melatonin levels in COVID-19 patients.
May 23
Scheim et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm12113625 (meta analysis) When Characteristics of Clinical Trials Require Per-Protocol as Well as Intention-to-Treat Outcomes to Draw Reliable Conclusions: Three Examples
Analysis of PP vs. ITT results in three RCTs, including discussion of multiple critical issues with the ivermectin arm of the TOGETHER trial [Reis]: - conflicting and inconsistent decreases in PP vs. ITT groups between different tables an..
May 23
Nindenshuti et al., INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, doi:10.1177/00469580231175780 (Review) Changes in Diet, Physical Activity, Alcohol Consumption, and Tobacco Use in Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review
Systematic review showing 25 of 25 studies reported a decrease in physical activity and 13 of 13 studies reported an increase in sedentary behavior during the pandemic.
May 22
Souza Neves, F., Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets, doi:10.2174/1871526523666230522114836 Does Widespread Use of Hydroxychloroquine Reduce the Transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19? An Ecological Correlational Study
Analysis of 7 states in Brazil showing that consumption of HCQ was a significant negative predictor of the COVID-19 effective reproduction number (Rt), and that higher HCQ consumption was associated with faster decline of Rt, suggesting a..
May 22
Wada et al., Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1139046 Efficacy and safety of single-dose ivermectin in mild-to-moderate COVID-19: the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled CORVETTE-01 trial
19% lower progression [p=0.46], 14% higher need for oxygen therapy [p=0.46], 23% worse improvement [p=0.61], and 60% improved recovery [p=0.17]. Late treatment (6.6 days after onset/PCR+) RCT with 221 low risk (no deaths) COVID-19 patients in Japan, showing no significant difference in viral clearance with a single dose of ivermectin under fasting. Authors note that a single 200 μ..
May 21
Chen et al., Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2023.112087 Early oral nutritional supplement improves COVID-19 outcomes among hospitalized older patients during the omicron wave
PSM retrospective 1,181 COVID-19 patients ≥60 years old in China, showing significantly lower mortality with a nutritional supplement. Hospitalization time and viral clearance time was improved with earlier initiation of treatment. The su..
May 19
Miguel et al., Free Radical Biology and Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.03.245 Enhanced fatty acid oxidation through Metformin and Baicalin as therapy for COVID-19 and associated inflammatory states in lung and kidney
Retrospective study showing shorter ICU stay with metformin, animal study showing that metformin minimized lung damage in an ARDS model, and in vitro study showing increased mitochondrial function and decreased TGF-β-induced fibrosis, apo..
May 19
Araldi et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.05.19.23290214 (Preprint) Effects of antidiabetic drugs on mortality risks in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study of UK Biobank participants
60% lower mortality [p<0.0001]. UK Biobank retrospective including 43,610 type 2 diabetes patients, showing lower mortality with metformin use within matched type 2 diabetes patients.
May 19
Prabowo et al., Narra J, doi:10.52225/narra.v3i2.121 The role of N-acetylcysteine in decreasing neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in COVID-19 patients: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial
RCT 40 moderate/severe COVID-19 patients in Indonesia, showing significantly lower NLR with N-acetylcysteine treatment.
May 19
Bavaro et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v15051199 Efficacy of Remdesivir and Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies in Monotherapy or Combination Therapy in Reducing the Risk of Disease Progression in Elderly or Immunocompromised Hosts Hospitalized for COVID-19: A Single Center Retrospective Study
7% lower severe cases [p=0.001]. Retrospective 331 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Italy, showing lower progression with remdesivir. Combination therapy with mAbs was more effective, and improved results were seen for immunocompromised patients.
May 19
Schlesinger et al., Diabetologia, doi:10.1007/s00125-023-05928-1 Risk phenotypes of diabetes and association with COVID-19 severity and death: an update of a living systematic review and meta-analysis
31% lower mortality [p<0.0001] and 22% lower severe cases [p<0.0001]. Systematic review and meta analysis showing significantly lower COVID-19 mortality and severity with metformin use. Authors analyze 169 studies of diabetes patients, with 23 reporting mortality results and 34 reporting severity results fo..
May 18
Yang et al., Frontiers in Pharmacology, doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1188086 In silico evidence implicating novel mechanisms of Prunella vulgaris L. as a potential botanical drug against COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury
In Silico study identifying quercetin, luteolin and kaempferol as potentially protective for COVID-19 acute kidney injury.
May 17
Danjuma et al., Elsevier BV, doi:10.2139/ssrn.4447127 (Preprint) Does Colchicine Reduce Mortality in Patients with Covid-19 Clinical Syndrome? An Umbrella Review of Published Meta-Analyses
32% lower mortality [p<0.0001]. Umbrella review of 18 colchicine meta analyses, showing significantly lower COVID-19 mortality with colchicine.
May 16
Tazare et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.23289914 (Preprint) Effectiveness of Sotrovimab and Molnupiravir in community settings in England across the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 sublineages: emulated target trials using the OpenSAFELY platform
9% higher combined mortality/hospitalization [p=0.28]. OpenSAFELY retrospective 75,048 outpatients in the UK, using the clone-censor-weight approach to address immortal time bias, showing no significant difference in combined mortality/hospitalization with molnupiravir treatment.
May 15
Petakh et al., Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114892 The F/B ratio as a biomarker for inflammation in COVID-19 and T2D: Impact of metformin
Analysis of 115 pateints in Ukraine, providing evidence that the gut microbiome may play a role in the inflammatory response of COVID-19 patients, that the firmicutes/bacteroidetes ratio may be a potential biomarker for inflammation, and ..
May 15
Massimo Magro et al., Journal of Modern Biology and Drug Discovery, doi:10.53964/jmbdd.2023004 (Review) Use of Quercetin for Therapeutic Purposes in COVID-19 Infections: The Opinion of the Geriatrician Doctor
Review of the antiviral properties and potential benefits of quercetin for COVID-19.
May 14
Shao et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.05.10.23289325 Composite interventions on outcomes of severely and critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Shanghai, China
29% lower mortality [p=0.16] and 28% worse recovery [p<0.0001]. Retrospective 1,082 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China, showing lower mortality and worse quality of life with paxlovid.
May 13
Jiménez et al., Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127200 Zinc Levels of Patients With A Moderate to Severe COVID-19 Infection at Hospital Admission and After 4th Days of Ward Hospitalization and Their Clinical Outcome
55% lower progression [p=0.22]. Prospective analysis of 100 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Spain, showing higher risk of death/mechanical ventilation/ICU admission with zinc levels <79µg/dL, without statistical significance.
May 12
Pop-Kostova et al., Medical Journal MEDICUS, 28:1 Vitamin D status in patients with COVID-19 – sex differences associated with severity of the disease
Retrospective 115 COVID-19 patients in North Macedonia, showing lower vitamin D levels associated with hospitalization.
May 12
Sindu et al., Transplantation Direct, doi:10.1097/txd.0000000000001485 Pre-exposure Prophylaxis with Tixagevimab-cilgavimab did not Reduce Severity of COVID-19 in Lung Transplant Recipients with Breakthrough Infection
96% higher ventilation [p=0.58], 210% higher ICU admission [p=0.33], 53% lower hospitalization [p=0.18], and 29% fewer symptomatic cases [p=0.14]. Retrospective 546 lung transplant recipients, 203 receiving tixagevimab/cilgavimab, and 343 out of state or declining treatment, showing a trend towards lower incidence of cases, but no significant difference in clinical outcomes.
May 12
Repas et al., The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106329 Normal 24-hour Urine Calcium Concentrations after Long-term Daily Oral Intake of Vitamin D in Doses Ranging from 5000 to 50,000 International Units in 14 Adult Hospitalized Psychiatric Patients
Retrospective psychiatric patients in the USA finding that prolonged daily oral intake of vitamin D3 from 5,000 to 10,000 IU/day was safe. There was no evidence for hypercalcemia, renal failure, calcium crystal formation, nephrolithiasis...
May 11
Kyagambiddwa et al., Infection and Drug Resistance, doi:10.2147/idr.s405256 Thirty-Day Outcomes of Young and Middle-Aged Adults Admitted with Severe COVID-19 in Uganda: A Retrospective Cohort Study
25% lower mortality [p=0.28]. Retrospective 246 severe COVID-19 patients in Uganda, showing lower mortality with zinc treatment in unadjusted results, without statistical significance.
May 11
Vaisi et al., The Clinical Respiratory Journal, doi:10.1111/crj.13632 The association between nutrients and occurrence of COVID-19 outcomes in the population of Western Iran: A cohort study
38% lower hospitalization [p=0.17] and 10% fewer symptomatic cases [p=0.71]. Analysis of nutrient intake and COVID-19 outcomes for 3,996 people in Iran, showing lower risk of COVID-19 hospitalization with sufficient vitamin A, vitamin C, and selenium intake, with statistical significance for vitamin A and selenium.
May 11
Yilgwan et al., Nigerian Medical Journal, 64:2 Clinical profile and Predictors of Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients with Laboratory-Confirmed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Nigeria: A Retrospective Analysis of 13 High Burden States in Nigeria
93% lower mortality [p<0.0001]. Retrospective 3,462 hospitalized COVID-19 patients across 13 states in Nigiera, showing lower mortality with HCQ. Authors note that the improved results compared with many other late stage studies may be related to the dose and experience..
May 10
Longobardi et al., British Journal of Sports Medicine, doi:10.1136/bjsports-2022-106681 Effects of a 16-week home-based exercise training programme on health-related quality of life, functional capacity, and persistent symptoms in survivors of severe/critical COVID-19: a randomised controlled trial
RCT 50 post-severe/critical COVID-19 patients in Brazil, showing improved health-related quality of life with an exercise program (3 times a week, ~60–80 minutes/session, for 16 weeks).
May 10
Torti et al., Elsevier BV, doi:10.2139/ssrn.4444431 (Preprint) Real-Life Comparison of Mortality in Non-Hospitalised Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection at Risk for Clinical Progression Treated with Molnupiravir or Nirmatrevir Plus Ritonavir During the Omicron Era in Italy: A Nationwide, Observational Study
47% higher mortality [p=0.0001]. Prospective study of 17,977 outpatients treated with molnupiravir and 11,576 treated with paxlovid, showing significant mortality with both treatments, and lower mortality with paxlovid.
May 10
AlQadheeb et al., Clinical Infection in Practice, doi:10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229 Impact of common comorbidities on antimicrobial consumption and mortality amongst critically ill COVID-19 patients: A retrospective two center study in Saudi Arabia
35% lower mortality [p=0.0001]. Retrospective 848 ICU patients in Saudi Arabia, showing lower mortality with HCQ in unadjusted results.
May 9
Cardoso et al., Medicina Clínica, doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2023.04.031 Patterns of physical activity and SARS-CoV-2 severe pneumonia: A case–control study
73% lower severe cases [p<0.0001]. Case control study with 307 severe COVID-19 ICU patients and 307 matched COVID-19 outpatients in Brazil, showing significantly higher risk of severe cases with low physical activity.
May 8
Gamarra-Morales et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu15092235 Response to Intravenous N-Acetylcysteine Supplementation in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19
16% lower mortality [p=0.49]. RCT 140 ICU patients in Spain, 72 treated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC). NAC patients showed improved PaO2/FiO2, CRP, D-dimer, and LDH, and there were associations between glutathione and clinical outcomes and severity biomarkers in NAC-tre..
May 8
Wierenga et al., Heart & Lung, doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2023.05.002 Impact of risk for severe COVID-19 illness on physical activity during the pandemic
Analysis of 640 adults in the USA, showing that adults at high risk of severe COVID-19 were disproportionately more likely to be physically inactive and had lower activity levels during the early months of the pandemic.
We aim to cover the most promising early treatments for COVID-19. We use pre-specified effect extraction criteria that prioritizes more serious outcomes, for details see methods. For specific outcomes and different treatment stages see the individual pages. Not all treatments are covered here, effectiveness has been reported for many other treatments in studies. Of the 2,887 studies, 1,813 present results comparing with a control group, 1,636 are treatment studies, and 177 analyze outcomes based on serum levels. There are 33 animal studies, 75 in silico studies, 145 in vitro studies, and 137 meta analyses.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. Vaccines and treatments are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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