COVID-19 early treatment: real-time analysis of 3,388 studies
Analysis of 57 COVID-19 early treatments,
approvals in 102 countries, database of
5,710 treatments
| Eleraky | Analysis of a curcumin transferosome-loaded thermosensitive intranasal in situ gel formulation showing promising antiviral effects against SARS-CoV.. |
| Pan | In Silico and In Vitro study of quercetin showing inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 for wildtype and 6 different variants. Molecular docking and dynamics.. |
| Wang | Systematic review and meta-analysis of 15 non-COVID-19 preclinical studies of metformin for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or acute lung.. |
| Saheb Sharif-Askari | Cytometric analysis of the blood of 62 COVID-19 patients. Patients with severe COVID-19 had higher levels of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and.. |
| Iwata | 86 patient favipiravir early treatment RCT: 16% higher need for oxygen therapy (p=0.73) and 16% worse viral clearance (p=0.66) |
Treatment cost times median NNT - details and limitations.
0.7% of treatments show efficacy.
Timeline for when studies showed efficacy - details and limitations.
0.7% of treatments show efficacy.
Loading..
All clinical results for selected treatments. 0.7% of treatments show efficacy.
Loading..
| Random effects meta-analysis of all studies (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.7% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
|
Loading.. Loading.. | |||||
| Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.7% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
|
Loading.. Loading.. | |||||
| Random effects meta-analysis of all mortality results (all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages depend on the distribution of stages tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.7% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
|
Loading.. Loading.. | |||||
| Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.7% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
|
Loading.. Loading.. | |||||
| Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.7% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
|
Loading.. Loading.. | |||||
| Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.7% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. |
| LATE TREATMENT | ||||||
| Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | MortalityDeath | ||
| Dr. David Uip (*) | Brazil | 2,200 | 38.6% (850) | Ref. | 2.5% (54) | Ref. |
| EARLY TREATMENT - 39 physicians/teams | ||||||
| Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | ImprovementImp. | MortalityDeath | ImprovementImp. |
| Dr. Roberto Alfonso Accinelli 0/360 deaths for treatment within 3 days |
Peru | 1,265 | 0.6% (7) | 77.5% | ||
| Dr. Mohammed Tarek Alam patients up to 84 years old |
Bangladesh | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Oluwagbenga Alonge | Nigeria | 310 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Raja Bhattacharya up to 88yo, 81% comorbidities |
India | 148 | 1.4% (2) | 44.9% | ||
| Dr. Flavio Cadegiani | Brazil | 3,450 | 0.1% (4) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Alessandro Capucci | Italy | 350 | 4.6% (16) | 88.2% | ||
| Dr. Shankara Chetty | South Africa | 8,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Deborah Chisholm | USA | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Ryan Cole | USA | 400 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Marco Cosentino vs. 3-3.8% mortality during period; earlier treatment better |
Italy | 392 | 6.4% (25) | 83.5% | 0.3% (1) | 89.6% |
| Dr. Jeff Davis | USA | 6,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Dhanajay | India | 500 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Bryan Tyson & Dr. George Fareed | USA | 20,000 | 0.0% (6) | 99.9% | 0.0% (4) | 99.2% |
| Dr. Raphael Furtado | Brazil | 170 | 0.6% (1) | 98.5% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Heather Gessling | USA | 1,500 | 0.1% (1) | 97.3% | ||
| Dr. Ellen Guimarães | Brazil | 500 | 1.6% (8) | 95.9% | 0.4% (2) | 83.7% |
| Dr. Syed Haider | USA | 4,000 | 0.1% (5) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Mark Hancock | USA | 24 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Sabine Hazan | USA | 1,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Mollie James | USA | 3,500 | 1.1% (40) | 97.0% | 0.0% (1) | 98.8% |
| Dr. Roberta Lacerda | Brazil | 550 | 1.5% (8) | 96.2% | 0.4% (2) | 85.2% |
| Dr. Katarina Lindley | USA | 100 | 5.0% (5) | 87.1% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Ben Marble | USA | 150,000 | 0.0% (4) | 99.9% | ||
| Dr. Edimilson Migowski | Brazil | 2,000 | 0.3% (7) | 99.1% | 0.1% (2) | 95.9% |
| Dr. Abdulrahman Mohana | Saudi Arabia | 2,733 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Carlos Nigro | Brazil | 5,000 | 0.9% (45) | 97.7% | 0.5% (23) | 81.3% |
| Dr. Benoit Ochs | Luxembourg | 800 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Ortore | Italy | 240 | 1.2% (3) | 96.8% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Valerio Pascua one death for a patient presenting on the 5th day in need of supplemental oxygen |
Honduras | 415 | 6.3% (26) | 83.8% | 0.2% (1) | 90.2% |
| Dr. Sebastian Pop | Romania | 300 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Brian Proctor | USA | 869 | 2.3% (20) | 94.0% | 0.2% (2) | 90.6% |
| Dr. Anastacio Queiroz | Brazil | 700 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Didier Raoult | France | 8,315 | 2.6% (214) | 93.3% | 0.1% (5) | 97.6% |
| Dr. Karin Ried up to 99yo, 73% comorbidities, av. age 63 |
Turkey | 237 | 0.4% (1) | 82.8% | ||
| Dr. Roman Rozencwaig patients up to 86 years old |
Canada | 80 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Vipul Shah | India | 8,000 | 0.1% (5) | 97.5% | ||
| Dr. Silvestre Sobrinho | Brazil | 116 | 8.6% (10) | 77.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Unknown | Brazil | 957 | 1.7% (16) | 95.7% | 0.2% (2) | 91.5% |
| Dr. Vladimir Zelenko | USA | 2,200 | 0.5% (12) | 98.6% | 0.1% (2) | 96.3% |
| Mean improvement with early treatment protocols | 237,521 | HospitalizationHosp. | 94.1% | MortalityDeath | 94.7% | |
Physician results with early treatment protocols compared to
no early treatment. These results are subject to selection and ascertainment
bias and more accurate analysis requires details of the patient populations
and followup, however results are consistently better across many teams, and consistent
with the extensive controlled trial evidence that shows a significant
reduction in risk with many early treatments, and improved results with the
use of multiple treatments in combination.
Treatment |
Improvement (early) |
Studies (early) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PXProxalutamide | 71% | 3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (H)CQHydroxychlor.. | 65% | 38 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| IVMIvermectin | 62% | 37 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| V.DVitamin D | 60% | 11 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| BLBamlaniv../e.. | 59% | 11 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| BUBudesonide | 49% | 2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| CICasirivimab/i.. | 47% | 21 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| FVFluvoxamine | 43% | 11 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| RDRemdesivir | 41% | 7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ZnZinc | 41% | 6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| V.CVitamin C | 37% | 6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| SSotrovimab | 29% | 19 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| PLPaxlovid | 25% | 35 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| NACN-acetylcys.. | 21% | 2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| FPVFavipiravir | 17% | 20 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| MPMolnupiravir | 16% | 29 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ACEAcetaminophen | -17% | 3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| TCTixagev../c.. | -29% | 2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| IBIbuprofen | -52% | 2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Early treatments approved by >2 countries. 102 countries have officially approved treatments.
Details.
| Eleraky | Analysis of a curcumin transferosome-loaded thermosensitive intranasal in situ gel formulation showing promising antiviral effects against SARS-CoV.. |
| Pan | In Silico and In Vitro study of quercetin showing inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 for wildtype and 6 different variants. Molecular docking and dynamics.. |
| Wang | Systematic review and meta-analysis of 15 non-COVID-19 preclinical studies of metformin for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or acute lung.. |
| Saheb Sharif-Askari | Cytometric analysis of the blood of 62 COVID-19 patients. Patients with severe COVID-19 had higher levels of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and.. |
| Saheb Sharif-Askari | 45 patients ICU: 36% shorter ICU admission (p=0.01) |
| Meng | Meta analysis: 19% lower mortality (p=0.13), 42% lower ventilation (p=0.005), 37% lower ICU admission (p=0.01), and 69% fewer cases (p=0.12) |
| Iwata | 86 patient early treatment RCT: 16% higher need for oxygen therapy (p=0.73) and 16% worse viral clearance (p=0.66) |
| Dhanger | 80 patient late treatment RCT: 43% lower mortality (p=0.52), 78% lower ICU admission (p<0.0001), and 70% improved recovery (p<0.0001) |
| Elkazzaz | In Silico study analyzing the potential role of the STRA6 vitamin A receptor in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Authors found that the SARS-CoV-2 spike.. |
| Zhou | In Vitro and mouse study highlighting selenium's potential for COVID-19 treatment through modulation of cytokines, selenoproteins, and immune cells... |
| Erfani | 34 patient late treatment RCT: 75% lower ICU admission (p=0.34) and 1% longer hospitalization (p=0.97) |
| Tan | 43 patients late treatment: 80% lower need for oxygen therapy (p=0.04) and 81% lower ICU admission (p=0.07) |
| Galmés | Ecological study of European countries analyzing 10 vitamins and minerals endorsed by the European Food Safety Authority as having sufficient.. |
| Galmés | Ecological study in Spain, showing lower intake of vitamin D, A, B9, and zinc in regions with the highest COVID-19 incidence and mortality. Vitamin.. |
| Kandeel | In Silico study of 1,500 FDA-approved drugs finding that vitamin B12 had strong binding affinity with SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, and may be beneficial for.. |
| Batista | Review of the benefits of vitamin B12 for viral infections, including immune modulation, metabolic effects, and symptom relief, summary of previous.. |
| Hegazy | Retrospective 68 COVID-19 patients showing higher healthy eating index scores associated with lower risk of moderate vs. mild COVID-19. |
| Molina-Carballo | Retrospective 62 patients taking relatively high doses of melatonin since before the pandemic, showing relatively low incidence of COVID-19, and.. |
Recent studies (see the individual treatment pages for all studies):
Oct 17 |
et al., Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2023.10.029 | Quercetin: A promising drug candidate against the potential SARS-CoV-2-Spike mutants with high viral infectivity |
| In Silico and In Vitro study of quercetin showing inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 for wildtype and 6 different variants. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation analyses showed that quercetin binds in a cavity at the spike-ACE2 interface, sugg.. | ||
Oct 17 |
et al., Lupus Science & Medicine, doi:10.1136/lupus-2023-000945 | COVID-19 prognosis in systemic lupus erythematosus compared with rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis: results from the CONTROL-19 Study by the Italian Society for Rheumatology |
| 41% lower combined mortality/intubation (p=0.38). Retrospective 103 SLE and 524 RA patients in Italy, showing significantly lower mortality/ventilation with HCQ use for SLE patients, and no significant difference for RA patients in unadjusted results. Authors did not include HCQ in multi.. | ||
Oct 16 |
et al., International Journal of Nanomedicine, doi:10.2147/IJN.S423251 | Curcumin Transferosome-Loaded Thermosensitive Intranasal in situ Gel as Prospective Antiviral Therapy for SARS-Cov-2 |
| Analysis of a curcumin transferosome-loaded thermosensitive intranasal in situ gel formulation showing promising antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and improved curcumin delivery in vivo. Encapsulation in transferosomes and inc.. | ||
Oct 13 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-023-43675-w | Increased blood immune regulatory cells in severe COVID-19 with autoantibodies to type I interferons |
| Cytometric analysis of the blood of 62 COVID-19 patients. Patients with severe COVID-19 had higher levels of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and regulatory B cells (Bregs) compared to patients with mild disease. Tregs and Bregs help control in.. | ||
Oct 12 |
et al., Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy, doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2023.10.010 | Findings from a discontinued clinical trial of favipiravir in high-risk patients with early-onset COVID-19 |
| 16% higher need for oxygen therapy (p=0.73) and 16% worse viral clearance (p=0.66). Early terminated RCT 84 patients in Japan, showing no significant difference in outcomes with favipiravir treatment. There was a trend for improved efficacy for patients enrolled within 48 hours of symptom onset. | ||
Oct 11 |
et al., IDWeek 2023 | Use of Paxlovid for Treatment of Acute COVID-19 and Occurrence of Post-COVID Conditions among Children and Adults at High-Risk for Severe COVID-19, April 1 - December 31, 2022 |
| 8% lower PASC (p<0.0001). Retrospective 297,662 paxlovid patients in the USA, showing lower risk of post-COVID conditions for patients 50+, no significant difference for ages 18-49, and higher risk for age 12-17. | ||
Oct 6 |
et al., Journal of Infection and Public Health, doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2023.10.010 | The Real-World Effectiveness of Fluvoxamine Therapy in Mild to Moderate COVID-19 Patients; a Historical Cohort Study (Fluvoxa Trial) |
| 67% higher need for oxygen therapy (p=0.02), 42% lower progression (p=0.08), 34% improved recovery (p<0.0001), and 4% worse viral clearance (p=0.66). Retrospective 752 patients in Thailand showing mixed results with 50mg fluvoxamine bid. Authors note that trials showing benefit mostly used 100mg bid. | ||
Oct 5 |
et al., Journal of Infection and Public Health, doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2023.10.007 | Clinical outcomes of nirmatrelvir-ritonavir use in pregnant women during the Omicron wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic |
| 633% higher need for oxygen therapy (p=0.05) and 35% faster recovery (p=0.04). Retrospective 85 pregnant patients in Taiwan, 30 treated with paxlovid, showing higher oxygen requirements, not quite reaching statistical significance (p=0.05), and faster recovery. Patients taking paxlovid for less than three consecutiv.. | ||
Oct 4 |
et al., Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, doi:10.5530/ijper.57.4.126 | In silico Discovering STRA 6 Vitamin A Receptor, as a Novel Binding Receptor of COVID-19 |
| In Silico study analyzing the potential role of the STRA6 vitamin A receptor in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Authors found that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds strongly to STRA6, suggesting potential use in addition to ACE2. Binding to STRA6 .. | ||
Oct 2 |
et al., BMC Nutrition, doi:10.1186/s40795-023-00727-8 | Beneficial role of healthy eating Index-2015 score & physical activity on COVID-19 outcomes |
| Retrospective 68 COVID-19 patients showing higher healthy eating index scores associated with lower risk of moderate vs. mild COVID-19. | ||
Oct 2 |
et al., Frontiers in Microbiology, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1277552 | Inhaled nitric oxide: can it serve as a savior for COVID-19 and related respiratory and cardiovascular diseases? |
| Review of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) as a therapy for COVID-19 and related respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Nitric oxide is an important signaling molecule produced by nitric oxide synthases that regulates various physiological pr.. | ||
Oct 2 |
et al., JAMA Network Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.36678 | Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir and COVID-19 Mortality and Hospitalization Among Patients With Vulnerability to COVID-19 Complications |
| 29% lower combined mortality/hospitalization (p=0.02) and 8% lower progression (p=0.37). Retrospective 3,433 high-risk patients and matched controls in Canada showing lower mortality with paxlovid use. Patients were divided into four groups based on risk, with improved results as risk increased. Authors did not exclude all.. | ||
Sep 30 |
et al., Int J Acad Med Pharm, doi:10.47009/jamp.2023.5.5.101 | To estimate the efficacy of inhaled corticosteroid in-patient of moderate COVID-19 pneumonia - randomized controlled study |
| 43% lower mortality (p=0.52), 78% lower ICU admission (p<0.0001), and 70% improved recovery (p<0.0001). RCT inhaled budesonide with 80 moderate COVID-19 pneumonia patients. The budesonide group had significantly faster time to clinical improvement, fewer ICU admissions, shorter oxygen therapy duration, and lower mortality. Inhaled budesonid.. | ||
Sep 30 |
et al., Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, doi:10.36660/abc.20220935 | Dados de Vida Real sobre o Uso da Hidroxicloroquina ou da Cloroquina Combinadas ou Não à Azitromicina em Pacientes com Covid-19: Uma Análise Retrospectiva no Brasil |
| 5% higher mortality (p=0.68), 21% higher ventilation (p=0.08), 9% higher ICU admission (p=0.31), and 12% longer hospitalization (p=0.03). Retrospective 7,580 hospitalized patients in Brazil, showing longer hospitalization, and no significant difference in mortality, mechanical ventilation, and ICU admission with HCQ treatment. Authors note confounding by indication due to s.. | ||
Sep 30 |
et al., Melatonin Research, doi:10.32794/mr112500159 | The preventive and protective role of melatonin in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective study |
| Retrospective 62 patients taking relatively high doses of melatonin since before the pandemic, showing relatively low incidence of COVID-19, and relatively mild cases. There were 7 PCR+ cases, 3 asymptomatic, 3 mild, and one moderate. Pat.. | ||
Sep 30 |
et al., New Microbes and New Infections, doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2023.101172 | Efficacy and safety of in-hospital treatment of Covid-19 infection with low-dose hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in hospitalized patients: A retrospective controlled cohort study |
| 36% lower mortality (p=0.005). Retrospective 352 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Belgium and 3,533 control patients from the contemporaneous Belgian Collaborative Group, showing significantly lower mortality with HCQ treatment. The survival benefit was consistent in .. | ||
Sep 29 |
et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.560070 | Curcumin and turmeric extract inhibited SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus cell entry and Spike mediated cell fusion |
| In Vitro study showing that curcumin inhibits SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus cell entry and syncytia formation at 1-10μM in cells overexpressing ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Authors find that both curcumin and turmeric extract are potential inhibitors of SA.. | ||
Sep 28 |
et al., Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1238713 | Differences in the severity and mortality risk factors for patients hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia between the early wave and the very late stage of the pandemic |
| 18% lower mortality (p=0.61). Retrospective 223 hospitalized patients in China, showing no significant difference in mortality with paxlovid in unadjusted results. | ||
Sep 28 |
et al., Frontiers in Pharmacology, doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1215307 | Effects of metformin on acute respiratory distress syndrome in preclinical studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
| Systematic review and meta-analysis of 15 non-COVID-19 preclinical studies of metformin for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or acute lung injury (ALI), showing that metformin inhibits pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress.. | ||
Sep 28 |
et al., Heliyon, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20284 | Metformin reduces the risk of developing influenza A virus related cardiovascular disease |
| Retrospective clinical study, in vitro study, and mouse study of metformin for influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Authors performed a retrospective analysis of 654 diabetic patients, finding that metformin treatment was associated with a .. | ||
Sep 26 |
et al., Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, doi:10.1093/jac/dkad295 | Effects of remdesivir on SARS-CoV-2 viral dynamics and mortality in viraemic patients hospitalized for COVID-19 |
| no change in mortality (p=0.97), 40% higher progression (p=0.31), and 29% improved viral clearance (p=0.11). Retrospective 318 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Sweden, showing improvements in viral clearance but no improvement for mortality with remdesivir treatment. | ||
Sep 26 |
et al., Food Science & Nutrition, doi:10.1002/fsn3.3715 | The effect of quercetin supplementation on clinical outcomes in |
| Systematic review and meta analysis of 5 studies, showing significantly lower mortality, ICU admission, and hospitalization with quercetin treatment. | ||
Sep 25 |
et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290964 | Characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe COVID-19 in Indonesia: Lessons from the first wave |
| 1% higher mortality (p=0.91). Retrospective 559 COVID-19 ICU patients in Indonesia, showing no difference in mortality with HCQ in unadjusted results. | ||
Sep 25 |
et al., Nature, doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06649-6 | A molnupiravir-associated mutational signature in global SARS-CoV-2 genomes |
| Identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants created by molnupiravir treatment, including cases of onwards transmission. Authors find a class of long phylogenetic branches almost exclusively matching the time period, location, and age groups of .. | ||
Sep 25 |
et al., Pharmaceuticals, doi:10.3390/ph16101352 | Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Vero Cells by Bovine Lactoferrin under Different Iron-Saturation States |
| In Vitro study showing that iron-free and iron-saturated bovine lactoferrin inhibited SARS-CoV-2 ancestral and omicron Vero cell infection. Treatment before or during infection was effective, while treatment after infection showed no sign.. | ||
Sep 23 |
et al., Reproductive Toxicology, doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108475 | An active metabolite of the anti-COVID-19 drug molnupiravir impairs mouse preimplantation embryos at clinically relevant concentrations |
| Analysis of molnupiravir active metabolite N4-hydroxycytidine's effects on mouse preimplantation embryos in vitro, showing embryotoxicity at clinically relevant concentrations. The researchers found that N4-hydroxycytidine impaired blasto.. | ||
Sep 22 |
et al., BMJ Open, doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073761 | Dietary supplements to reduce symptom severity and duration in people with SARS-CoV-2: a double-blind randomised controlled trial |
| 14% improved recovery (p=0.41). Early terminated low-risk population (no hospitalization) very late treatment (mean 8 days) RCT with 44 patients treated with vitamin C, D, K, and zinc, and 46 control patients, showing no significant differences. Authors acknowledge that.. | ||
Sep 22 |
et al., Advances in Medical Sciences, doi:10.1016/j.advms.2023.09.007 | Safety and efficacy of melatonin as an adjuvant therapy in COVID-19 patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis |
| Systematic review and meta analysis of 11 COVID-19 studies showing significantly higher clinical improvement and shorter hospitalization and mechanical ventilation time with melatonin treatment. | ||
Sep 21 |
et al., The Seybold Report, doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/TKEXJ | Computational studies to analyze effect of curcumin inhibition on coronavirus D614G mutated spike protein |
| In Silico study showing that curcumin binds strongly to both the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and ACE2 receptor. Curcumin's binding energy was similar for the wildtype spike protein and a mutated D614G variant. | ||
Sep 21 |
et al., International Dairy Journal, doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2023.105805 | Bovine lactoferrin suppresses the cathepsin-dependent pathway of SARS-CoV-2 entry in vitro |
| In Vitro study showing variant dependent inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 with bovine lactoferrin (bLF). Authors found that bLF did not suppress entry of wild-type pseudoviruses into cells that express both ACE2 and TMPRSS2, but did suppress entr.. | ||
Sep 20 |
et al., Clinical Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2023.09.008 | The role of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |
| 19% lower mortality (p=0.13), 42% lower ventilation (p=0.005), 37% lower ICU admission (p=0.01), and 69% fewer cases (p=0.12). Meta analysis of 25 RCTs showing lower mortality, ventilation, and ICU admission with vitamin D treatment. Results were better for multiple dose vs. single dose trials. For mortality, the results were statistically significant only for mu.. | ||
Sep 20 |
et al., Journal of International Medical Research, doi:10.1177/03000605231198413 | Prevalence and risk factors of COVID-19 infection, mortality, and post-infection lung fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study |
| 3% more cases (p=0.87). Retrospective 1,039 diabetes patients in Jordan, showing no significant difference in COVID-19 cases with metformin use in unadjusted results. Severity outcomes are not provided for metformin. | ||
Sep 20 |
et al., Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01580-8 | The role of cell death in SARS-CoV-2 infection |
| Review of cell death pathways in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Authors note that studies show lower selenium levels are associated with higher COVID-19 mortality. Through preserving glutathione peroxidase 4 activity and countering oxidative stres.. | ||
Sep 19 |
et al., Makara Journal of Science, doi:10.7454/mss.v27i3.1609 | In-silico Approach for Predicting the Inhibitory Effect of Home Remedies on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 |
| In Silico analysis showing that curcumin and quercetin may be beneficial for COVID-19 by binding to the main protease (Mpro), spike protein, and ACE2 receptor. Both compounds had suitable ADME properties and minimal predicted toxicity. | ||
We aim to cover the most promising early treatments for
COVID-19. We use pre-specified effect extraction criteria that prioritizes
more serious outcomes, for details see methods. For specific
outcomes and different treatment stages see the individual pages. Not all
treatments are covered here, effectiveness has been reported for many other treatments in studies.
Of the 3,388 studies,
1,952 present results comparing with a control group,
1,766 are treatment studies, and
186 analyze outcomes based on serum levels. There are
44 animal studies,
90 in silico studies,
173 in vitro studies,
211 reviews,
and 146 meta analyses.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments.
c19early involves the extraction of over 100,000 datapoints from
thousands of papers. Community updates
help ensure high accuracy.
Vaccines and treatments are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe
means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment, vaccine, or
intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future
variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication,
consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details
of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH
provide treatment protocols.
Thanks for your feedback! Please search before submitting papers and note
that studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may be
the date of an earlier preprint.