Vitamin K: meta-analysis of COVID-19 studies

All studies Mortality ICU Hospitalization Serious outcomes Cases RCTs RCT mortality Peer-reviewed All outcomes

Outcome (studies)

Improvement

Relative risk · 95% CI

All studies (2)14%

Mortality (1)−200%

ICU admission (1)−200%

Hospitalization (1)17%

Cases (1)14%

RCTs (1)−200%

Prophylaxis (1)14%

Late (1)−200%

00.511.5+

← Vitamin K
reduces riskIncreased
risk →

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c19early.org

October 2026

Vitamin K COVID-19 studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Visser (DB RCT)−200%3.00 · 0.13–69.52death1/200/20KOVIT

Late treatment−200%3.00 · 0.13–69.521/200/20200% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5

Deschasaux-Tanguy14%0.86 · 0.74–0.99cases7,766 (all patients)per SD change

Prophylaxis14%0.86 · 0.74–0.9914% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.04

All studies14%0.86 · 0.75–1.001/200/2014% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.04300.511.52+

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← Vitamin K
reduces riskVitamin K
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Vitamin K COVID-19 mortality results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Visser (DB RCT)−200%3.00 · 0.13–69.521/200/20KOVIT

Late treatment−200%3.00 · 0.13–69.521/200/20200% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5

All studies−200%3.00 · 0.13–69.521/200/20200% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.500.511.52+

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← Vitamin K
reduces riskVitamin K
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Vitamin K COVID-19 ICU results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Visser (DB RCT)−200%3.00 · 0.34–26.453/201/20KOVIT

Late treatment−200%3.00 · 0.34–26.453/201/20200% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.33

All studies−200%3.00 · 0.34–26.453/201/20200% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.3300.511.52+

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← Vitamin K
reduces riskVitamin K
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Vitamin K COVID-19 hospitalization results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Visser (DB RCT)17%0.83 · 0.49–1.43hosp. time20 (n)20 (n)KOVIT

Late treatment17%0.83 · 0.49–1.4320 (n)20 (n)17% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.52

All studies17%0.83 · 0.49–1.4320 (n)20 (n)17% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5200.511.52+

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← Vitamin K
reduces riskVitamin K
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Vitamin K COVID-19 serious outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Visser (DB RCT)−200%3.00 · 0.13–69.52death1/200/20KOVIT

Late treatment−200%3.00 · 0.13–69.521/200/20200% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5

All studies−200%3.00 · 0.13–69.521/200/20200% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.500.511.52+

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← Vitamin K
reduces riskVitamin K
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Vitamin K COVID-19 case results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Deschasaux-Tanguy14%0.86 · 0.74–0.99cases7,766 (all patients)per SD change

Prophylaxis14%0.86 · 0.74–0.9914% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.04

All studies14%0.86 · 0.74–0.9914% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.0400.511.52+

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← Vitamin K
reduces riskVitamin K
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Vitamin K COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Visser (DB RCT)−200%3.00 · 0.13–69.52death1/200/20KOVIT

Late treatment−200%3.00 · 0.13–69.521/200/20200% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5

All studies−200%3.00 · 0.13–69.521/200/20200% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.500.511.52+

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← Vitamin K
reduces riskVitamin K
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Vitamin K COVID-19 RCT mortality results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Visser (DB RCT)−200%3.00 · 0.13–69.521/200/20KOVIT

Late treatment−200%3.00 · 0.13–69.521/200/20200% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5

All studies−200%3.00 · 0.13–69.521/200/20200% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.500.511.52+

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← Vitamin K
reduces riskVitamin K
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Vitamin K COVID-19 peer reviewed studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Visser (DB RCT)−200%3.00 · 0.13–69.52death1/200/20KOVIT

Late treatment−200%3.00 · 0.13–69.521/200/20200% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5

Deschasaux-Tanguy14%0.86 · 0.74–0.99cases7,766 (all patients)per SD change

Prophylaxis14%0.86 · 0.74–0.9914% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.04

All studies14%0.86 · 0.75–1.001/200/2014% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.04300.511.52+

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← Vitamin K
reduces riskVitamin K
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Vitamin K COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Visser (DB RCT)−200%3.00 · 0.13–69.52death1/200/20KOVIT Visser (DB RCT)−200%3.00 · 0.34–26.45ICU3/201/20KOVIT Visser (DB RCT)17%0.83 · 0.49–1.43hosp. time20 (n)20 (n)KOVIT Deschasaux-Tanguy14%0.86 · 0.74–0.99cases7,766 (all patients)per SD change

00.511.52+

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← Vitamin K
reduces riskVitamin K
increases risk →