Ramipril: meta-analysis of COVID-19 studies

All studies Mortality Ventilation ICU Serious outcomes Recovery RCTs RCT mortality Peer-reviewed All outcomes

Outcome (studies)

Improvement

Relative risk · 95% CI

All studies (1)−144%

Mortality (1)−144%

Ventilation (1)−289%

ICU admission (1)−289%

RCTs (1)−144%

Late (1)−144%

00.511.5+

← Ramipril
reduces riskIncreased
risk →

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c19early.org

October 2026

Ramipril COVID-19 studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Huang (DB RCT)−144%2.44 · 0.10–58.54death1/790/35

Late treatment−144%2.44 · 0.10–58.541/790/35144% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.59

All studies−144%2.44 · 0.10–58.541/790/35144% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5900.511.52+

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← Ramipril
reduces riskRamipril
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ramipril COVID-19 mortality results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Huang (DB RCT)−144%2.44 · 0.10–58.541/790/35

Late treatment−144%2.44 · 0.10–58.541/790/35144% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.59

All studies−144%2.44 · 0.10–58.541/790/35144% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5900.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Ramipril
reduces riskRamipril
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ramipril COVID-19 mechanical ventilation results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Huang (DB RCT)−289%3.89 · 0.19–78.902/790/35

Late treatment−289%3.89 · 0.19–78.902/790/35289% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.38

All studies−289%3.89 · 0.19–78.902/790/35289% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.3800.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Ramipril
reduces riskRamipril
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ramipril COVID-19 ICU results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Huang (DB RCT)−289%3.89 · 0.19–78.902/790/35

Late treatment−289%3.89 · 0.19–78.902/790/35289% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.38

All studies−289%3.89 · 0.19–78.902/790/35289% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.3800.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Ramipril
reduces riskRamipril
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ramipril COVID-19 serious outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Huang (DB RCT)−144%2.44 · 0.10–58.54death1/790/35

Late treatment−144%2.44 · 0.10–58.541/790/35144% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.59

All studies−144%2.44 · 0.10–58.541/790/35144% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5900.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Ramipril
reduces riskRamipril
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ramipril COVID-19 recovery results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Huang (DB RCT)−144%2.44 · 0.10–58.54no disch.1/790/35

Late treatment−144%2.44 · 0.10–58.541/790/35144% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.59

All studies−144%2.44 · 0.10–58.541/790/35144% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5900.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Ramipril
reduces riskRamipril
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ramipril COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Huang (DB RCT)−144%2.44 · 0.10–58.54death1/790/35

Late treatment−144%2.44 · 0.10–58.541/790/35144% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.59

All studies−144%2.44 · 0.10–58.541/790/35144% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5900.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Ramipril
reduces riskRamipril
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ramipril COVID-19 RCT mortality results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Huang (DB RCT)−144%2.44 · 0.10–58.541/790/35

Late treatment−144%2.44 · 0.10–58.541/790/35144% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.59

All studies−144%2.44 · 0.10–58.541/790/35144% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5900.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Ramipril
reduces riskRamipril
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ramipril COVID-19 peer reviewed studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Huang (DB RCT)−144%2.44 · 0.10–58.54death1/790/35

Late treatment−144%2.44 · 0.10–58.541/790/35144% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.59

All studies−144%2.44 · 0.10–58.541/790/35144% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5900.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Ramipril
reduces riskRamipril
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ramipril COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Huang (DB RCT)−144%2.44 · 0.10–58.54death1/790/35 Huang (DB RCT)−289%3.89 · 0.19–78.90ventilation2/790/35 Huang (DB RCT)−289%3.89 · 0.19–78.90ICU2/790/35 Huang (DB RCT)−144%2.44 · 0.10–58.54no disch.1/790/35

00.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Ramipril
reduces riskRamipril
increases risk →