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Niclosamide for COVID-19
7 studies with >2,000 patients
Serious outcome risk
Niclosamide
Control
Significantly lower risk for recovery.
3 studies from 3 independent teams in 3 countries show significant benefit.
COVID-19 Niclosamide studies · October 2026
Covid Analysis Niclosamide reduces COVID-19 risk: real-time meta-analysis of 7 studies (Version 7)
Significantly lower risk is seen for recovery. 3 studies from 3 independent teams in 3 countries show significant benefit. Meta-analysis using the most serious outcome reported shows 28% [9‑43%] lower risk. Results are similar ..
Aug 1
2025
 Kim et al., Nature Communications, doi:10.1038/s41467-025-62423-4 A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of niclosamide nanohybrid for the treatment of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19
29% faster recovery (p=0.008) and 56% improved viral clearance (p=0.16). RCT 300 patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 showing significant symptom improvement with niclosamide nanohybrid (CP-COV03). The high-dose group showed no significant benefit in time to symptom improvement in the primary analysis, whic..
Jun 12
2025
 Mothae et al., Virology, doi:10.1016/j.virol.2025.110607 SARS-CoV-2 host-pathogen interactome: insights into more players during pathogenesis
Review of SARS-CoV-2 host-pathogen interactions during viral pathogenesis, focusing on protein-protein interactions that facilitate viral entry, replication, immune evasion, assembly, and release. Authors comprehensively analyze how SARS-..
Apr 30
2025
 Bath et al., Health Technology Assessment, doi:10.3310/MTRS8833 Lessons from the PROTECT-CH COVID-19 platform trial in care homes
Discussion of a planned COVID-19 platform trial (PROTECT-CH) in care homes that failed to start recruitment. The trial was designed to test prophylactic antiviral interventions (initially ciclesonide and niclosamide) to reduce SARS-CoV-2 ..
Feb 12
2025
 Saha et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v17020252 Inhaled Dry Powder of Antiviral Agents: A Promising Approach to Treating Respiratory Viral Pathogens
Review of inhaled dry powder antiviral formulations for treating respiratory viral infections, focusing on COVID-19. Authors explain that traditional antiviral tablets face limitations including systemic side effects and delayed onset of ..
Nov 21
2024
 Haque et al., Discover Molecules, doi:10.1007/s44345-024-00005-5 Exploring potential therapeutic candidates against COVID-19: a molecular docking study
In silico study showing potential inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 proteins by various compounds including dactinomycin, itraconazole, ivermectin, vitamin D, quercetin, curcumin, montelukast, bromhexine, hesperidin, EGCG and raloxifene. Authors p..
Aug 6
2024
 Rank et al., NCT04603924 A Phase 2/3 Randomized and Placebo-Controlled Study of ANA001 in Moderate and Severe COVID-19 Patients
30% lower mortality (p=1), 70% faster recovery (p=0.97), 57% higher hospital discharge (p=0.98), and no change in viral clearance (p=1). RCT 46 moderate to severe hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing shorter time to discharge and WHO clinical scale improvement with niclosamide, but no significant difference for resolution of all symptoms and viral clearance.
Jun 19
2024
 Pejler et al., Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2024.05.031 Blockade of endolysosomal acidification suppresses TLR3-mediated pro-inflammatory signaling in airway epithelial cells
In vitro study showing that blocking endolysosomal acidification with bafilomycin A1, monensin, or niclosamide suppresses TLR3-mediated pro-inflammatory signaling in human small airway epithelial cells (HSAECs) stimulated with TLR3 agonis..
May 6
2024
 Walther et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2024.05.06.24306928 Clinical safety and pharmacokinetics of a novel oral niclosamide formulation compared with marketed niclosamide chewing tablets in healthy volunteers: a three-part randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Phase 1 trial of 28 healthy volunteers showing an investigational niclosamide solution was reasonably well-tolerated up to 1,600mg for 7 days, with no severe adverse events. The most common adverse events were mild to moderate gastrointes..
Mar 29
2024
 Siripongboonsitti et al., Journal of Infection and Public Health, doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2024.03.030 A Randomized Trial to Assess the Acceleration of Viral Clearance by the Combination Favipiravir/Ivermectin/Niclosamide in Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19 Adult Patients (FINCOV)
39% improved recovery (p=0.19) and 6% improved viral clearance (p=0.75). RCT 60 low-risk outpatients, median age 31, with mild to moderate COVID-19 showing no significant differences with combined favipiravir/ivermectin/niclosamide treatment compared to favipiravir alone. There was limited room for improvement..
Mar 14
2024
 Wannigama et al., eClinicalMedicine, 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102517 Early treatment with fluvoxamine, bromhexine, cyproheptadine, and niclosamide to prevent clinical deterioration in patients with symptomatic COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial
98% lower ventilation (p<0.0001), 100% lower need for oxygen therapy (p<0.0001), 98% lower hospitalization (p<0.0001), and 59% lower long COVID (p<0.0001). RCT 995 outpatients showing significantly lower progression with early treatment within 48 hours using fluvoxamine, fluvoxamine+bromhexine, fluvoxamine+cyproheptadine, and niclosamide+bromhexine. 70% of patients received treatment within ..
Mar 6
2024
 Walia et al., Nature Communications, doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46417-2 SARS-CoV-2 virulence factor ORF3a blocks lysosome function by modulating TBC1D5-dependent Rab7 GTPase cycle
In vitro study showing that SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a protein hyperactivates the Rab7 GTPase to block lysosomal degradation and promote viral replication. Authors found that the chemical compound CID-1067700, a Rab7 inhibitor, reduced SARS-CoV-2 r..
Oct 11
2023
 Garrett et al., Frontiers in Microbiology, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1251065 Niclosamide as a chemical probe for analyzing SARS-CoV-2 modulation of host cell lipid metabolism
In vitro study showing that niclosamide modulates host lipid metabolism and reduces infectious SARS-CoV-2 virion production in Vero E6 cells. Authors observed reorganization of the lipid profile in infected cells, with increased triglycer..
Sep 20
2023
 Ali et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm12186079 SARS-CoV-2 Syncytium under the Radar: Molecular Insights of the Spike-Induced Syncytia and Potential Strategies to Limit SARS-CoV-2 Replication
Review of the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 spike-induced syncytia formation and potential anti-fusogenic therapeutic strategies. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with the ACE2 receptor on adjacent cells, triggering abnormal fu..
Jul 26
2023
 Humphrey et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-025-10584-4 (date from preprint) Prophylaxis for renal patients at risk of COVID-19 infection: results from the intranasal niclosamide randomised, double blinded, placebo controlled arm of the PROTECT-V platform trial
80% lower ventilation (p=0.25), 13% lower hospitalization (p=0.71), and 2% more symptomatic cases (p=0.89). RCT 1,651 patients with kidney disease showing no significant difference in symptomatic COVID-19, hospitalization, or mortality with intranasal niclosamide compared to placebo. The UNI911 nasal spray had very poor adherence and a higher w..
Jul 18
2023
 Yang et al., Biomedicines, doi:10.3390/biomedicines11072019 Repurposing Niclosamide as a Novel Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Drug by Restricting Entry Protein CD147
In vitro study showing that niclosamide reduces CD147 protein levels and inhibits SARS-CoV-2-induced upregulation of CD147 in A549-ACE2 cells. Authors find that the RNA-binding protein HuR binds to the 3'-UTR of BSG mRNA and upregulates C..
Jul 1
2023
 Sheng et al., Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica, doi:10.3724/abbs.2023129 A pseudovirus-based method to dynamically mimic SARS-CoV-2-associated cell-to-cell fusion and transmission
In vitro study showing that niclosamide dramatically blocked the formation of syncytia mediated by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein pseudovirus-producing 293FT cells when cocultured with hACE2-expressing 293T cells at 1μM concentration. Authors d..
May 1
2023
 First Wave BioPharma, NCT04858425 A 2-Part, 2-Arm, Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study on the Safety and Efficacy of Niclosamide in Patients With COVID-19 With Gastrointestinal Infection
23% improved viral clearance (p=0.61). RCT 118 hospitalized patients with gastrointestinal infection showing no significant difference in viral clearance with niclosamide. Viral clearance results are available on clinicaltrials.gov but clinical results are missing.
Jan 7
2023
 Vibhute et al., International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, doi:10.22159/ijap.2023v15i1.45850 Niclosamide: a potential treatment option for COVID-19
Review of niclosamide as a potential treatment option for COVID-19. Authors report antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, with an IC50 of 0.28 μM. However, the currently available oral formulations limit systemic levels. To impro..
Dec 1
2022
 Abed et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Technolgy, doi:10.37662/jpt.2022.999481 Evaluation the plausibility of repurpose of levamisole and niclosamide in treatment of covid-19
Review of the plausibility of repurposing levamisole and niclosamide for treatment of COVID-19. Niclosamide, an FDA-approved antihelminthic drug, has shown antiviral activity against various viruses including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and poten..
Aug 9
2022
 Wotring et al., Vaccines, doi:10.3390/vaccines10081284 In Vitro Evaluation and Mitigation of Niclosamide’s Liabilities as a COVID-19 Treatment
In vitro study suggesting that niclosamide has variable potency against SARS-CoV-2 variants and may have cytotoxicity concerns and significant polypharmacology. Authors found that niclosamide inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection in VeroE6 and H..
Jun 18
2022
 Jitobaom et al., BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology, doi:10.1186/s40360-022-00580-8 (date from preprint) Synergistic anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of repurposed anti-parasitic drug combinations
In vitro study showing a strong synergistic effect of combinations of ivermectin, niclosamide, and chloroquine, with >10x reduction in IC50 compared to individual drugs.
Apr 20
2022
 Cesar-Silva et al., International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms23094576 The Endolysosomal System: The Acid Test for SARS-CoV-2
Review of the role of the endolysosomal system in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The endolysosomal system, which includes endosomes and lysosomes, is crucial for cellular homeostasis and host defense against pathogens. SARS-CoV-2 can enter cells b..
Apr 11
2022
 Singh et al., British Journal of Pharmacology, doi:10.1111/bph.15843 Niclosamide—A promising treatment for COVID‐19
Review of niclosamide as a promising treatment for COVID-19. Authors highlight niclosamide's potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and its pleiotropic anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, bronchodilatory and anticancer effects demonst..
Feb 9
2022
 Cairns et al., JAMA Network Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.44942 Efficacy of Niclosamide vs Placebo in SARS-CoV-2 Respiratory Viral Clearance, Viral Shedding, and Duration of Symptoms Among Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19
18% faster recovery (p=0.28) and 24% improved viral clearance (p=0.45). RCT with 73 mild to moderate outpatients, showing faster recovery and improved viral clearance with niclosamide, without statistical significance. Greater improvements in recovery were seen for high-risk patients, again without statistica..
Dec 28
2021
 Needham, D., Pharmaceutical Research, doi:10.1007/s11095-021-03112-x The pH Dependence of Niclosamide Solubility, Dissolution, and Morphology: Motivation for Potentially Universal Mucin-Penetrating Nasal and Throat Sprays for COVID19, its Variants and other Viral Infections
In vitro study showing that niclosamide has potential as a prophylactic nasal spray and early treatment throat spray for COVID-19 and other respiratory viral infections. Authors find that niclosamide's solubility and dissolution rate are..
Oct 18
2021
 Al-kuraishy et al., Molecular Biology Reports, doi:10.1007/s11033-021-06770-7 Niclosamide for Covid-19: bridging the gap
Review of niclosamide as a potential treatment for COVID-19. Authors highlight the anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects of niclosamide, which modulates the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibits the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome an..
Sep 30
2021
 Abdulamir et al., Annals of Medicine & Surgery, doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102779 A randomised controlled trial of effectiveness and safety of Niclosamide as add on therapy to the standard of care measures in COVID-19 management
39% improved recovery (p=0.007). RCT with 75 COVID-19 patients showing significantly faster recovery but no change in mortality with niclosamide. The treatment group had more patients aged 60+ and more patients treated over a week after symptom onset.
Jun 16
2021
 Munson et al., British Society For Nanomedicine Early Career Researcher Summer Meeting, 2021 Niclosamide and ivermectin modulate caspase-1 activity and proinflammatory cytokine secretion in a monocytic cell line
In vitro study showing potential therapeutic effects of ivermectin and niclosamide on the immune system by reducing inflammation and modulating key proteins involved in the inflammatory response. Ivermectin and niclosamide reduced proinfl..
Feb 14
2021
 Erenmemisoglu et al., NCT04558021 A Phase III, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Co-administered Niclosamide in Patients Treated With an Established Regimen for Novel Coronavirus Infectious Disease (COVID-19)
Estimated 200 patient niclosamide late treatment RCT with results not reported over 5 years after estimated completion.