Apremilast: meta-analysis of COVID-19 studies

All studies Mortality Serious outcomes Recovery RCTs RCT mortality Peer-reviewed All outcomes

Outcome (studies)

Improvement

Relative risk · 95% CI

All studies (2)−3%

Mortality (2)−3%

Recovery (2)−19%

RCTs (2)−3%

RCT mortality (2)−3%

Peer-reviewed (1)−5%

Late (2)−3%

00.511.5+

← Apremilast
reduces riskIncreased
risk →

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c19early.org

October 2026

Apremilast COVID-19 studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Amgen (DB RCT)−1%1.01 · 0.65–1.56death34/19433/190COMMUNITY Files (RCT)−5%1.05 · 0.66–1.71death67 (n)143 (n)I-SPY COVID

Late treatment−3%1.03 · 0.75–1.4234/26133/3333% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.88

All studies−3%1.03 · 0.75–1.4234/26133/3333% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.8800.511.52+

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← Apremilast
reduces riskApremilast
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Apremilast COVID-19 mortality results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Amgen (DB RCT)−1%1.01 · 0.65–1.5634/19433/190COMMUNITY Files (RCT)−5%1.05 · 0.66–1.7167 (n)143 (n)I-SPY COVID

Late treatment−3%1.03 · 0.75–1.4234/26133/3333% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.88

All studies−3%1.03 · 0.75–1.4234/26133/3333% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.8800.511.52+

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← Apremilast
reduces riskApremilast
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Apremilast COVID-19 serious outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Amgen (DB RCT)−1%1.01 · 0.65–1.56death34/19433/190COMMUNITY Files (RCT)−5%1.05 · 0.66–1.71death67 (n)143 (n)I-SPY COVID

Late treatment−3%1.03 · 0.75–1.4234/26133/3333% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.88

All studies−3%1.03 · 0.75–1.4234/26133/3333% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.8800.511.52+

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← Apremilast
reduces riskApremilast
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Apremilast COVID-19 recovery results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Amgen (DB RCT)−11%1.11 · 0.78–1.58no disch.50/19444/190COMMUNITY Files (RCT)−28%1.28 · 0.88–1.92no recov.67 (n)143 (n)I-SPY COVID

Late treatment−19%1.19 · 0.91–1.5450/26144/33319% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.21

All studies−19%1.19 · 0.91–1.5450/26144/33319% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.2100.511.52+

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← Apremilast
reduces riskApremilast
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Apremilast COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Amgen (DB RCT)−1%1.01 · 0.65–1.56death34/19433/190COMMUNITY Files (RCT)−5%1.05 · 0.66–1.71death67 (n)143 (n)I-SPY COVID

Late treatment−3%1.03 · 0.75–1.4234/26133/3333% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.88

All studies−3%1.03 · 0.75–1.4234/26133/3333% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.8800.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Apremilast
reduces riskApremilast
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Apremilast COVID-19 RCT mortality results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Amgen (DB RCT)−1%1.01 · 0.65–1.5634/19433/190COMMUNITY Files (RCT)−5%1.05 · 0.66–1.7167 (n)143 (n)I-SPY COVID

Late treatment−3%1.03 · 0.75–1.4234/26133/3333% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.88

All studies−3%1.03 · 0.75–1.4234/26133/3333% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.8800.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Apremilast
reduces riskApremilast
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Apremilast COVID-19 peer reviewed studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Files (RCT)−5%1.05 · 0.66–1.71death67 (n)143 (n)I-SPY COVID

Late treatment−5%1.05 · 0.65–1.6967 (n)143 (n)5% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.85

All studies−5%1.05 · 0.65–1.6967 (n)143 (n)5% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.8500.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Apremilast
reduces riskApremilast
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Apremilast COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Amgen (DB RCT)−1%1.01 · 0.65–1.56death34/19433/190COMMUNITY Amgen (DB RCT)−8%1.08 · 0.77–1.51no improv.53/19448/190COMMUNITY Amgen (DB RCT)−11%1.11 · 0.78–1.58no disch.50/19444/190COMMUNITY Amgen (DB RCT)−11%1.11 · 0.81–1.50no recov.61/19454/190COMMUNITY Files (RCT)−5%1.05 · 0.66–1.71death67 (n)143 (n)I-SPY COVID Files (RCT)−28%1.28 · 0.88–1.92no recov.67 (n)143 (n)I-SPY COVID

00.511.52+

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← Apremilast
reduces riskApremilast
increases risk →