COVID-19 early treatment: real-time analysis of 2,887 studies
All studies
Early treatment
Mortality
Early mortality
Prophylaxis
Prophylaxis mortality
Physicians
Recent
Analysis of 51 COVID early treatments,
approvals in 102 countries, database of
3,991 treatments
| Tse | 2,664 patients aspirin prophylaxis PSM: 67% lower combined mortality/intubation [p=0.0003] |
| Wang | 1,979 patient sleep study: 36% lower PASC [p=0.0004] |
| Miyashita | 1,688 patients sotrovimab early treatment: 55% lower need for oxygen therapy [p<0.0001] |
| Sheldrick | Dr. Kyle Sheldrick, part of a group of researchers known for false and highly influential claims about ivermectin research, posted a schedule A.. |
| Jalaludin | Analysis of weather data, air quality, and COVID-19 in Malaysia, showing COVID-19 cases negatively correlated with solar radiation and positively.. |
Treatment cost times median NNT - details and limitations.
0.9% of treatments show efficacy.
Timeline for when studies showed efficacy - details and limitations.
0.9% of treatments show efficacy.
Loading..
All clinical results for selected treatments. 0.9% of treatments show efficacy.
| Random effects meta-analysis of all studies (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.9% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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| Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.9% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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| Random effects meta-analysis of all mortality results (all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages depend on the distribution of stages tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.9% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Loading.. Loading.. | |||||
| Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.9% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Loading.. Loading.. | |||||
| Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.9% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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| Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.9% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. |
| LATE TREATMENT | ||||||
| Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | MortalityDeath | ||
| Dr. David Uip (*) | Brazil | 2,200 | 38.6% (850) | Ref. | 2.5% (54) | Ref. |
| EARLY TREATMENT - 39 physicians/teams | ||||||
| Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | ImprovementImp. | MortalityDeath | ImprovementImp. |
| Dr. Roberto Alfonso Accinelli 0/360 deaths for treatment within 3 days |
Peru | 1,265 | 0.6% (7) | 77.5% | ||
| Dr. Mohammed Tarek Alam patients up to 84 years old |
Bangladesh | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Oluwagbenga Alonge | Nigeria | 310 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Raja Bhattacharya up to 88yo, 81% comorbidities |
India | 148 | 1.4% (2) | 44.9% | ||
| Dr. Flavio Cadegiani | Brazil | 3,450 | 0.1% (4) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Alessandro Capucci | Italy | 350 | 4.6% (16) | 88.2% | ||
| Dr. Shankara Chetty | South Africa | 8,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Deborah Chisholm | USA | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Ryan Cole | USA | 400 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Marco Cosentino vs. 3-3.8% mortality during period; earlier treatment better |
Italy | 392 | 6.4% (25) | 83.5% | 0.3% (1) | 89.6% |
| Dr. Jeff Davis | USA | 6,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Dhanajay | India | 500 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Bryan Tyson & Dr. George Fareed | USA | 20,000 | 0.0% (6) | 99.9% | 0.0% (4) | 99.2% |
| Dr. Raphael Furtado | Brazil | 170 | 0.6% (1) | 98.5% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Heather Gessling | USA | 1,500 | 0.1% (1) | 97.3% | ||
| Dr. Ellen Guimarães | Brazil | 500 | 1.6% (8) | 95.9% | 0.4% (2) | 83.7% |
| Dr. Syed Haider | USA | 4,000 | 0.1% (5) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Mark Hancock | USA | 24 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Sabine Hazan | USA | 1,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Mollie James | USA | 3,500 | 1.1% (40) | 97.0% | 0.0% (1) | 98.8% |
| Dr. Roberta Lacerda | Brazil | 550 | 1.5% (8) | 96.2% | 0.4% (2) | 85.2% |
| Dr. Katarina Lindley | USA | 100 | 5.0% (5) | 87.1% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Ben Marble | USA | 150,000 | 0.0% (4) | 99.9% | ||
| Dr. Edimilson Migowski | Brazil | 2,000 | 0.3% (7) | 99.1% | 0.1% (2) | 95.9% |
| Dr. Abdulrahman Mohana | Saudi Arabia | 2,733 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Carlos Nigro | Brazil | 5,000 | 0.9% (45) | 97.7% | 0.5% (23) | 81.3% |
| Dr. Benoit Ochs | Luxembourg | 800 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Ortore | Italy | 240 | 1.2% (3) | 96.8% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Valerio Pascua one death for a patient presenting on the 5th day in need of supplemental oxygen |
Honduras | 415 | 6.3% (26) | 83.8% | 0.2% (1) | 90.2% |
| Dr. Sebastian Pop | Romania | 300 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Brian Proctor | USA | 869 | 2.3% (20) | 94.0% | 0.2% (2) | 90.6% |
| Dr. Anastacio Queiroz | Brazil | 700 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Didier Raoult | France | 8,315 | 2.6% (214) | 93.3% | 0.1% (5) | 97.6% |
| Dr. Karin Ried up to 99yo, 73% comorbidities, av. age 63 |
Turkey | 237 | 0.4% (1) | 82.8% | ||
| Dr. Roman Rozencwaig patients up to 86 years old |
Canada | 80 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Vipul Shah | India | 8,000 | 0.1% (5) | 97.5% | ||
| Dr. Silvestre Sobrinho | Brazil | 116 | 8.6% (10) | 77.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Unknown | Brazil | 957 | 1.7% (16) | 95.7% | 0.2% (2) | 91.5% |
| Dr. Vladimir Zelenko | USA | 2,200 | 0.5% (12) | 98.6% | 0.1% (2) | 96.3% |
| Mean improvement with early treatment protocols | 237,521 | HospitalizationHosp. | 94.1% | MortalityDeath | 94.7% | |
Physician results with early treatment protocols compared to
no early treatment. These results are subject to selection and ascertainment
bias and more accurate analysis requires details of the patient populations
and followup, however results are consistently better across many teams, and consistent
with the extensive controlled trial evidence that shows a significant
reduction in risk with many early treatments, and improved results with the
use of multiple treatments in combination.
Treatment |
Improvement (early) |
Studies (early) |
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| PXProxalutamide | 71% | 3 |
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| BLBamlaniv../e.. | 63% | 10 |
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| (H)CQHydroxychlor.. | 62% | 36 |
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| IVMIvermectin | 62% | 37 |
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| V.DVitamin D | 60% | 11 |
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| BUBudesonide | 49% | 2 |
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| CICasirivimab/i.. | 47% | 21 |
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| FVFluvoxamine | 43% | 8 |
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| ZnZinc | 41% | 6 |
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| RDRemdesivir | 40% | 6 |
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| PLPaxlovid | 38% | 27 |
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| V.CVitamin C | 37% | 6 |
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| FPVFavipiravir | 23% | 18 |
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| SSotrovimab | 20% | 16 |
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| MPMolnupiravir | 16% | 29 |
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| ACEAcetaminophen | -17% | 3 |
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| TCTixagev../c.. | -29% | 2 |
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| IBIbuprofen | -52% | 2 |
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Early treatments approved by >2 countries. 102 countries have officially approved treatments.
Details.
| Miyashita | 1,688 patients early treatment: 55% lower need for oxygen therapy [p<0.0001] |
| Sheldrick | Dr. Kyle Sheldrick, part of a group of researchers known for false and highly influential claims about ivermectin research, posted a schedule A.. |
| Scheim | Analysis of PP vs. ITT results in three RCTs, including discussion of multiple critical issues with the ivermectin arm of the TOGETHER trial [1]: -.. |
| Jalaludin | Analysis of weather data, air quality, and COVID-19 in Malaysia, showing COVID-19 cases negatively correlated with solar radiation and positively.. |
| Butt | 65,010 patients early treatment: 9% higher combined mortality/hospitalization [p=0.75] |
| Taslim | 60 patient late treatment RCT: 71% lower need for oxygen therapy [p=0.01], 21% shorter hospitalization [p=0.0002], and 38% faster viral clearance [p<0.0001] |
| Capraru | Retrospective 1,376 patients in Romania, showing vitamin D levels inversely related to COVID-19 symptoms, severity, ICU admission, and death. |
| Ducharme | Report on the PROTECT vitamin D prophylaxis trial for healthcare workers, terminated after 34 patients and providing no results. Authors indicate.. |
| Pop-Kostova | Retrospective 115 COVID-19 patients in North Macedonia, showing lower vitamin D levels associated with hospitalization. |
| Chen | PSM retrospective 1,181 COVID-19 patients ≥60 years old in China, showing significantly lower mortality with a nutritional supplement... |
| Cardoso | 614 patients: 73% lower severe cases [p<0.0001] |
| Nindenshuti | Systematic review showing 25 of 25 studies reported a decrease in physical activity and 13 of 13 studies reported an increase in sedentary behavior.. |
| Alobaidy | Analysis of 40 COVID-19 ICU patients and 40 matched healthy controls, showing significantly lower melatonin levels in COVID-19 patients. |
| Chen | PSM retrospective 1,181 COVID-19 patients ≥60 years old in China, showing significantly lower mortality with a nutritional supplement... |
| Chen | PSM retrospective 1,181 COVID-19 patients ≥60 years old in China, showing significantly lower mortality with a nutritional supplement... |
| Chen | PSM retrospective 1,181 COVID-19 patients ≥60 years old in China, showing significantly lower mortality with a nutritional supplement... |
| Chen | PSM retrospective 1,181 COVID-19 patients ≥60 years old in China, showing significantly lower mortality with a nutritional supplement... |
| Miguel | Retrospective study showing shorter ICU stay with metformin, animal study showing that metformin minimized lung damage in an ARDS model, and in.. |
| Sindu | 546 patients prophylaxis PSM: 96% higher ventilation [p=0.58], 210% higher ICU admission [p=0.33], 53% lower hospitalization [p=0.18], and 29% fewer symptomatic cases [p=0.14] |
Recent studies (see the individual treatment pages for all studies):
Jun 2 |
et al., Heart, doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2023-BCS.211 | Aspirin is associated with lower risks of severe covid-19 disease: a population-based study |
| 67% lower combined mortality/intubation [p=0.0003]. PSM retrospective 2,664 COVID-19 hospitalized patients receiving steroids/antiviral therapy in Hong Kong, showing lower risk of combined death/intubation with aspirin use. | ||
Jun 2 |
et al., Atmosphere, doi:10.3390/atmos14060973 | The Impact of Air Quality and Meteorology on COVID-19 Cases at Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, Malaysia and Prediction Using Machine Learning |
| Analysis of weather data, air quality, and COVID-19 in Malaysia, showing COVID-19 cases negatively correlated with solar radiation and positively correlated with air pollution. | ||
Jun 1 |
et al., IJID Regions, doi:10.1016/j.ijregi.2023.05.007 | An investigation of the correlation of vitamin D status and management outcomes in patients with severe COVID-19 at a South African tertiary hospital |
| 1% lower mortality [p=0.97]. Prospective analysis of 68 COVID-19 ICU patients in South Africa, showing a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency. There was no significant difference in mortality based on vitamin D sufficiency, however this result does n.. | ||
Jun 1 |
et al., Intervirology, doi:10.1159/000530906 | Impact of Age and Clinico-Biochemical Parameters on Clinical severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection |
| 72% lower severe cases [p=0.007]. Retrospective 236 COVID-19 patients in India, showing higher risk of severe cases with vitamin D deficiency. | ||
Jun 1 |
et al., The Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/infdis/jiad195 | Molnupiravir Use and 30-Day Hospitalizations or Death in Previously Uninfected Non-hospitalized High-risk Population with COVID-19 |
| 9% higher combined mortality/hospitalization [p=0.75]. Retrospective 65,010 veterans in the USA, showing no significant difference in hospitalization/death with molnupiravir treatment. 1,729 patients received molnupiravir. Authors emulate a target trial closely matching the MOVe-OUT RCT and u.. | ||
May 31 |
et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v15061300 | Clinical Efficacy of the Neutralizing Antibody Therapy Sotrovimab in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 Subvariant Infections |
| 55% lower need for oxygen therapy [p<0.0001]. Retrospective 844 patients treated with sotrovimab and matched controls in Japan, showing lower risk of oxygen therapy with treatment. | ||
May 30 |
et al., JAMA Network Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.15885 | Multidimensional Sleep Health Prior to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Risk of Post–COVID-19 Condition |
| 36% lower PASC [p=0.0004]. Retrospective 1,979 nurses in the USA, showing lower risk of long COVID with better sleep quality. | ||
May 29 |
et al., University of Thi-Qar Journal of Medicine, 25:1 | Vitamin D Deficiency and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19 |
| Analysis of 59 COVID-19 patients and 25 healthy controls in Iraq, showing lower vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients. | ||
May 27 |
, K., This Scattrd Corn (News) | Schedule A: Statement |
| Dr. Kyle Sheldrick, part of a group of researchers known for false and highly influential claims about ivermectin research, posted a schedule A statement admitting to false claims regarding one of the world's most highly published and res.. | ||
May 25 |
et al., BMJ Open, doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064058 | Prevention of COVID-19 with oral vitamin D supplemental therapy in essential healthcare teams (PROTECT): protocol for a multicentre, triple-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial |
| Report on the PROTECT vitamin D prophylaxis trial for healthcare workers, terminated after 34 patients and providing no results. Authors indicate the trial was terminated for low enrollment due to high use of vitamin D and a high concurre.. | ||
May 24 |
et al., Molecular Biology Reports, doi:10.1007/s11033-023-08515-0 | Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 gene expression and markers of oxidative stress are correlated with disease severity in patients with COVID-19 |
| Analysis of 40 COVID-19 ICU patients and 40 matched healthy controls, showing significantly lower melatonin levels in COVID-19 patients. | ||
May 23 |
et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm12113625 (meta analysis) | When Characteristics of Clinical Trials Require Per-Protocol as Well as Intention-to-Treat Outcomes to Draw Reliable Conclusions: Three Examples |
| Analysis of PP vs. ITT results in three RCTs, including discussion of multiple critical issues with the ivermectin arm of the TOGETHER trial [Reis]: - conflicting and inconsistent decreases in PP vs. ITT groups between different tables an.. | ||
May 23 |
et al., INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, doi:10.1177/00469580231175780 (Review) | Changes in Diet, Physical Activity, Alcohol Consumption, and Tobacco Use in Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review |
| Systematic review showing 25 of 25 studies reported a decrease in physical activity and 13 of 13 studies reported an increase in sedentary behavior during the pandemic. | ||
May 22 |
, F., Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets, doi:10.2174/1871526523666230522114836 | Does Widespread Use of Hydroxychloroquine Reduce the Transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19? An Ecological Correlational Study |
| Analysis of 7 states in Brazil showing that consumption of HCQ was a significant negative predictor of the COVID-19 effective reproduction number (Rt), and that higher HCQ consumption was associated with faster decline of Rt, suggesting a.. | ||
May 22 |
et al., Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1139046 | Efficacy and safety of single-dose ivermectin in mild-to-moderate COVID-19: the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled CORVETTE-01 trial |
| 19% lower progression [p=0.46], 14% higher need for oxygen therapy [p=0.46], 23% worse improvement [p=0.61], and 60% improved recovery [p=0.17]. Late treatment (6.6 days after onset/PCR+) RCT with 221 low risk (no deaths) COVID-19 patients in Japan, showing no significant difference in viral clearance with a single dose of ivermectin under fasting. Authors note that a single 200 μ.. | ||
May 21 |
et al., Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2023.112087 | Early oral nutritional supplement improves COVID-19 outcomes among hospitalized older patients during the omicron wave |
| PSM retrospective 1,181 COVID-19 patients ≥60 years old in China, showing significantly lower mortality with a nutritional supplement. Hospitalization time and viral clearance time was improved with earlier initiation of treatment. The su.. | ||
May 19 |
et al., Free Radical Biology and Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.03.245 | Enhanced fatty acid oxidation through Metformin and Baicalin as therapy for COVID-19 and associated inflammatory states in lung and kidney |
| Retrospective study showing shorter ICU stay with metformin, animal study showing that metformin minimized lung damage in an ARDS model, and in vitro study showing increased mitochondrial function and decreased TGF-β-induced fibrosis, apo.. | ||
May 19 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.05.19.23290214 (Preprint) | Effects of antidiabetic drugs on mortality risks in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study of UK Biobank participants |
| 60% lower mortality [p<0.0001]. UK Biobank retrospective including 43,610 type 2 diabetes patients, showing lower mortality with metformin use within matched type 2 diabetes patients. | ||
May 19 |
et al., Narra J, doi:10.52225/narra.v3i2.121 | The role of N-acetylcysteine in decreasing neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in COVID-19 patients: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial |
| RCT 40 moderate/severe COVID-19 patients in Indonesia, showing significantly lower NLR with N-acetylcysteine treatment. | ||
May 19 |
et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v15051199 | Efficacy of Remdesivir and Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies in Monotherapy or Combination Therapy in Reducing the Risk of Disease Progression in Elderly or Immunocompromised Hosts Hospitalized for COVID-19: A Single Center Retrospective Study |
| 7% lower severe cases [p=0.001]. Retrospective 331 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Italy, showing lower progression with remdesivir. Combination therapy with mAbs was more effective, and improved results were seen for immunocompromised patients. | ||
May 19 |
et al., Diabetologia, doi:10.1007/s00125-023-05928-1 | Risk phenotypes of diabetes and association with COVID-19 severity and death: an update of a living systematic review and meta-analysis |
| 31% lower mortality [p<0.0001] and 22% lower severe cases [p<0.0001]. Systematic review and meta analysis showing significantly lower COVID-19 mortality and severity with metformin use. Authors analyze 169 studies of diabetes patients, with 23 reporting mortality results and 34 reporting severity results fo.. | ||
May 18 |
et al., Frontiers in Pharmacology, doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1188086 | In silico evidence implicating novel mechanisms of Prunella vulgaris L. as a potential botanical drug against COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury |
| In Silico study identifying quercetin, luteolin and kaempferol as potentially protective for COVID-19 acute kidney injury. | ||
May 17 |
et al., Elsevier BV, doi:10.2139/ssrn.4447127 (Preprint) | Does Colchicine Reduce Mortality in Patients with Covid-19 Clinical Syndrome? An Umbrella Review of Published Meta-Analyses |
| 32% lower mortality [p<0.0001]. Umbrella review of 18 colchicine meta analyses, showing significantly lower COVID-19 mortality with colchicine. | ||
May 16 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.23289914 (Preprint) | Effectiveness of Sotrovimab and Molnupiravir in community settings in England across the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 sublineages: emulated target trials using the OpenSAFELY platform |
| 9% higher combined mortality/hospitalization [p=0.28]. OpenSAFELY retrospective 75,048 outpatients in the UK, using the clone-censor-weight approach to address immortal time bias, showing no significant difference in combined mortality/hospitalization with molnupiravir treatment. | ||
May 15 |
et al., Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114892 | The F/B ratio as a biomarker for inflammation in COVID-19 and T2D: Impact of metformin |
| Analysis of 115 pateints in Ukraine, providing evidence that the gut microbiome may play a role in the inflammatory response of COVID-19 patients, that the firmicutes/bacteroidetes ratio may be a potential biomarker for inflammation, and .. | ||
May 15 |
et al., Journal of Modern Biology and Drug Discovery, doi:10.53964/jmbdd.2023004 (Review) | Use of Quercetin for Therapeutic Purposes in COVID-19 Infections: The Opinion of the Geriatrician Doctor |
| Review of the antiviral properties and potential benefits of quercetin for COVID-19. | ||
May 14 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.05.10.23289325 | Composite interventions on outcomes of severely and critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Shanghai, China |
| 29% lower mortality [p=0.16] and 28% worse recovery [p<0.0001]. Retrospective 1,082 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China, showing lower mortality and worse quality of life with paxlovid. | ||
May 13 |
et al., Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127200 | Zinc Levels of Patients With A Moderate to Severe COVID-19 Infection at Hospital Admission and After 4th Days of Ward Hospitalization and Their Clinical Outcome |
| 55% lower progression [p=0.22]. Prospective analysis of 100 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Spain, showing higher risk of death/mechanical ventilation/ICU admission with zinc levels <79µg/dL, without statistical significance. | ||
May 12 |
et al., Medical Journal MEDICUS, 28:1 | Vitamin D status in patients with COVID-19 – sex differences associated with severity of the disease |
| Retrospective 115 COVID-19 patients in North Macedonia, showing lower vitamin D levels associated with hospitalization. | ||
May 12 |
et al., Transplantation Direct, doi:10.1097/txd.0000000000001485 | Pre-exposure Prophylaxis with Tixagevimab-cilgavimab did not Reduce Severity of COVID-19 in Lung Transplant Recipients with Breakthrough Infection |
| 96% higher ventilation [p=0.58], 210% higher ICU admission [p=0.33], 53% lower hospitalization [p=0.18], and 29% fewer symptomatic cases [p=0.14]. Retrospective 546 lung transplant recipients, 203 receiving tixagevimab/cilgavimab, and 343 out of state or declining treatment, showing a trend towards lower incidence of cases, but no significant difference in clinical outcomes. | ||
May 12 |
et al., The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106329 | Normal 24-hour Urine Calcium Concentrations after Long-term Daily Oral Intake of Vitamin D in Doses Ranging from 5000 to 50,000 International Units in 14 Adult Hospitalized Psychiatric Patients |
| Retrospective psychiatric patients in the USA finding that prolonged daily oral intake of vitamin D3 from 5,000 to 10,000 IU/day was safe. There was no evidence for hypercalcemia, renal failure, calcium crystal formation, nephrolithiasis... | ||
May 11 |
et al., Infection and Drug Resistance, doi:10.2147/idr.s405256 | Thirty-Day Outcomes of Young and Middle-Aged Adults Admitted with Severe COVID-19 in Uganda: A Retrospective Cohort Study |
| 25% lower mortality [p=0.28]. Retrospective 246 severe COVID-19 patients in Uganda, showing lower mortality with zinc treatment in unadjusted results, without statistical significance. | ||
May 11 |
et al., The Clinical Respiratory Journal, doi:10.1111/crj.13632 | The association between nutrients and occurrence of COVID-19 outcomes in the population of Western Iran: A cohort study |
| 38% lower hospitalization [p=0.17] and 10% fewer symptomatic cases [p=0.71]. Analysis of nutrient intake and COVID-19 outcomes for 3,996 people in Iran, showing lower risk of COVID-19 hospitalization with sufficient vitamin A, vitamin C, and selenium intake, with statistical significance for vitamin A and selenium. | ||
May 11 |
et al., Nigerian Medical Journal, 64:2 | Clinical profile and Predictors of Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients with Laboratory-Confirmed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Nigeria: A Retrospective Analysis of 13 High Burden States in Nigeria |
| 93% lower mortality [p<0.0001]. Retrospective 3,462 hospitalized COVID-19 patients across 13 states in Nigiera, showing lower mortality with HCQ. Authors note that the improved results compared with many other late stage studies may be related to the dose and experience.. | ||
May 10 |
et al., British Journal of Sports Medicine, doi:10.1136/bjsports-2022-106681 | Effects of a 16-week home-based exercise training programme on health-related quality of life, functional capacity, and persistent symptoms in survivors of severe/critical COVID-19: a randomised controlled trial |
| RCT 50 post-severe/critical COVID-19 patients in Brazil, showing improved health-related quality of life with an exercise program (3 times a week, ~60–80 minutes/session, for 16 weeks). | ||
May 10 |
et al., Elsevier BV, doi:10.2139/ssrn.4444431 (Preprint) | Real-Life Comparison of Mortality in Non-Hospitalised Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection at Risk for Clinical Progression Treated with Molnupiravir or Nirmatrevir Plus Ritonavir During the Omicron Era in Italy: A Nationwide, Observational Study |
| 47% higher mortality [p=0.0001]. Prospective study of 17,977 outpatients treated with molnupiravir and 11,576 treated with paxlovid, showing significant mortality with both treatments, and lower mortality with paxlovid. | ||
May 10 |
et al., Clinical Infection in Practice, doi:10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229 | Impact of common comorbidities on antimicrobial consumption and mortality amongst critically ill COVID-19 patients: A retrospective two center study in Saudi Arabia |
| 35% lower mortality [p=0.0001]. Retrospective 848 ICU patients in Saudi Arabia, showing lower mortality with HCQ in unadjusted results. | ||
May 9 |
et al., Medicina Clínica, doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2023.04.031 | Patterns of physical activity and SARS-CoV-2 severe pneumonia: A case–control study |
| 73% lower severe cases [p<0.0001]. Case control study with 307 severe COVID-19 ICU patients and 307 matched COVID-19 outpatients in Brazil, showing significantly higher risk of severe cases with low physical activity. | ||
May 8 |
et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu15092235 | Response to Intravenous N-Acetylcysteine Supplementation in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 |
| 16% lower mortality [p=0.49]. RCT 140 ICU patients in Spain, 72 treated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC). NAC patients showed improved PaO2/FiO2, CRP, D-dimer, and LDH, and there were associations between glutathione and clinical outcomes and severity biomarkers in NAC-tre.. | ||
May 8 |
et al., Heart & Lung, doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2023.05.002 | Impact of risk for severe COVID-19 illness on physical activity during the pandemic |
| Analysis of 640 adults in the USA, showing that adults at high risk of severe COVID-19 were disproportionately more likely to be physically inactive and had lower activity levels during the early months of the pandemic. | ||
We aim to cover the most promising early treatments for
COVID-19. We use pre-specified effect extraction criteria that prioritizes
more serious outcomes, for details see methods. For specific
outcomes and different treatment stages see the individual pages. Not all
treatments are covered here, effectiveness has been reported for many other treatments in studies.
Of the 2,887 studies,
1,813 present results comparing with a control group,
1,636 are treatment studies, and
177 analyze outcomes based on serum levels. There are
33 animal studies,
75 in silico studies,
145 in vitro studies,
and 137 meta analyses.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. Vaccines and
treatments are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should
be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention
is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not
provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified
physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and
benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH
provide treatment protocols.
Thanks for your feedback! Please search before submitting papers and note
that studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may be
the date of an earlier preprint.