Plasma-activated water: meta-analysis of COVID-19 studies

All studies Hospitalization Serious outcomes Recovery RCTs Peer-reviewed All outcomes

Outcome (studies)

Improvement

Relative risk · 95% CI

All studies (1)−9%

Hospitalization (1)28%

RCTs (1)−9%

Late (1)−9%

00.511.5+

← Plasma-activated
water
reduces riskIncreased
risk →

.hmva--anim-stagger .hmva__row{opacity:1}.hmva--anim .hmva__shade{opacity:var(--shade-opacity)}.hmva--anim-stagger .est .ci{transform:translateY(-50%)}.hmva--anim-stagger .est .pt{transform:translate(-50%,-50%)}.hmva--anim-stagger .hmva__bar{transform:none}.hmva--anim-settle .est .pt{left:calc(min(var(--pt), 1.5) / var(--max) * 100%)}.hmva--anim-settle .est .ci{left:calc(var(--lo) / var(--max) * 100%);width:calc((var(--hi) - var(--lo)) / var(--max) * 100%)}.hmva--anim-settle .hmva__bar--drug{width:calc(min(1, var(--rr)) * 100%)}.hmva--anim-settle .hmva__bar--control{width:calc(min(1, 1 / var(--rr)) * 100%)}

.fp--anim .fp__study,.fp--anim .fp__sum,.fp--anim .fp__het,.fp--anim .fp__dia,.fp--anim .fp__verdict,.fp--anim .fp__pooled{opacity:1}.fp--anim .fp__ci{transform:none}.fp--anim .fp__pt{transform:translate(-50%,-50%)}.fp--anim .fp__plot::before{opacity:var(--shade-opacity)}.fp--anim-settle .fp__pt{left:calc(min(var(--pt),var(--max))/var(--max)*100%)}.fp--anim-settle .fp__ci,.fp--anim-settle .fp__dia{left:calc(var(--lo)/var(--max)*100%);width:calc((var(--hi) - var(--lo))/var(--max)*100%)}

c19early.org

October 2026

Plasma-activated water COVID-19 studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Zhao (SB RCT)−9%1.09 · 0.36–3.34progression4/114/12

Late treatment−9%1.09 · 0.36–3.344/114/129% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.89

All studies−9%1.09 · 0.36–3.344/114/129% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.8900.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Plasma-activated
water reduces
riskPlasma-activated
water increases
risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Plasma-activated water COVID-19 hospitalization results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Zhao (SB RCT)28%0.72 · 0.46–1.14hosp. time11 (n)12 (n)

Late treatment28%0.72 · 0.46–1.1411 (n)12 (n)28% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.16

All studies28%0.72 · 0.46–1.1411 (n)12 (n)28% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.1600.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Plasma-activated
water reduces
riskPlasma-activated
water increases
risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Plasma-activated water COVID-19 serious outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Zhao (SB RCT)−9%1.09 · 0.36–3.34progression4/114/12

Late treatment−9%1.09 · 0.36–3.344/114/129% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.89

All studies−9%1.09 · 0.36–3.344/114/129% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.8900.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Plasma-activated
water reduces
riskPlasma-activated
water increases
risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Plasma-activated water COVID-19 recovery results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Zhao (SB RCT)30%0.70 · 0.39–1.26no disch.11 (n)12 (n)

Late treatment30%0.70 · 0.39–1.2611 (n)12 (n)30% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.24

All studies30%0.70 · 0.39–1.2611 (n)12 (n)30% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.2400.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Plasma-activated
water reduces
riskPlasma-activated
water increases
risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Plasma-activated water COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Zhao (SB RCT)−9%1.09 · 0.36–3.34progression4/114/12

Late treatment−9%1.09 · 0.36–3.344/114/129% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.89

All studies−9%1.09 · 0.36–3.344/114/129% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.8900.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Plasma-activated
water reduces
riskPlasma-activated
water increases
risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Plasma-activated water COVID-19 peer reviewed studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Zhao (SB RCT)−9%1.09 · 0.36–3.34progression4/114/12

Late treatment−9%1.09 · 0.36–3.344/114/129% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.89

All studies−9%1.09 · 0.36–3.344/114/129% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.8900.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Plasma-activated
water reduces
riskPlasma-activated
water increases
risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Plasma-activated water COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Zhao (SB RCT)−9%1.09 · 0.36–3.34progression4/114/12 Zhao (SB RCT)73%0.27 · 0.07–1.02no improv.2/118/12 Zhao (SB RCT)28%0.72 · 0.46–1.14hosp. time11 (n)12 (n) Zhao (SB RCT)30%0.70 · 0.39–1.26no disch.11 (n)12 (n)

00.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Plasma-activated
water reduces
riskPlasma-activated
water increases
risk →