Iota-carrageenan COVID-19 studies.
Recent:Morokutti-Kurz Bovard.
Submit updates/corrections .
Dec 15 2021 |
et al., Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports, doi:10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101187 (In Vitro) | Iota-carrageenan extracted from red algae is a potent inhibitor of SARS‐CoV-2 infection in reconstituted human airway epithelia |
| In Vitro study showing iota-carrageenan inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in reconstituted human airway epithelia. Authors note that the absence of toxicity or any functional or structural impairment of the bronchial mucociliary epithelium indicates th.. | ||
Dec 8 2021 |
et al., International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms222413202 (In Vitro) | Iota-Carrageenan Inhibits Replication of SARS-CoV-2 and the Respective Variants of Concern Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta |
| In Vitro study of iota-, lambda-, and kappa-carrageenan sulfated polysaccharides extracted from red seaweed on SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan type and variants Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta, showing that all three carrageenan types had antiviral activit.. | ||
Sep 7 2021 |
et al., International Journal of General Medicine, doi:10.2147/IJGM.S325861 | The Saliva of Probands Sucking an Iota-Carrageenan Containing Lozenge Inhibits Viral Binding and Replication of the Most Predominant Common Cold Viruses and SARS-CoV-2 |
| Prospective study of 31 subjects analyzing iota-carrageenan concentration in saliva after using an iota-carrageenan containing lozenge, showing sufficient concentration to neutralize common respiratory viruses including SARS-CoV-2. For SA.. | ||
Jul 26 2021 |
et al., Marine Drugs, doi:10.3390/md19080418 (In Vitro) | Griffithsin and Carrageenan Combination Results in Antiviral Synergy against SARS-CoV-1 and 2 in a Pseudoviral Model |
| In Vitro and In Silico analysis showing SARS-CoV-2 antiviral activity of carageenan, and synergistic activity from the combination of carrageenan and griffithsin. | ||
Jun 14 2021 |
et al., Pharmacology Research and Perspectives, doi:10.1002/prp2.810 | Carrageenan nasal spray may double the rate of recovery from coronavirus and influenza virus infections: Re-analysis of randomized trial data |
| Individual patient data meta analysis of two RCTs showing nasal iota-carrageenan improved recovery rate and shortened the duration of long colds. There was a 71% reduction in the risk of long colds (>20 days). The increase in recovery rat.. | ||
Apr 28 2021 |
et al., American Journal of Physiology: Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, doi:10.1152/ajplung.00552.2020 | Carrageenan-containing over-the-counter nasal and oral sprays inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway epithelial cultures |
| In Vitro study showing that carrageenan-containing nose spray and mouth spray inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cultures. | ||
Apr 27 2021 |
et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441512 (Preprint) (In Vitro) | Iota-carrageenan prevents the replication of SARS-CoV-2 on an in vitro respiratory epithelium model |
| In Vitro Calu-3 (human respiratory epithelial cell line) study showing that iota-carrageenan inhibits SARS-CoV-2. | ||
Apr 15 2021 |
et al., International Journal of General Medicine, doi:10.2147/IJGM.S328486 (date from earlier preprint) | Efficacy of a nasal spray containing Iota-Carrageenan in the prophylaxis of COVID-19 in hospital personnel dedicated to patients care with COVID-19 disease A pragmatic multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (CARR-COV-02) |
| 80% fewer symptomatic cases [p=0.03]. Prophylaxis RCT with 394 healthcare workers, 196 treated with iota-carrageenan, showing significantly lower symptomatic cases with treatment. There were no deaths or hospitalizations. There was a significant number of PCR- symptomatic cas.. | ||
Feb 17 2021 |
et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237480 (In Vitro) | Iota-carrageenan neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and inhibits viral replication in vitro |
| In Vitro study showing that SARS-CoV-2 is inhibited by iota-carrageenan in a dose dependent manner and to the same extent as other respiratory viruses for which a clinical benefit has been proven. Authors note that clinical data and post .. | ||
Jan 11 2021 |
et al., American Journal of Therapeutics, doi:10.1097/MJT.0000000000001433 | Intensive Treatment With Ivermectin and Iota-Carrageenan as Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for COVID-19 in Health Care Workers From Tucuman, Argentina |
| 95% fewer moderate/severe cases [p=0.002] and 84% fewer cases [p=0.004]. Prophylaxis RCT for ivermectin and iota-carrageenan in Argentina, 117 healthcare workers treated with ivermectin and iota-carrageenan, and 117 controls, showing significantly lower cases with treatment. There were no moderate/severe cases.. | ||
Dec 29 2020 |
et al., Bioresource Technology Reports, doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100623 (Review) | Antiviral activity of sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae and its application in combating COVID-19: Mini review |
| Review of the antiviral activity of marine sulfated polysaccharides including carrageenan, and the mechanisms of action for inhibiting different stages of viral infection. | ||
Nov 17 2020 |
et al., Journal of Biomedical Research and Clinical Investigation, doi:10.31546/2633-8653.1007 | Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Topical Ivermectin + Iota-Carrageenan in the Prophylaxis against COVID-19 in Health Personnel |
| 100% fewer cases [p<0.0001]. Prophylaxis study using ivermectin and iota-carrageenan showing 0 of 788 cases from treated healthcare workers, compared to 237 of 407 control. The authors later reported that carrageenan is not necessary in this protocol [youtube.com]. S.. | ||
Aug 24 2020 |
et al., Food & Function, doi:10.1039/D0FO02017F (In Vitro) | Inhibitory activities of marine sulfated polysaccharides against SARS-CoV-2 |
| In Vitro study showing significant antiviral activity of marine sulfated polysaccharides iota-carrageenan, sea cucumber sulfated polysaccharide, and fucoidan. | ||
Aug 21 2020 |
et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259943 (date from earlier preprint) (In Vitro) | Iota-carrageenan and xylitol inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cell culture |
| In Vitro study showing that iota-carrageenan in concentrations as low as 6 µg/mL (easily achievable with existing nasal sprays) inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cell cultures. | ||
Jun 29 2020 |
et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-37994/v1 (Preprint) | Repositioning Therapeutics for COVID-19: Virtual Screening of the Potent Synthetic and Natural Compounds as SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro Inhibitors |
| In Silico study identifying kappa-carrageenan and other compounds as potential candidates for SARS-CoV-2 inhibition. | ||
Feb 28 2017 |
et al., International Journal of General Medicine, doi:10.2147/IJGM.S120665 | Amylmetacresol/2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol, hexylresorcinol, or carrageenan lozenges as active treatments for sore throat |
| Pre-COVID In Vitro study showing iota-carrageenan lozenges effective against respiratory viruses HRV1a, HRV8, Coxsackievirus A10, influenza A H1N1n, and hCoV OC43. | ||
Nov 12 2014 |
et al., Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine, doi:10.1186/2049-6958-9-57 | Carrageenan nasal spray in virus confirmed common cold: individual patient data analysis of two randomized controlled trials |
| Analysis of 2 RCTs concluding that carrageenan nasal spray reduced duration of virus-confirmed common colds, increased viral clearance, and reduced relapses. | ||
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. Vaccines and
treatments are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should
be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention
is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not
provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified
physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and
benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH
provide treatment protocols.
Thanks for your feedback! Please search before submitting papers and note
that studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may be
the date of an earlier preprint.