A summary of study results is below. Please submit
updates and corrections at the bottom of this page.
A summary of study results is below. Please submit
updates and corrections at https://c19early.org/hmeta.html.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules as detailed above
and gives priority to more serious outcomes. Only the first (most serious)
outcome is used in pooled analysis, which may differ from the effect a paper
focuses on. Other outcomes are used in outcome specific analyses.
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Abayomi, 12/4/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Nigeria, peer-reviewed, trial PACTR202004801273802 (LACCTT).
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Estimated 800 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
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Agusti, 12/9/2020, prospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, median age 37.0, 13 authors, average treatment delay 5.0 days, dosage 400mg bid day 1, 200mg bid days 2-5.
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risk of progression, 68.4% lower, RR 0.32, p = 0.21, treatment 2 of 87 (2.3%), control 4 of 55 (7.3%), NNT 20, pneumonia.
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Amaravadi, 2/26/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, preprint, 20 authors, study period 15 April, 2020 - 14 July, 2020, dosage 400mg bid days 1-14.
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risk of not reaching lowest symptom score at day 7 mid-recovery, 60.0% lower, RR 0.40, p = 0.13, treatment 3 of 15 (20.0%), control 6 of 12 (50.0%), NNT 3.3.
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risk of not reaching lowest symptom score at day 5 mid-recovery, 50.0% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.13, treatment 5 of 15 (33.3%), control 8 of 12 (66.7%), NNT 3.0.
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relative time to first occurrence of lowest symptom score, 42.9% lower, relative time 0.57, p = 0.38, treatment median 4.0 IQR 13.0 n=15, control median 7.0 IQR 10.0 n=12.
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relative time to release from quarantine, 27.3% lower, relative time 0.73, p = 0.46, treatment median 8.0 IQR 15.0 n=16, control median 11.0 IQR 14.0 n=13, primary outcome.
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Ashraf, 4/24/2020, retrospective, database analysis, Iran, preprint, median age 58.0, 16 authors, dosage 200mg bid daily, 400mg qd was used when combined with Lopinavir-Ritonavir.
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risk of death, 67.5% lower, RR 0.32, p = 0.15, treatment 10 of 77 (13.0%), control 2 of 5 (40.0%), NNT 3.7.
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Aston, 12/31/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, trial NCT04334382 (history) (HyAzOUT).
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Estimated 1,550 patient RCT with results unknown and over 4 years late.
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Avezum, 3/31/2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Brazil, peer-reviewed, 40 authors, study period 12 May, 2020 - 7 July, 2021, average treatment delay 4.0 days, dosage 400mg bid day 1, 200mg bid days 2-7, trial NCT04466540 (history).
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risk of death, 0.7% lower, RR 0.99, p = 1.00, treatment 5 of 687 (0.7%), control 5 of 682 (0.7%), NNT 18741, all-cause death.
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risk of death, 56.0% higher, HR 1.56, p = 0.54, treatment 5 of 687 (0.7%), control 5 of 682 (0.7%), adjusted per study, univariate Firth's penalized likelihood.
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risk of mechanical ventilation, 32.4% higher, RR 1.32, p = 0.79, treatment 8 of 687 (1.2%), control 6 of 682 (0.9%).
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risk of ICU admission, 16.4% lower, RR 0.84, p = 0.61, treatment 16 of 687 (2.3%), control 19 of 682 (2.8%), NNT 219.
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risk of hospitalization, 23.5% lower, RR 0.77, p = 0.18, treatment 44 of 689 (6.4%), control 57 of 683 (8.3%), NNT 51.
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risk of hospitalization, 40.0% lower, RR 0.60, p = 0.15, treatment 267, control 255, <4 days.
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risk of hospitalization, 15.0% lower, RR 0.85, p = 0.49, treatment 422, control 428, ≥4 days.
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Azhar, 3/18/2024, Randomized Controlled Trial, Pakistan, peer-reviewed, 22 authors, dosage 200mg tid days 1-5, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo, trial NCT04338698 (history) (PROTECT).
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risk of death, 71.3% lower, RR 0.29, p = 0.03, treatment 4 of 248 (1.6%), control 10 of 178 (5.6%), NNT 25, HCQ arms vs. non-HCQ arms.
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risk of death, 70.8% lower, RR 0.29, p = 0.05, treatment 3 of 183 (1.6%), control 10 of 178 (5.6%), NNT 25, HCQ + OS/AZ/OS+AZ vs. OS/AZ/OS+AZ.
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risk of no improvement by 2 points, 4.3% lower, RR 0.96, p = 0.64, treatment 157 of 274 (57.3%), control 118 of 197 (59.9%), NNT 38, HCQ arms vs. non-HCQ arms.
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risk of no viral clearance, 10.5% lower, RR 0.90, p = 0.52, treatment 66 of 274 (24.1%), control 53 of 197 (26.9%), NNT 36, HCQ arms vs. non-HCQ arms.
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Bernabeu-Wittel, 8/1/2020, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, 13 authors, dosage 400mg bid day 1, 200mg bid days 2-7, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with lopinavir/ritonavir, AZ, and/or antimicrobial treatments for some patients) - results of individual treatments may vary.
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risk of death, 93.7% lower, RR 0.06, p = 0.001, treatment 24 of 139 (17.3%), control 37 of 83 (44.6%), NNT 3.7, adjusted per study, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, odds ratio converted to relative risk, active standard care.
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Borba (B), 6/8/2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Brazil, trial NCT04342650 (history) (CloroCOVID19II).
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152 patient RCT with results unknown and over 6 years late.
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Cadegiani, 11/4/2020, prospective, Brazil, peer-reviewed, 4 authors, average treatment delay 2.9 days, dosage 400mg days 1-5.
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risk of death, 81.2% lower, RR 0.19, p = 0.21, treatment 0 of 159 (0.0%), control 2 of 137 (1.5%), NNT 68, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), control group 1.
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risk of mechanical ventilation, 95.1% lower, RR 0.05, p < 0.001, treatment 0 of 159 (0.0%), control 9 of 137 (6.6%), NNT 15, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), control group 1.
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risk of hospitalization, 98.3% lower, RR 0.02, p < 0.001, treatment 0 of 159 (0.0%), control 27 of 137 (19.7%), NNT 5.1, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), control group 1.
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Chechter, 11/5/2021, prospective, Brazil, peer-reviewed, mean age 37.6, 14 authors, dosage 800mg day 1, 400mg days 2-5, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with AZ) - results of individual treatments may vary, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
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risk of hospitalization, 94.7% lower, RR 0.05, p = 0.004, treatment 0 of 60 (0.0%), control 3 of 12 (25.0%), NNT 4.0, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
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Corradini, 4/24/2021, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, 60 authors, early treatment subset, dosage not specified.
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risk of death, 67.4% lower, OR 0.33, p = 0.01, treatment 641, control 102, adjusted per study, Table S6, light condition patients, multivariable, RR approximated with OR, early treatment result.
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Derwand, 7/3/2020, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 3 authors, average treatment delay 4.0 days, dosage 200mg bid days 1-5, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with AZ and zinc) - results of individual treatments may vary, excluded in exclusion analyses:
comparison with untreated patients in the same community.
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risk of death, 79.4% lower, RR 0.21, p = 0.12, treatment 1 of 141 (0.7%), control 13 of 377 (3.4%), NNT 37, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
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risk of hospitalization, 81.6% lower, RR 0.18, p < 0.001, treatment 4 of 141 (2.8%), control 58 of 377 (15.4%), NNT 8.0, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
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Esper, 4/15/2020, prospective, Brazil, preprint, 15 authors, average treatment delay 5.2 days, dosage 800mg day 1, 400mg days 2-7, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with AZ) - results of individual treatments may vary.
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risk of hospitalization, 64.0% lower, RR 0.36, p = 0.02, treatment 8 of 412 (1.9%), control 12 of 224 (5.4%), NNT 29.
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Genton, 12/31/2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, trial NCT04385264 (history) (PROLIFIC).
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Estimated 800 patient RCT with results unknown and over 3 years late.
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Guisado-Vasco, 10/15/2020, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, median age 69.0, 25 authors, early treatment subset, dosage not specified.
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risk of death, 66.9% lower, RR 0.33, p = 0.19, treatment 2 of 65 (3.1%), control 139 of 542 (25.6%), NNT 4.4, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariable.
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Guérin, 5/31/2020, retrospective, France, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, dosage 600mg days 1-10, 7-10 days, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with AZ) - results of individual treatments may vary.
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risk of death, 61.4% lower, RR 0.39, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 20 (0.0%), control 1 of 34 (2.9%), NNT 34, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
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recovery time, 65.0% lower, relative time 0.35, p < 0.001, treatment 20, control 34.
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Gül, 2/16/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, trial NCT04981379 (history).
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1,120 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
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Heras, 9/2/2020, retrospective, Andorra, peer-reviewed, median age 85.0, 13 authors, dosage not specified, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with AZ) - results of individual treatments may vary.
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risk of death, 95.6% lower, RR 0.04, p = 0.004, treatment 8 of 70 (11.4%), control 16 of 30 (53.3%), NNT 2.4, adjusted per study.
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Hong, 7/16/2020, retrospective, South Korea, peer-reviewed, 7 authors, dosage not specified.
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risk of prolonged viral shedding, early vs. late HCQ, 64.9% lower, RR 0.35, p = 0.001, treatment 42, control 48, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
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Huang (C), 5/28/2020, prospective, China, peer-reviewed, 36 authors, early treatment subset, dosage chloroquine 500mg days 1-10, two groups, 500mg qd and 500mg bid.
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time to viral-, 59.1% lower, relative time 0.41, p < 0.001, treatment 32, control 37.
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Ip, 8/25/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, peer-reviewed, 25 authors, dosage not specified.
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risk of death, 54.5% lower, RR 0.45, p = 0.43, treatment 2 of 97 (2.1%), control 44 of 970 (4.5%), NNT 40.
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risk of ICU admission, 28.6% lower, RR 0.71, p = 0.79, treatment 3 of 97 (3.1%), control 42 of 970 (4.3%), NNT 81.
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risk of hospitalization, 37.3% lower, RR 0.63, p = 0.04, treatment 21 of 97 (21.6%), control 305 of 970 (31.4%), NNT 10, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
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Kara, 6/1/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Turkey, peer-reviewed, trial NCT04411433 (history).
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1,008 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
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Kim (B), 4/30/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, trial NCT04307693 (history).
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65 patient RCT with results unknown and over 6 years late.
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Kirenga, 9/9/2020, prospective, Uganda, peer-reviewed, 29 authors, dosage not specified.
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median time to recovery, 25.6% lower, relative time 0.74, p = 0.20, treatment 29, control 27.
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Ly, 8/21/2020, retrospective, France, peer-reviewed, mean age 83.0, 21 authors, dosage 200mg tid days 1-10, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with AZ) - results of individual treatments may vary.
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risk of death, 55.6% lower, RR 0.44, p = 0.02, treatment 18 of 116 (15.5%), control 29 of 110 (26.4%), NNT 9.2, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
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Million (B), 5/27/2021, retrospective, France, peer-reviewed, 39 authors, average treatment delay 4.0 days, dosage 200mg tid days 1-10, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with AZ) - results of individual treatments may vary.
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risk of death, 83.0% lower, HR 0.17, p < 0.001, treatment 5 of 8,315 (0.1%), control 11 of 2,114 (0.5%), NNT 217, adjusted per study.
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risk of ICU admission, 44.0% lower, HR 0.56, p = 0.18, treatment 17 of 8,315 (0.2%), control 7 of 2,114 (0.3%), NNT 789, adjusted per study.
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risk of hospitalization, 4.0% lower, HR 0.96, p = 0.77, treatment 214 of 8,315 (2.6%), control 64 of 2,114 (3.0%), adjusted per study.
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Mitjà, 7/16/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Spain, peer-reviewed, 46 authors, study period 17 March, 2020 - 26 May, 2020, dosage 800mg day 1, 400mg days 2-7.
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risk of hospitalization, 16.0% lower, RR 0.84, p = 0.64, treatment 8 of 136 (5.9%), control 11 of 157 (7.0%), NNT 89.
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risk of no recovery, 34.0% lower, RR 0.66, p = 0.38, treatment 8 of 136 (5.9%), control 14 of 157 (8.9%), NNT 33.
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Mokhtari, 4/6/2021, retrospective, Iran, peer-reviewed, 12 authors, dosage 400mg bid day 1, 200mg bid days 2-5.
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risk of death, 69.7% lower, RR 0.30, p < 0.001, treatment 27 of 7,295 (0.4%), control 287 of 21,464 (1.3%), NNT 103, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
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risk of hospitalization, 35.3% lower, RR 0.65, p < 0.001, treatment 523 of 7,295 (7.2%), control 2,382 of 21,464 (11.1%), NNT 25, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
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Okasha, 12/31/2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, trial NCT04361318 (history).
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Estimated 100 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
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Omrani, 11/20/2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Qatar, peer-reviewed, 19 authors, study period 13 April, 2020 - 1 August, 2020, dosage 600mg days 1-6, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with AZ) - results of individual treatments may vary, Q-PROTECT trial.
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risk of hospitalization, 12.5% lower, RR 0.88, p = 1.00, treatment 7 of 304 (2.3%), control 4 of 152 (2.6%), NNT 304, HCQ+AZ or HCQ vs. control.
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pneumonia, 33.3% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.69, treatment 4 of 304 (1.3%), control 3 of 152 (2.0%), NNT 152, HCQ+AZ or HCQ vs. control.
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risk of symptomatic at day 21, 25.8% lower, RR 0.74, p = 0.58, treatment 9 of 293 (3.1%), control 6 of 145 (4.1%), NNT 94, HCQ+AZ or HCQ vs. control.
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risk of Ct≤40 at day 14, 10.3% higher, RR 1.10, p = 0.13, treatment 223 of 295 (75.6%), control 98 of 143 (68.5%), HCQ+AZ or HCQ vs. control.
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Pineda, 12/31/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, trial NCT04954040 (history) (AMBUCOV).
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Estimated 132 patient RCT with results unknown and over 4 years late.
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Rathod (B), 6/1/2023, retrospective, India, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, study period 28 March, 2020 - 3 June, 2020, average treatment delay 5.0 days, dosage not specified, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with AZ) - results of individual treatments may vary.
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risk of death, 73.0% lower, HR 0.27, p = 0.02, treatment 513, control 52, Cox proportional hazards.
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Rodrigues, 8/25/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Brazil, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, study period 12 April, 2020 - 13 May, 2020, average treatment delay 3.8 days, dosage 400mg bid days 1-7, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with AZ) - results of individual treatments may vary.
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risk of hospitalization, 200.0% higher, RR 3.00, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 42 (2.4%), control 0 of 42 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
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risk of no viral clearance, 14.4% lower, RR 0.86, p = 0.15, treatment 29 of 36 (80.6%), control 32 of 34 (94.1%), NNT 7.4, PP, day 3.
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risk of no viral clearance, 13.1% lower, RR 0.87, p = 0.45, treatment 23 of 36 (63.9%), control 25 of 34 (73.5%), NNT 10, PP, day 6.
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risk of no viral clearance, 23.3% lower, RR 0.77, p = 0.47, treatment 13 of 36 (36.1%), control 16 of 34 (47.1%), NNT 9.1, PP, day 9.
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risk of no viral clearance, 3.1% lower, RR 0.97, p = 1.00, treatment 31 of 42 (73.8%), control 32 of 42 (76.2%), NNT 42, ITT, day 3.
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risk of no viral clearance, no change, RR 1.00, p = 1.00, treatment 25 of 42 (59.5%), control 25 of 42 (59.5%), ITT, day 6.
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risk of no viral clearance, 6.2% lower, RR 0.94, p = 1.00, treatment 15 of 42 (35.7%), control 16 of 42 (38.1%), NNT 42, ITT, day 9.
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time to viral-, 8.8% lower, relative time 0.91, p = 0.26, treatment 36, control 34, PP.
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time to viral-, 1.4% lower, relative time 0.99, p = 0.85, treatment 42, control 42, ITT.
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Rouamba, 2/26/2022, retrospective, Burkina Faso, peer-reviewed, mean age 42.2, 17 authors, early treatment subset, study period 9 March, 2020 - 31 October, 2020, dosage 200mg tid days 1-10, HCQ 200mg tid daily or CQ 250mg bid daily, trial NCT04445441 (history).
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risk of progression, 73.0% lower, HR 0.27, p = 0.05, treatment 23 of 399 (5.8%), control 4 of 33 (12.1%), adjusted per study, outpatients, multivariable, Cox proportional hazards, early treatment result.
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time to viral clearance, 21.3% lower, HR 0.79, p = 0.37, treatment 399, control 33, adjusted per study, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, outpatients, multivariable, Cox proportional hazards, primary outcome, early treatment result.
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Roy, 3/12/2021, retrospective, database analysis, India, preprint, 5 authors, dosage not specified, excluded in exclusion analyses:
no serious outcomes reported and fast recovery in treatment and control groups, there is little room for a treatment to improve results.
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relative time to clinical response of wellbeing, 2.4% lower, relative time 0.98, p = 0.96, treatment 14, control 15, primary outcome.
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Roy-García, 4/16/2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Mexico, preprint, 11 authors, study period January 2021 - June 2021, average treatment delay 5.0 days, dosage 200mg bid days 1-10, trial NCT04964583 (history), excluded in exclusion analyses:
multiple data issues - pending author response.
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risk of progression, 100% higher, RR 2.00, p = 1.00, treatment 2 of 31 (6.5%), control 1 of 31 (3.2%), HCQ, supplemental oxygen.
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risk of progression, 233.3% higher, RR 3.33, p = 0.06, treatment 10 of 31 (32.3%), control 3 of 31 (9.7%), HCQ, pneumonia.
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risk of progression, 225.0% higher, RR 3.25, p = 0.02, treatment 13 of 31 (41.9%), control 4 of 31 (12.9%), HCQ, oxygen saturation less than 90%, dyspnea, or pneumonia.
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risk of progression, 520.0% higher, RR 6.20, p = 0.05, treatment 6 of 30 (20.0%), control 1 of 31 (3.2%), HCQ+AZ, supplemental oxygen.
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risk of progression, 210.0% higher, RR 3.10, p = 0.06, treatment 9 of 30 (30.0%), control 3 of 31 (9.7%), HCQ+AZ, pneumonia.
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risk of progression, 132.5% higher, RR 2.33, p = 0.13, treatment 9 of 30 (30.0%), control 4 of 31 (12.9%), HCQ+AZ, oxygen saturation less than 90%, dyspnea, or pneumonia.
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Sarwar, 8/30/2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, trial NCT04351191 (history) (PRECISE).
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137 patient RCT with results unknown and over 6 years late.
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Sawanpanyalert, 9/9/2021, retrospective, Thailand, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, dosage varies, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with lopinavir/ritonavir or darunavir/ritonavir) - results of individual treatments may vary.
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risk of death, ICU, intubation, or high-flow oxygen, 42.0% lower, OR 0.58, p = 0.37, within 4 days of symptom onset, RR approximated with OR.
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Simova, 11/12/2020, retrospective, Bulgaria, peer-reviewed, 5 authors, dosage 200mg tid days 1-14, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with AZ and zinc) - results of individual treatments may vary.
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risk of hospitalization, 93.8% lower, RR 0.06, p = 0.01, treatment 0 of 33 (0.0%), control 2 of 5 (40.0%), NNT 2.5, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
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risk of viral+ at day 14, 95.8% lower, RR 0.04, p = 0.001, treatment 0 of 33 (0.0%), control 3 of 5 (60.0%), NNT 1.7, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
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Skipper, 7/16/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, peer-reviewed, 24 authors, study period 17 March, 2020 - 20 May, 2020, dosage 800mg once, followed by 600mg in 6 to 8 hours, then 600mg daily for 4 more days, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo, trial NCT04308668 (history).
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risk of death/hospitalization, 36.7% lower, RR 0.63, p = 0.58, treatment 5 of 231 (2.2%), control 8 of 234 (3.4%), NNT 80, COVID-19 adjudicated hospitalization/death.
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risk of hospitalization, 49.4% lower, RR 0.51, p = 0.38, treatment 4 of 231 (1.7%), control 8 of 234 (3.4%), NNT 59, COVID-19 adjudicated hospitalization.
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risk of death/hospitalization, 49.4% lower, RR 0.51, p = 0.29, treatment 5 of 231 (2.2%), control 10 of 234 (4.3%), NNT 47, all hospitalization/death.
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risk of hospitalization, 59.5% lower, RR 0.41, p = 0.17, treatment 4 of 231 (1.7%), control 10 of 234 (4.3%), NNT 39, all hospitalizations.
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risk of no recovery at day 14, 20.0% lower, RR 0.80, p = 0.21, treatment 231, control 234.
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Smith (B), 7/8/2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, USA, preprint, 1 author, average treatment delay 5.0 days, dosage 400mg bid day 1, 200mg bid days 2-7, trial NCT04358068 (history).
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risk of hospitalization, 64.0% lower, RR 0.36, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 7 (0.0%), control 1 of 9 (11.1%), NNT 9.0, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
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Sobngwi, 7/29/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Cameroon, peer-reviewed, mean age 39.0, 16 authors, study period 16 March, 2021 - 9 April, 2021, dosage 400mg days 1-5, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo.
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risk of no recovery, 51.6% lower, RR 0.48, p = 0.44, treatment 2 of 95 (2.1%), control 4 of 92 (4.3%), NNT 45, day 10.
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risk of no recovery, 3.2% lower, RR 0.97, p = 1.00, treatment 18 of 95 (18.9%), control 18 of 92 (19.6%), NNT 162, day 3.
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risk of no viral clearance, 3.2% lower, RR 0.97, p = 0.88, treatment 32 of 95 (33.7%), control 32 of 92 (34.8%), NNT 91, day 10.
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Sow, 9/30/2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo, trial NCT04501965 (history) (PHYTCOVID-19).
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231 patient RCT with results unknown and over 6 years late.
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Strub-Wourgaft, 3/28/2024, Randomized Controlled Trial, multiple countries, preprint, 12 authors, average treatment delay 3.0 days, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo, ANTICOV trial, excluded in exclusion analyses:
significant confounding by time possible.
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risk of progression, 90.8% lower, RR 0.09, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 83 (0.0%), control 9 of 817 (1.1%), NNT 91, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), SpO2 ≤93 or death, day 21, Table 14.2.2.1.
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risk of hospitalization, 93.0% lower, RR 0.07, p = 0.62, treatment 0 of 83 (0.0%), control 12 of 817 (1.5%), NNT 68, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), COVID-19 hospitalization, day 21, Table 14.2.2.13.
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Su, 12/23/2020, retrospective, China, peer-reviewed, 9 authors, study period 20 January, 2020 - 30 April, 2020, dosage 400mg days 1-10, 400mg daily for 10-14 days.
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risk of progression, 84.9% lower, HR 0.15, p = 0.006, adjusted per study, binary logistic regression.
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improvement time, 24.0% better, relative time 0.76, p = 0.02, adjusted per study, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, Cox proportional hazards.
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risk of no viral clearance, 35.8% lower, HR 0.64, p = 0.001, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, Cox proportional hazards.
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Sulaiman, 9/13/2020, prospective, Saudi Arabia, preprint, 22 authors, dosage 400mg bid day 1, 200mg bid days 2-5.
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risk of death, 63.7% lower, RR 0.36, p = 0.01, treatment 7 of 1,817 (0.4%), control 54 of 3,724 (1.5%), NNT 94, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
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risk of death/ICU, 44.4% lower, RR 0.56, p = 0.02, treatment 21 of 1,817 (1.2%), control 95 of 3,724 (2.6%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
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risk of ICU admission, 36.7% lower, RR 0.63, p = 0.13, treatment 14 of 1,817 (0.8%), control 56 of 3,724 (1.5%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 38.6% lower, RR 0.61, p < 0.001, treatment 171 of 1,817 (9.4%), control 617 of 3,724 (16.6%), NNT 14, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Szente Fonseca, 10/31/2020, retrospective, Brazil, peer-reviewed, mean age 50.6, 10 authors, average treatment delay 4.6 days, dosage 400mg bid day 1, 400mg qd days 2-5.
|
risk of hospitalization, 64.0% lower, RR 0.36, p < 0.001, treatment 25 of 175 (14.3%), control 89 of 542 (16.4%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, HCQ vs. nothing, primary outcome.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 50.5% lower, RR 0.49, p = 0.006, treatment 25 of 175 (14.3%), control 89 of 542 (16.4%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, HCQ vs. anything else.
|
|
Yu, 8/3/2020, retrospective, China, peer-reviewed, median age 62.0, 6 authors, early treatment subset, average treatment delay 5.0 days, dosage 200mg bid days 1-10.
|
risk of death, 85.0% lower, RR 0.15, p = 0.02, treatment 1 of 73 (1.4%), control 238 of 2,604 (9.1%), NNT 13, HCQ treatment started early vs. non-HCQ.
|
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules as detailed above
and gives priority to more serious outcomes. Only the first (most serious)
outcome is used in pooled analysis, which may differ from the effect a paper
focuses on. Other outcomes are used in outcome specific analyses.
|
AbdelGhaffar, 1/11/2022, retrospective, Egypt, peer-reviewed, 17 authors, study period April 2020 - July 2020.
|
risk of death, 99.9% lower, RR 0.001, p < 0.001, treatment 0 of 238 (0.0%), control 900 of 3,474 (25.9%), NNT 3.9, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
Abdulrahman, 11/30/2020, retrospective, propensity score matching, Bahrain, preprint, 9 authors.
|
risk of death, 16.7% lower, RR 0.83, p = 1.00, treatment 5 of 223 (2.2%), control 6 of 223 (2.7%), NNT 223, PSM.
|
|
risk of death/intubation, 75.0% higher, RR 1.75, p = 0.24, treatment 12 of 223 (5.4%), control 7 of 223 (3.1%), adjusted per study, PSM.
|
|
Aboulenain, 11/30/2020, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 13 authors, study period March 2020 - May 2020, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication possible.
|
risk of death, 15.0% higher, HR 1.15, p = 0.72, treatment 82, control 93, Cox proportional hazards.
|
|
Ader, 10/6/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, multiple countries, preprint, baseline oxygen required 95.4%, 59 authors, study period 22 March, 2020 - 29 June, 2020, average treatment delay 9.0 days, excluded in exclusion analyses:
very late stage, >50% on oxygen/ventilation at baseline.
|
risk of death, 15.3% higher, RR 1.15, p = 0.70, treatment 11 of 150 (7.3%), control 13 of 149 (8.7%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, day 90.
|
|
risk of death, 10.1% lower, RR 0.90, p = 0.75, treatment 15 of 150 (10.0%), control 13 of 149 (8.7%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, day 28.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 23.8% lower, RR 0.76, p = 0.68, treatment 4 of 83 (4.8%), control 5 of 81 (6.2%), NNT 74, odds ratio converted to relative risk, Table S2, day 29.
|
|
Afşin, 8/1/2023, retrospective, Turkey, peer-reviewed, 2 authors, study period August 2020 - November 2020, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 16.7% lower, RR 0.83, p = 0.50, treatment 15 of 36 (41.7%), control 22 of 44 (50.0%), NNT 12.
|
|
Alamdari, 9/9/2020, retrospective, Iran, peer-reviewed, 14 authors, average treatment delay 5.72 days, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
risk of death, 55.0% lower, RR 0.45, p = 0.03, treatment 54 of 427 (12.6%), control 9 of 32 (28.1%), NNT 6.5.
|
|
Albanghali, 2/3/2022, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details; substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
risk of death, 34.6% higher, RR 1.35, p = 0.46, treatment 20 of 466 (4.3%), control 11 of 345 (3.2%).
|
|
Albani, 8/30/2020, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely; substantial confounding by time likely due to declining usage over the early stages of the pandemic when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically.
|
risk of death, 18.4% lower, RR 0.82, p = 0.15, treatment 60 of 211 (28.4%), control 172 of 605 (28.4%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, HCQ vs. neither.
|
|
risk of death, 9.0% higher, RR 1.09, p = 0.54, treatment 60 of 211 (28.4%), control 172 of 605 (28.4%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, HCQ+AZ vs. neither.
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 9.2% higher, RR 1.09, p = 0.70, treatment 73 of 211 (34.6%), control 46 of 605 (7.6%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, HCQ vs. neither.
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 71.3% higher, RR 1.71, p < 0.001, treatment 73 of 211 (34.6%), control 46 of 605 (7.6%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, HCQ+AZ vs. neither.
|
|
Alberici, 5/10/2020, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, 31 authors, average treatment delay 4.0 days.
|
risk of death, 42.9% lower, RR 0.57, p = 0.12, treatment 17 of 72 (23.6%), control 9 of 22 (40.9%), NNT 5.8, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Alghamdi, 8/4/2021, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, peer-reviewed, 1 author, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details; very late stage, ICU patients.
|
risk of death, 39.2% higher, RR 1.39, p = 0.52, treatment 29 of 128 (22.7%), control 7 of 43 (16.3%).
|
|
Alghamdi (B), 3/31/2021, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
confounding by indication is likely and adjustments do not consider COVID-19 severity at baseline.
|
risk of death, 6.9% higher, RR 1.07, p = 0.88, treatment 44 of 568 (7.7%), control 15 of 207 (7.2%).
|
|
Alhamlan, 7/16/2021, retrospective, database analysis, Saudi Arabia, preprint, 10 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely; substantial confounding by time likely due to declining usage over the early stages of the pandemic when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically.
|
risk of death, 52.0% higher, HR 1.52, p = 0.57.
|
|
Almazrou, 10/1/2020, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 65.0% lower, RR 0.35, p = 0.16, treatment 3 of 95 (3.2%), control 6 of 66 (9.1%), NNT 17.
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 21.0% lower, RR 0.79, p = 0.78, treatment 8 of 95 (8.4%), control 7 of 66 (10.6%), NNT 46.
|
|
Alosaimi, 11/24/2022, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, peer-reviewed, 13 authors, study period April 2020 - March 2021, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo.
|
risk of death, 400.0% higher, RR 5.00, p = 0.49, treatment 2 of 37 (5.4%), control 0 of 37 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), propensity score matching.
|
|
hospitalization time, 42.9% lower, relative time 0.57, p = 0.63, treatment 37, control 37, propensity score matching.
|
|
time to discharge, 28.6% lower, relative time 0.71, p = 0.74, treatment 37, control 37, propensity score matching.
|
|
Alotaibi, 9/14/2021, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo.
|
risk of death, 133.5% higher, RR 2.33, p = 0.05, treatment 193, control 244, multivariate.
|
|
AlQadheeb, 5/10/2023, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, peer-reviewed, mean age 55.8, 9 authors, study period March 2020 - August 2021.
|
risk of death, 34.8% lower, RR 0.65, p < 0.001, treatment 37 of 92 (40.2%), control 466 of 756 (61.6%), NNT 4.7.
|
|
Alqahtani, 3/12/2025, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, peer-reviewed, mean age 56.7, 15 authors, study period 13 March, 2020 - 13 September, 2020.
|
risk of death, 134.0% higher, OR 2.34, p = 0.03, treatment 136, control 49, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
AlQahtani, 3/23/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, Bahrain, peer-reviewed, 14 authors, study period August 2020 - March 2021, trial NCT04387760 (history).
|
risk of ICU admission, 23.5% lower, RR 0.76, p = 1.00, treatment 3 of 51 (5.9%), control 4 of 52 (7.7%), NNT 55.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 4.1% lower, RR 0.96, p = 0.94, treatment 5 of 49 (10.2%), control 5 of 47 (10.6%), NNT 230.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 47.4% lower, RR 0.53, p = 0.13, treatment 7 of 38 (18.4%), control 14 of 40 (35.0%), NNT 6.0.
|
|
Alqassieh, 12/10/2020, prospective, Jordan, preprint, 10 authors.
|
hospitalization time, 18.2% lower, relative time 0.82, p = 0.11, treatment 63, control 68.
|
|
Alshamrani, 2/15/2023, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, peer-reviewed, 3 authors, study period March 2020 - January 2021.
|
risk of death, 50.0% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.18, treatment 6 of 161 (3.7%), control 50 of 653 (7.7%), NNT 25, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, propensity score matching, multivariable.
|
|
risk of progression, 37.0% lower, RR 0.63, p = 0.21, treatment 16 of 161 (9.9%), control 100 of 653 (15.3%), NNT 19, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, AKI, ARDS, multi-organ failure, or mortality, propensity score matching, multivariable.
|
|
ICU time, 9.2% lower, relative time 0.91, p = 0.66, treatment 22, control 169, propensity score matching.
|
|
hospitalization time, 3.0% higher, relative time 1.03, p = 0.69, treatment 161, control 653, propensity score matching.
|
|
AlShehhi, 1/11/2024, retrospective, United Arab Emirates, peer-reviewed, 4 authors, study period 1 March, 2020 - 20 April, 2020, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of ICU admission, 42.8% lower, RR 0.57, p = 0.001, treatment 114 of 1,460 (7.8%), control 46 of 337 (13.6%), NNT 17.
|
|
Alwafi, 1/20/2022, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, study period 7 March, 2020 - 15 April, 2020, excluded in exclusion analyses:
excessive unadjusted differences between groups.
|
risk of no viral clearance, 14.7% lower, RR 0.85, p = 0.65, treatment 12 of 45 (26.7%), control 15 of 48 (31.2%), NNT 22, day 5, primary outcome.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 25.3% lower, RR 0.75, p = 0.60, treatment 7 of 45 (15.6%), control 10 of 48 (20.8%), NNT 19, day 12.
|
|
An, 7/7/2020, retrospective, South Korea, preprint, 12 authors.
|
time to viral clearance, 3.0% lower, HR 0.97, p = 0.92, treatment 31, control 195.
|
|
Annie, 10/12/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, peer-reviewed, 5 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
confounding by indication is likely and adjustments do not consider COVID-19 severity at baseline.
|
risk of death, 4.3% lower, RR 0.96, p = 0.83, treatment 48 of 367 (13.1%), control 50 of 367 (13.6%), NNT 183, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
risk of death, 20.5% higher, RR 1.21, p = 0.46, treatment 29 of 199 (14.6%), control 24 of 199 (12.1%), odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Aparisi, 10/8/2020, prospective, Spain, preprint, 18 authors, average treatment delay 7.0 days, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 63.0% lower, RR 0.37, p = 0.008, treatment 122 of 605 (20.2%), control 27 of 49 (55.1%), NNT 2.9.
|
|
Arshad, 7/1/2020, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 12 authors.
|
risk of death, 51.3% lower, HR 0.49, p = 0.009, treatment 162 of 1,202 (13.5%), control 108 of 409 (26.4%), NNT 7.7.
|
|
Ashinyo, 9/15/2020, retrospective, Ghana, peer-reviewed, 16 authors.
|
hospitalization time, 33.0% lower, relative time 0.67, p = 0.03, treatment 61, control 61.
|
|
Assad, 10/21/2022, retrospective, Iraq, peer-reviewed, 1 author, study period June 2020 - September 2020, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details; confounding by time possible, propensity to use HCQ changed significantly during the study period.
|
risk of death, 59.7% lower, RR 0.40, p = 0.002, treatment 9 of 72 (12.5%), control 68 of 219 (31.1%), NNT 5.4, enoxaparin+HCQ vs. enoxaparin.
|
|
Auld, 4/26/2020, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 14 authors.
|
risk of death, 2.8% higher, RR 1.03, p = 1.00, treatment 33 of 114 (28.9%), control 29 of 103 (28.2%).
|
|
Awad, 2/18/2021, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 4 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial confounding by time likely due to declining usage over the early stages of the pandemic when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically; substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
risk of death, 19.1% higher, RR 1.19, p = 0.60, treatment 56 of 188 (29.8%), control 37 of 148 (25.0%).
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 460.7% higher, RR 5.61, p < 0.001, treatment 64 of 188 (34.0%), control 9 of 148 (6.1%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 463.4% higher, RR 5.63, p < 0.001, treatment 67 of 188 (35.6%), control 9 of 148 (6.1%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Aweimer, 3/29/2023, retrospective, Germany, peer-reviewed, median age 67.0, 19 authors, study period 1 March, 2020 - 31 August, 2021.
|
risk of death, 40.2% lower, RR 0.60, p = 0.12, treatment 4 of 9 (44.4%), control 104 of 140 (74.3%), NNT 3.4.
|
|
Ayerbe, 9/30/2020, retrospective, database analysis, Spain, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.
|
risk of death, 52.2% lower, RR 0.48, p < 0.001, treatment 237 of 1,857 (12.8%), control 49 of 162 (30.2%), NNT 5.7, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Azaña Gómez, 3/10/2022, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, study period 1 March, 2020 - 1 October, 2020, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 35.8% lower, RR 0.64, p < 0.001, treatment 500 of 1,378 (36.3%), control 238 of 421 (56.5%), NNT 4.9.
|
|
Azimi Pirsaraei, 8/13/2024, retrospective, Iran, peer-reviewed, mean age 57.2, 5 authors, study period 20 March, 2020 - 20 June, 2020, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 39.2% lower, RR 0.61, p = 0.16, treatment 70 of 777 (9.0%), control 8 of 54 (14.8%), NNT 17.
|
|
Babalola, 10/1/2021, Single Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Nigeria, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with AZ) - results of individual treatments may vary, trial PACTR202108891693522.
|
risk of no hospital discharge, 54.5% higher, RR 1.55, p = 0.20, treatment 17 of 30 (56.7%), control 11 of 30 (36.7%), day 7.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 9.5% lower, RR 0.90, p = 0.78, treatment 19 of 30 (63.3%), control 21 of 30 (70.0%), NNT 15, day 5 mid-recovery.
|
|
Babayigit, 8/31/2022, retrospective, Turkey, peer-reviewed, mean age 51.9, 68 authors, study period 11 March, 2020 - 18 July, 2020.
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 112.4% higher, RR 2.12, p = 0.21, treatment 63 of 1,378 (4.6%), control 6 of 94 (6.4%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariable.
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 52.8% higher, RR 1.53, p = 0.33, treatment 107 of 1,363 (7.9%), control 9 of 93 (9.7%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariable.
|
|
hospitalization time, 16.7% higher, relative time 1.17, p = 0.05, treatment 852, control 63.
|
|
Baguiya, 2/15/2021, retrospective, Burkina Faso, peer-reviewed, 15 authors, study period 9 March, 2020 - 23 April, 2020.
|
risk of death, 44.0% lower, HR 0.56, p = 0.14, treatment 150, control 58, adjusted per study, multivariable, Cox proportional hazards, day 12.
|
|
risk of death, 58.0% lower, HR 0.42, p = 0.11, treatment 150, control 58, adjusted per study, mortality within 24 hours excluded, propensity score matching, multivariable, Cox proportional hazards, day 12, Table S3.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 3.0% lower, HR 0.97, p = 0.91, treatment 150, control 58, adjusted per study, multivariable, Cox proportional hazards, day 12.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 22.0% lower, HR 0.78, p = 0.91, treatment 150, control 58, adjusted per study, mortality within 24 hours excluded, propensity score matching, multivariable, Cox proportional hazards, day 12, Table S3.
|
|
Barbosa, 4/12/2020, retrospective, USA, preprint, 5 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
excessive unadjusted differences between groups.
|
risk of death, 147.0% higher, RR 2.47, p = 0.58, treatment 2 of 17 (11.8%), control 1 of 21 (4.8%).
|
|
Barra, 7/31/2021, retrospective, Argentina, preprint, 13 authors, average treatment delay 5.0 days, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 10.8% lower, RR 0.89, p = 1.00, treatment 2 of 18 (11.1%), control 81 of 650 (12.5%), NNT 74, unadjusted.
|
|
Barrat-Due, 7/13/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Norway, peer-reviewed, 43 authors, study period 28 March, 2020 - 4 October, 2020, average treatment delay 8.0 days, trial NCT04321616 (history).
|
risk of death, 120.0% higher, RR 2.20, p = 0.35, treatment 4 of 45 (8.9%), control 2 of 48 (4.2%), adjusted per study.
|
|
Barry, 3/23/2021, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, peer-reviewed, 14 authors.
|
risk of death, 98.9% lower, RR 0.01, p = 0.60, treatment 0 of 6 (0.0%), control 91 of 599 (15.2%), NNT 6.6, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
Bassets-Bosch, 4/30/2022, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, 5 authors, study period 11 March, 2020 - 30 April, 2020, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with AZ) - results of individual treatments may vary.
|
time to viral-, 29.2% lower, relative time 0.71, p = 0.45, treatment median 17.0 IQR 16.0 n=5, control median 24.0 IQR 21.0 n=5, onset to clearance.
|
|
Beaumont, 2/13/2022, retrospective, France, peer-reviewed, 22 authors, average treatment delay 6.0 days.
|
risk of death/intubation, 14.1% lower, HR 0.86, p = 0.55, treatment 7 of 38 (18.4%), control 88 of 258 (34.1%), NNT 6.4, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, Cox proportional hazards.
|
|
Beltran Gonzalez, 2/23/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Mexico, peer-reviewed, mean age 53.8, 13 authors, study period 4 May, 2020 - 6 November, 2020, average treatment delay 7.0 days, trial NCT04391127 (history).
|
risk of death, 62.6% lower, RR 0.37, p = 0.27, treatment 2 of 33 (6.1%), control 6 of 37 (16.2%), NNT 9.8.
|
|
risk of respiratory deterioration or death, 25.3% lower, RR 0.75, p = 0.57, treatment 6 of 33 (18.2%), control 9 of 37 (24.3%), NNT 16.
|
|
risk of no hospital discharge, 12.1% higher, RR 1.12, p = 1.00, treatment 3 of 33 (9.1%), control 3 of 37 (8.1%).
|
|
Berenguer, 8/3/2020, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, average treatment delay 7.0 days.
|
risk of death, 18.2% lower, RR 0.82, p < 0.001, treatment 681 of 2,618 (26.0%), control 438 of 1,377 (31.8%), NNT 17.
|
|
Bernaola, 7/21/2020, retrospective, Spain, preprint, 7 authors.
|
risk of death, 17.0% lower, HR 0.83, p < 0.001, treatment 236 of 1,498 (15.8%), control 28 of 147 (19.0%), NNT 30.
|
|
Bielza, 12/11/2020, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, median age 87.0, 24 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 21.5% lower, RR 0.78, p = 0.09, treatment 33 of 91 (36.3%), control 249 of 539 (46.2%), NNT 10.
|
|
Boari, 11/17/2020, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, 20 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 54.5% lower, RR 0.45, p < 0.001, treatment 41 of 202 (20.3%), control 25 of 56 (44.6%), NNT 4.1.
|
|
Bosaeed, 4/30/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Saudi Arabia, peer-reviewed, 30 authors, study period 21 May, 2020 - 26 January, 2021, average treatment delay 5.85 days, trial NCT04392973 (history) (FACCT), excluded in exclusion analyses:
very late stage, >50% on oxygen/ventilation at baseline.
|
risk of death, 3.7% lower, RR 0.96, p = 0.91, treatment 14 of 125 (11.2%), control 15 of 129 (11.6%), NNT 234, 90 days.
|
|
risk of death, 28.6% lower, RR 0.71, p = 0.45, treatment 9 of 125 (7.2%), control 13 of 129 (10.1%), NNT 35, 28 days.
|
|
risk of death, 65.1% higher, RR 1.65, p = 0.68, treatment 8 of 125 (6.4%), control 5 of 129 (3.9%), 14 days.
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 8.4% higher, RR 1.08, p = 0.78, treatment 21 of 125 (16.8%), control 20 of 129 (15.5%).
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 31.0% higher, RR 1.31, p = 0.24, treatment 33 of 125 (26.4%), control 26 of 129 (20.2%).
|
|
recovery time, 28.6% higher, relative time 1.29, p = 0.29, treatment 125, control 129.
|
|
hospitalization time, 12.5% higher, relative time 1.12, p = 0.42, treatment 125, control 129.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 2.6% lower, RR 0.97, p = 0.75, treatment 100 of 125 (80.0%), control 106 of 129 (82.2%), NNT 46.
|
|
Bousquet, 6/23/2020, prospective, France, peer-reviewed, 10 authors.
|
risk of death, 42.8% lower, RR 0.57, p = 0.15, treatment 5 of 27 (18.5%), control 23 of 81 (28.4%), NNT 10, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Bowen, 8/25/2022, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, study period 1 March, 2020 - 31 March, 2021.
|
risk of death, 20.0% lower, HR 0.80, p = 0.007, treatment 1,317, control 3,314, Table S2, Cox proportional hazards.
|
|
Brouqui (B), 8/1/2024, retrospective, France, peer-reviewed, 2 authors, study period 3 March, 2020 - 13 March, 2021.
|
viral clearance, 15.3% lower, HR 0.85, p = 0.04, treatment 776, control 500, adjusted per study, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, multivariable, Cox proportional hazards.
|
|
Bubenek-Turconi, 11/17/2022, prospective, Romania, peer-reviewed, 16 authors, study period March 2020 - March 2021.
|
risk of death, 22.0% lower, OR 0.78, p = 0.01, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Budhiraja, 11/18/2020, retrospective, India, preprint, 12 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
excessive unadjusted differences between groups.
|
risk of death, 65.4% lower, RR 0.35, p < 0.001, treatment 69 of 834 (8.3%), control 34 of 142 (23.9%), NNT 6.4.
|
|
Burdick, 11/26/2020, prospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 14 authors.
|
risk of death, 59.0% higher, HR 1.59, p = 0.12, treatment 142, control 148, adjusted per study, all patients.
|
|
risk of death, 71.0% lower, HR 0.29, p = 0.01, treatment 26, control 17, adjusted per study, subgroup of patients where treatment is predicted to be beneficial.
|
|
Burhan, 9/25/2023, retrospective, Indonesia, peer-reviewed, 26 authors, study period January 2020 - March 2021.
|
risk of death, 1.3% higher, RR 1.01, p = 0.91, treatment 84 of 123 (68.3%), control 294 of 436 (67.4%).
|
|
Byakika-Kibwika, 6/4/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Uganda, preprint, 17 authors, study period October 2020 - December 2020.
|
recovery time, no change, relative time 1.00, p = 0.91, treatment 36, control 29.
|
|
relative improvement in Ct value, 29.3% better, RR 0.71, p = 0.47, treatment 15, control 15.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 2.6% higher, RR 1.03, p = 1.00, treatment 35 of 55 (63.6%), control 31 of 50 (62.0%), day 6.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 6.7% higher, RR 1.07, p = 0.85, treatment 27 of 55 (49.1%), control 23 of 50 (46.0%), day 10.
|
|
Calderón, 11/23/2021, retrospective, Mexico, peer-reviewed, 7 authors, dosage 200mg bid days 1-7.
|
risk of death, 214.8% higher, RR 3.15, p = 0.38, treatment 5 of 27 (18.5%), control 1 of 17 (5.9%).
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 651.9% higher, RR 7.52, p = 0.15, treatment 4 of 27 (14.8%), control 0 of 17 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 145.5% higher, RR 2.45, p < 0.001, treatment 16 of 27 (59.3%), control 0 of 17 (0.0%), adjusted per study, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment.
|
|
hospitalization time, 107.4% higher, relative time 2.07, p = 0.006, treatment 27, control 17.
|
|
Cangiano, 12/22/2020, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, 14 authors.
|
risk of death, 73.4% lower, RR 0.27, p = 0.03, treatment 5 of 33 (15.2%), control 37 of 65 (56.9%), NNT 2.4.
|
|
Capsoni, 12/1/2020, retrospective, Italy, preprint, 13 authors, average treatment delay 7.0 days.
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 40.0% lower, RR 0.60, p = 0.30, treatment 12 of 40 (30.0%), control 6 of 12 (50.0%), NNT 5.0.
|
|
Catteau, 8/24/2020, retrospective, database analysis, Belgium, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, average treatment delay 5.0 days.
|
risk of death, 32.0% lower, HR 0.68, p < 0.001, treatment 804 of 4,542 (17.7%), control 957 of 3,533 (27.1%), NNT 11.
|
|
Cavalcanti, 7/23/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Brazil, peer-reviewed, baseline oxygen required 41.8%, 35 authors, study period 29 March, 2020 - 18 May, 2020, average treatment delay 7.0 days, trial NCT04322123 (history) (COALITION I).
|
risk of death, 16.0% lower, RR 0.84, p = 0.77, treatment 8 of 331 (2.4%), control 5 of 173 (2.9%), NNT 211, HCQ+HCQ/AZ.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 28.0% higher, RR 1.28, p = 0.30, treatment 331, control 173, HCQ+HCQ/AZ.
|
|
Chari, 12/24/2020, retrospective, multiple countries, peer-reviewed, median age 69.0, 25 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 33.1% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.17, treatment 8 of 29 (27.6%), control 195 of 473 (41.2%), NNT 7.3.
|
|
Charif, 12/13/2022, retrospective, Morocco, peer-reviewed, mean age 62.5, 10 authors, study period August 2020 - September 2021, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 27.2% lower, RR 0.73, p < 0.001, treatment 138 of 358 (38.5%), control 136 of 257 (52.9%), NNT 7.0, HCQ vs. no HCQ.
|
|
Chen (B), 7/10/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Taiwan, peer-reviewed, 19 authors, study period 1 April, 2020 - 31 May, 2020, trial NCT04384380 (history).
|
risk of no viral clearance, 24.0% lower, RR 0.76, p = 0.71, treatment 4 of 21 (19.0%), control 3 of 12 (25.0%), NNT 17, day 14.
|
|
median time to PCR-, 50.0% lower, relative time 0.50, p = 0.40, treatment 21, control 12.
|
|
Chen (C), 7/10/2020, retrospective, Taiwan, peer-reviewed, 19 authors.
|
risk of no viral clearance, 29.0% higher, RR 1.29, p = 0.70, treatment 16 of 28 (57.1%), control 4 of 9 (44.4%), day 14.
|
|
Chen (D), 6/22/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, China, preprint, 19 authors, study period 18 February, 2020 - 30 March, 2020, dosage 200mg bid days 1-10.
|
time to clinical recovery, 20.0% lower, relative time 0.80, p = 0.51, treatment median 6.0 IQR 5.0 n=18, control median 7.5 IQR 11.25 n=12, HCQ.
|
|
time to clinical recovery, 26.7% lower, relative time 0.73, p = 0.36, treatment median 5.5 IQR 4.25 n=18, control median 7.5 IQR 11.25 n=12, CQ.
|
|
median time to PCR-, 71.4% lower, relative time 0.29, p < 0.001, treatment median 2.0 IQR 1.5 n=18, control median 7.0 IQR 7.0 n=12, HCQ.
|
|
median time to PCR-, 64.3% lower, relative time 0.36, p = 0.001, treatment median 2.5 IQR 1.8 n=18, control median 7.0 IQR 7.0 n=12, CQ.
|
|
Chen (E), 3/31/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, China, preprint, 9 authors, study period 4 February, 2020 - 28 February, 2020.
|
risk of no improvement in pneumonia at day 6, 57.0% lower, RR 0.43, p = 0.04, treatment 6 of 31 (19.4%), control 14 of 31 (45.2%), NNT 3.9.
|
|
Chen (F), 3/6/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, China, peer-reviewed, 14 authors, study period 6 February, 2020 - 25 February, 2020, trial NCT04261517 (history).
|
risk of radiological progression, 29.0% lower, RR 0.71, p = 0.57, treatment 5 of 15 (33.3%), control 7 of 15 (46.7%), NNT 7.5.
|
|
risk of viral+ at day 7, 100% higher, RR 2.00, p = 1.00, treatment 2 of 15 (13.3%), control 1 of 15 (6.7%).
|
|
Choi, 10/27/2020, retrospective, database analysis, South Korea, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
excessive unadjusted differences between groups.
|
median time to PCR-, 22.0% higher, relative time 1.22, p < 0.001, treatment 701, control 701.
|
|
Coll, 10/23/2020, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, median age 61.0, 29 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 45.6% lower, RR 0.54, p < 0.001, treatment 55 of 307 (17.9%), control 108 of 328 (32.9%), NNT 6.7.
|
|
Corradini, 4/24/2021, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, 60 authors, dosage not specified.
|
risk of death, 70.2% lower, OR 0.30, p < 0.001, treatment 1,439, control 274, adjusted per study, Table S6, all patients, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of death, 76.8% lower, OR 0.23, p < 0.001, treatment 546, control 71, adjusted per study, Table S6, mild condition patients, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of death, 84.2% lower, OR 0.16, p < 0.001, treatment 184, control 64, adjusted per study, Table S6, moderate condition patients, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of death, 29.0% higher, OR 1.29, p = 0.73, treatment 68, control 37, adjusted per study, Table S6, severe condition patients, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Cortez, 11/11/2021, retrospective, Philippines, peer-reviewed, 29 authors, study period March 2020 - October 2020, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 15.0% lower, RR 0.85, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 25 (4.0%), control 12 of 255 (4.7%), NNT 142.
|
|
Cravedi, 7/10/2020, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, mean age 60.0, 25 authors, average treatment delay 6.0 days, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
risk of death, 53.0% higher, RR 1.53, p = 0.17, treatment 36 of 101 (35.6%), control 10 of 43 (23.3%).
|
|
Cárdenas-Jaén, 6/20/2023, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, median age 57.0, 44 authors, study period May 2020 - September 2020, average treatment delay 7.0 days, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted for baseline differences with no group details.
|
risk of severe case, 56.2% lower, RR 0.44, p = 0.13, treatment 3 of 42 (7.1%), control 126 of 787 (16.0%), NNT 11, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
D'Arminio Monforte, 7/29/2020, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.
|
risk of death, 34.0% lower, HR 0.66, p = 0.12, treatment 53 of 197 (26.9%), control 47 of 92 (51.1%), NNT 4.1, adjusted per study.
|
|
Darcis, 8/31/2021, prospective, Belgium, peer-reviewed, mean age 60.5, 17 authors, study period 2 March, 2020 - 1 October, 2020.
|
risk of long COVID, 32.0% lower, OR 0.68, p = 0.58, treatment 164, control 35, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Davido, 8/2/2020, retrospective, France, peer-reviewed, 14 authors.
|
risk of intubation/hospitalization, 55.0% lower, HR 0.45, p = 0.04, treatment 12 of 80 (15.0%), control 13 of 40 (32.5%), NNT 5.7.
|
|
de Gonzalo-Calvo, 6/17/2023, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, median age 65.0, 46 authors, study period March 2020 - February 2021, trial NCT04457505 (history), excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 37.6% lower, RR 0.62, p = 0.23, treatment 6 of 32 (18.8%), control 138 of 459 (30.1%), NNT 8.8.
|
|
De Luna, 12/14/2020, retrospective, Dominican Republic, preprint, 10 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details; substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
risk of death, 104.5% higher, RR 2.05, p = 0.69, treatment 15 of 132 (11.4%), control 1 of 18 (5.6%).
|
|
De Rosa, 5/1/2021, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, 20 authors, average treatment delay 6.0 days.
|
risk of death, 35.0% lower, RR 0.65, p = 0.02, treatment 118 of 731 (16.1%), control 80 of 280 (28.6%), NNT 8.0, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, patients alive at day 7, multivariable.
|
|
Delgado, 2/20/2023, retrospective, USA, preprint, 7 authors, study period 1 March, 2020 - 31 December, 2020.
|
risk of death, 26.0% lower, OR 0.74, p = 0.002, treatment 1,239, control 8,399, both periods combined, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of death, 28.0% lower, OR 0.72, p = 0.001, treatment 1,157, control 2,064, early 2020, propensity score matching, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of death, 10.0% higher, OR 1.10, p = 0.82, treatment 82, control 6,335, late 2020, propensity score matching, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Değirmenci, 7/30/2024, retrospective, Turkey, peer-reviewed, mean age 29.3, 7 authors, study period March 2020 - January 2021.
|
risk of hospitalization, 42.8% lower, OR 0.57, p = 0.76, treatment 10, control 115, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Di Castelnuovo, 1/29/2021, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, 111 authors.
|
risk of death, 40.0% lower, RR 0.60, p < 0.001, treatment 3,270, control 1,000, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariate Cox proportional hazards model 4, control prevalence approximated with overall prevalence.
|
|
Di Castelnuovo (B), 8/25/2020, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, 106 authors.
|
risk of death, 30.0% lower, HR 0.70, p < 0.001, treatment 386 of 2,634 (14.7%), control 90 of 817 (11.0%), adjusted per study.
|
|
Dinoi, 2/20/2025, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, study period 17 March, 2020 - 15 June, 2021, dosage not specified.
|
risk of death, 48.4% lower, OR 0.52, p = 0.06, treatment 13 of 247 (5.3%) cases,
24 of 247 (9.7%) controls, NNT 6.2, case control OR.
|
|
Dubee, 10/21/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, France, peer-reviewed, median age 77.0, 18 authors, study period 2 April, 2020 - 21 May, 2020, average treatment delay 5.0 days, trial NCT04325893 (history) (HYCOVID).
|
risk of death at day 28, 46.0% lower, RR 0.54, p = 0.21, treatment 6 of 124 (4.8%), control 11 of 123 (8.9%), NNT 24.
|
|
risk of combined intubation/death at day 28, 26.0% lower, RR 0.74, p = 0.48, treatment 9 of 124 (7.3%), control 12 of 123 (9.8%), NNT 40.
|
|
Dubernet, 8/20/2020, retrospective, France, peer-reviewed, median age 66.0, 20 authors.
|
risk of ICU admission, 87.6% lower, RR 0.12, p = 0.008, treatment 1 of 17 (5.9%), control 9 of 19 (47.4%), NNT 2.4.
|
|
Ebongue, 3/18/2022, retrospective, Cameroon, peer-reviewed, 27 authors, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with AZ) - results of individual treatments may vary.
|
risk of death, 43.0% lower, HR 0.57, p = 0.04, treatment 93 of 522 (17.8%), control 36 of 58 (62.1%), NNT 2.3, adjusted per study, multivariable.
|
El-Sherbiny, 8/15/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, trial NCT04477083 (history).
|
Estimated 40 patient RCT with results unknown and over 6 years late.
|
|
Falcone, 11/19/2020, prospective, propensity score matching, Italy, peer-reviewed, 19 authors, average treatment delay 6.5 days.
|
risk of death, 65.0% lower, RR 0.35, p = 0.20, treatment 40 of 238 (16.8%), control 30 of 77 (39.0%), NNT 4.5, adjusted per study, PSM.
|
|
risk of death, 25.0% lower, RR 0.75, p = 0.36, treatment 40 of 238 (16.8%), control 30 of 77 (39.0%), NNT 4.5, adjusted per study, multivariate Cox regression.
|
|
risk of death, 57.0% lower, RR 0.43, p < 0.001, treatment 40 of 238 (16.8%), control 30 of 77 (39.0%), NNT 4.5, adjusted per study, univariate Cox regression.
|
Farooq, 6/28/2020, Single Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, trial NCT04328272 (history).
|
Estimated 75 patient RCT with results unknown and over 6 years late.
|
|
Faíco-Filho, 6/21/2020, prospective, Brazil, peer-reviewed, median age 58.0, 6 authors.
|
Δt7-12 ΔCt improvement, 80.8% lower, RR 0.19, p = 0.40, treatment 34, control 32, mid-recovery, relative median Ct improvement, Figure 2.
|
|
Δt<7 ΔCt improvement, 24.0% lower, RR 0.76, p = 0.36, treatment 34, control 32, relative median Ct improvement, Figure 2.
|
|
Δt>12 ΔCt improvement, 15.0% higher, RR 1.15, p = 0.52, treatment 34, control 32, relative median Ct improvement, Figure 2.
|
|
Fernández-Cruz, 1/31/2022, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, study period March 2020 - May 2020, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 27.0% lower, RR 0.73, p = 0.47, treatment 23 of 63 (36.5%), control 4 of 8 (50.0%), NNT 7.4.
|
|
Ferreira, 11/26/2021, retrospective, Brazil, peer-reviewed, 5 authors, study period 12 March, 2020 - 8 July, 2020, average treatment delay 7.0 days, dosage not specified.
|
risk of death, 151.5% higher, RR 2.51, p = 0.03, treatment 17 of 111 (15.3%), control 11 of 81 (13.6%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariate.
|
|
risk of death/intubation, 45.9% higher, RR 1.46, p = 0.23, treatment 30 of 111 (27.0%), control 15 of 81 (18.5%).
|
|
risk of death/intubation/ICU, 61.3% higher, RR 1.61, p = 0.04, treatment 42 of 111 (37.8%), control 19 of 81 (23.5%).
|
|
Fontana, 6/22/2020, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.
|
risk of death, 50.0% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.53, treatment 4 of 12 (33.3%), control 2 of 3 (66.7%), NNT 3.0.
|
|
Fried, 8/28/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
excessive unadjusted differences between groups; substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
risk of death, 27.0% higher, RR 1.27, p < 0.001, treatment 1,048 of 4,232 (24.8%), control 1,466 of 7,489 (19.6%).
|
|
Frontera, 10/26/2020, retrospective, propensity score matching, USA, preprint, median age 64.0, 14 authors, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with zinc) - results of individual treatments may vary, excluded in exclusion analyses:
potential data issue.
|
risk of death, 37.0% lower, HR 0.63, p = 0.01, treatment 121 of 1,006 (12.0%), control 424 of 2,467 (17.2%), NNT 19, adjusted per study, PSM.
|
|
risk of death, 24.0% lower, HR 0.76, p = 0.02, treatment 121 of 1,006 (12.0%), control 424 of 2,467 (17.2%), NNT 19, adjusted per study, regression.
|
|
Gadhiya, 4/8/2021, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 4 authors, dosage not specified, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial confounding by time likely due to declining usage over the early stages of the pandemic when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically; substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
risk of death, 4.8% higher, RR 1.05, p = 0.89, treatment 22 of 55 (40.0%), control 33 of 216 (15.3%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariate logistic regression.
|
|
Geleris, 5/7/2020, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 12 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
significant issues found with adjustments.
|
risk of death/intubation, 4.0% higher, HR 1.04, p = 0.76, treatment 262 of 811 (32.3%), control 84 of 565 (14.9%), adjusted per study.
|
|
Gerlovin, 6/24/2021, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 21 authors.
|
risk of death, 22.0% higher, HR 1.22, p = 0.18, treatment 90 of 429 (21.0%), control 141 of 770 (18.3%), adjusted per study, HCQ+AZ.
|
|
risk of death, 21.0% higher, HR 1.21, p = 0.33, treatment 49 of 228 (21.5%), control 141 of 770 (18.3%), adjusted per study, HCQ.
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 55.0% higher, HR 1.55, p = 0.02, treatment 64 of 429 (14.9%), control 69 of 770 (9.0%), adjusted per study, HCQ+AZ.
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 33.0% higher, HR 1.33, p = 0.25, treatment 32 of 228 (14.0%), control 69 of 770 (9.0%), adjusted per study, HCQ.
|
|
Go, 9/27/2022, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 2 authors, study period March 2020 - June 2020, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with AZ) - results of individual treatments may vary.
|
risk of death, 55.0% lower, HR 0.45, p = 0.03, adjusted per study, multivariable, Cox proportional hazards.
|
|
Goldman, 5/27/2020, retrospective, multiple countries, peer-reviewed, 26 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 22.3% lower, RR 0.78, p = 0.46, treatment 10 of 109 (9.2%), control 34 of 288 (11.8%), NNT 38.
|
|
Gonzalez, 8/21/2020, retrospective, database analysis, Spain, preprint, 25 authors.
|
risk of death, 26.6% lower, RR 0.73, p = 0.06, treatment 1,246 of 8,476 (14.7%), control 341 of 1,168 (29.2%), NNT 6.9, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Guglielmetti (B), 10/25/2021, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, 19 authors, study period 21 February, 2020 - 15 May, 2020.
|
risk of death, 28.0% lower, HR 0.72, p = 0.10, treatment 474, control 126, multivariable Cox proportional hazards.
|
|
Guglielmetti, 12/9/2020, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, 16 authors, average treatment delay 8.0 days.
|
risk of death, 35.0% lower, RR 0.65, p = 0.22, treatment 181, control 37, adjusted per study, multivariable Cox.
|
|
Guisado-Vasco (B), 10/15/2020, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, median age 69.0, 25 authors.
|
risk of death, 20.3% lower, RR 0.80, p = 0.36, treatment 127 of 558 (22.8%), control 14 of 49 (28.6%), NNT 17, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
risk of death, 66.9% lower, RR 0.33, p = 0.19, treatment 2 of 65 (3.1%), control 139 of 542 (25.6%), NNT 4.4, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, outpatient use, multivariable.
|
|
Gupta, 7/15/2020, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, baseline oxygen required 87.1%, 34 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
very late stage, >50% on oxygen/ventilation at baseline.
|
risk of death, 6.3% higher, RR 1.06, p = 0.41, treatment 631 of 1,761 (35.8%), control 153 of 454 (33.7%).
|
|
risk of death, 3.7% lower, RR 0.96, p = 0.53, treatment 388 of 1,117 (34.7%), control 396 of 1,098 (36.1%), NNT 75, HCQ+AZ.
|
|
Güner, 12/29/2020, retrospective, Turkey, peer-reviewed, 23 authors.
|
risk of ICU admission, 77.3% lower, RR 0.23, p = 0.16, treatment 604, control 100, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, IPTW multivariate analysis, HCQ vs. favipiravir.
|
|
Hafez, 4/8/2022, retrospective, United Arab Emirates, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.
|
viral clearance time, 12.3% lower, HR 0.88, p = 0.59, treatment 40, control 1,446, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, Cox proportional hazards.
|
|
viral clearance time, 58.7% lower, HR 0.41, p = 0.09, treatment 4, control 1,446, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, HCQ + favipiravir + lopinavir/ritonavir, Cox proportional hazards.
|
|
Haji Aghajani, 4/29/2021, retrospective, Iran, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.
|
risk of death, 19.5% lower, HR 0.81, p = 0.09, treatment 553, control 438, adjusted per study, multivariable, Cox proportional hazards, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Hall, 2/18/2022, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 15 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 11.2% lower, RR 0.89, p = 0.31, treatment 31 of 56 (55.4%), control 280 of 449 (62.4%), NNT 14.
|
Hawari, 7/20/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, trial NCT05113810 (history).
|
Estimated 110 patient RCT with results unknown and over 4 years late.
|
|
He, 3/4/2025, retrospective, China, peer-reviewed, 9 authors, study period 29 December, 2019 - 31 August, 2021, trial NCT05615792 (history).
|
risk of death, 66.0% lower, HR 0.34, p < 0.001, treatment 830, control 830, all patients, propensity score matching, Kaplan-Meier.
|
|
risk of death, 74.0% lower, HR 0.26, p < 0.001, treatment 800, control 800, low dose, propensity score matching, Kaplan-Meier.
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 24.8% lower, HR 0.75, p = 0.05, treatment 841, control 52,189, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, all patients, Kaplan-Meier.
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 27.0% lower, HR 0.73, p = 0.04, treatment 800, control 52,189, low dose, Kaplan-Meier.
|
|
ARDS, 40.8% lower, HR 0.59, p = 0.21, treatment 841, control 52,189, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, all patients, Kaplan-Meier.
|
|
ARDS, 49.0% lower, HR 0.51, p = 0.13, treatment 800, control 52,189, low dose, Kaplan-Meier.
|
|
AKI, 31.0% lower, HR 0.69, p = 0.005, treatment 841, control 52,189, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, all patients, Kaplan-Meier.
|
|
AKI, 30.0% lower, HR 0.70, p = 0.008, treatment 800, control 52,189, low dose, Kaplan-Meier.
|
|
acute heart injury, 37.9% lower, HR 0.62, p = 0.03, treatment 841, control 52,189, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, all patients, Kaplan-Meier.
|
|
acute heart injury, 39.0% lower, HR 0.61, p = 0.02, treatment 800, control 52,189, low dose, Kaplan-Meier.
|
|
He (B), 11/30/2024, retrospective, China, peer-reviewed, median age 59.0, 10 authors, study period 29 December, 2019 - 31 August, 2021.
|
risk of death, 53.0% lower, HR 0.47, p < 0.001, all, Cox proportional hazards.
|
|
risk of death, 49.0% lower, HR 0.51, p < 0.001, non-severe, Cox proportional hazards.
|
|
risk of death, 57.0% lower, HR 0.43, p < 0.001, severe, Cox proportional hazards.
|
|
Heberto, 9/12/2020, prospective, Mexico, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with AZ) - results of individual treatments may vary.
|
risk of death, 53.9% lower, RR 0.46, p = 0.04, treatment 139, control 115, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 65.1% lower, RR 0.35, p = 0.008, treatment 139, control 115, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Hernandez-Cardenas, 2/5/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Mexico, preprint, 6 authors, study period 8 April, 2020 - 12 July, 2020, average treatment delay 7.4 days.
|
risk of death, 12.0% lower, RR 0.88, p = 0.66, treatment 106, control 108.
|
|
risk of death, 57.0% lower, RR 0.43, p = 0.29, subgroup not intubated at baseline.
|
|
Higgins, 12/16/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, multiple countries, peer-reviewed, 66 authors, study period 9 March, 2020 - 22 June, 2021, trial NCT02735707 (history) (REMAP-CAP).
|
risk of death, 51.0% higher, HR 1.51, p = 0.06, treatment 16 of 41 (39.0%), control 107 of 311 (34.4%), adjusted per study, day 180.
|
|
Ho, 3/31/2023, retrospective, Malaysia, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, average treatment delay 8.05 days, excluded in exclusion analyses:
excessive unadjusted differences between groups.
|
risk of progression, 889.7% higher, RR 9.90, p = 0.03, treatment 4 of 91 (4.4%), control 1 of 234 (0.4%), odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Hobbs, 7/4/2025, Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, United Kingdom, peer-reviewed, mean age 60.3, 31 authors, study period 2 April, 2020 - 22 May, 2020, average treatment delay 5.0 days, trial ISRCTN86534580 (PRINCIPLE).
|
risk of death/hospitalization, 3.9% higher, RR 1.04, p = 0.95, treatment 7 of 190 (3.7%), control 6 of 194 (3.1%), odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 21.3% lower, HR 0.79, p = 0.02, treatment 190, control 194, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, time to recovery.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 25.4% lower, HR 0.75, p = 0.01, treatment 164, control 172, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, time to alleviation of symptoms.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 23.7% lower, HR 0.76, p = 0.01, treatment 189, control 193, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, time to initial reduction of symptoms.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 24.2% lower, HR 0.76, p = 0.03, treatment 167, control 172, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, time to sustained alleviation of symptoms.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 17.4% lower, HR 0.83, p = 0.12, treatment 189, control 193, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, time to sustained recovery.
|
|
Hofmann-Winkler, 11/16/2020, retrospective, Germany, peer-reviewed, 19 authors, study period March 2020 - May 2020, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo.
|
risk of death, 140.0% higher, RR 2.40, p = 0.55, treatment 2 of 5 (40.0%), control 1 of 6 (16.7%).
|
|
Hong (B), 5/4/2022, retrospective, South Korea, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, study period 28 February, 2020 - 28 April, 2020.
|
recovery time, 24.9% lower, HR 0.75, p = 0.45, treatment 15, control 15, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, propensity score matching.
|
|
hospitalization time, 12.7% higher, HR 1.13, p = 0.75, treatment 15, control 15, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, propensity score matching.
|
|
viral clearance time, 0.5% lower, HR 1.00, p = 0.99, treatment 15, control 15, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, propensity score matching.
|
|
Horby, 6/5/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, United Kingdom, preprint, baseline oxygen required 76.8%, 29 authors, study period 25 March, 2020 - 5 June, 2020, average treatment delay 9.0 days, trial NCT04381936 (history) (RECOVERY), excluded in exclusion analyses:
excessive dosage in late stage patients, results do not apply to typical dosages.
|
risk of death, 9.0% higher, RR 1.09, p = 0.15, treatment 421 of 1,561 (27.0%), control 790 of 3,155 (25.0%), day 28.
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 15.0% higher, RR 1.15, p = 0.19, treatment 128 of 1,300 (9.8%), control 225 of 2,623 (8.6%), day 28.
|
|
Hraiech, 5/24/2020, retrospective, France, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, average treatment delay 7.0 days, excluded in exclusion analyses:
very late stage, ICU patients.
|
risk of death, 64.7% lower, RR 0.35, p = 0.21, treatment 2 of 17 (11.8%), control 5 of 15 (33.3%), NNT 4.6, day 38 +- 7.
|
|
risk of death, 376.5% higher, RR 4.76, p = 0.49, treatment 2 of 17 (11.8%), control 0 of 15 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), day 6 from ARDS.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 2.9% higher, RR 1.03, p = 1.00, treatment 14 of 17 (82.4%), control 8 of 10 (80.0%), day 6 from treatment.
|
|
Huang (D), 5/28/2020, prospective, China, peer-reviewed, 36 authors.
|
time to viral-, 67.0% lower, relative time 0.33, p < 0.001, treatment 197, control 176.
|
|
time to viral-, 59.1% lower, relative time 0.41, p < 0.001, treatment 32, control 37, early treatment.
|
|
Ip (B), 5/25/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, peer-reviewed, 32 authors, average treatment delay 5.0 days.
|
risk of death, 1.0% lower, HR 0.99, p = 0.93, treatment 432 of 1,914 (22.6%), control 115 of 598 (19.2%), adjusted per study.
|
|
Jacobs, 7/6/2021, prospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 14 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details; substantial confounding by time likely due to declining usage over the early stages of the pandemic when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically.
|
risk of death, 6.6% lower, RR 0.93, p = 0.74, treatment 24 of 46 (52.2%), control 86 of 154 (55.8%), NNT 27.
|
|
Johnston, 12/9/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, peer-reviewed, 30 authors, study period 15 April, 2020 - 27 July, 2020, average treatment delay 5.9 days, dosage 400mg bid day 1, 200mg bid days 2-10, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo, trial NCT04354428 (history).
|
risk of hospitalization, 29.9% lower, RR 0.70, p = 0.73, treatment 5 of 148 (3.4%), control 4 of 83 (4.8%), NNT 69, HCQ + folic acid and HCQ + AZ vs. vitamin C + folic acid.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 2.0% lower, RR 0.98, p = 0.95, treatment 30 of 60 (50.0%), control 34 of 72 (47.2%), adjusted per study, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, HCQ + folic acid vs. vitamin C + folic acid.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 9.9% higher, RR 1.10, p = 0.70, treatment 34 of 65 (52.3%), control 34 of 72 (47.2%), adjusted per study, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, HCQ + AZ vs. vitamin C + folic acid.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 38.3% lower, RR 0.62, p = 0.047, treatment 6 of 49 (12.2%), control 12 of 52 (23.1%), NNT 9.2, adjusted per study, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, HCQ + folic acid vs. vitamin C + folic acid.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 20.0% lower, RR 0.80, p = 0.49, treatment 11 of 51 (21.6%), control 12 of 52 (23.1%), adjusted per study, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, HCQ + AZ vs. vitamin C + folic acid.
|
|
Kalligeros, 8/5/2020, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 13 authors, average treatment delay 6.0 days.
|
risk of death, 67.0% higher, HR 1.67, p = 0.57, treatment 36, control 72.
|
|
Kamran, 8/4/2020, prospective, Pakistan, preprint, 10 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
excessive unadjusted differences between groups.
|
risk of progression, 5.0% lower, RR 0.95, p = 1.00, treatment 11 of 349 (3.2%), control 5 of 151 (3.3%), NNT 627.
|
|
risk of progression, 54.8% lower, RR 0.45, p = 0.30, treatment 4 of 31 (12.9%), control 2 of 7 (28.6%), NNT 6.4, with comorbidities.
|
|
risk of viral+ at day 14, 10.0% higher, RR 1.10, p = 0.52, treatment 349, control 151.
|
|
Karruli, 9/1/2021, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, 13 authors, study period March 2020 - May 2020, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 4.8% lower, RR 0.95, p = 1.00, treatment 20 of 28 (71.4%), control 3 of 4 (75.0%), NNT 28.
|
|
Kayembe, 5/7/2021, retrospective, Democratic Republic of Congo, peer-reviewed, 9 authors, study period 10 March, 2020 - 31 August, 2020, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with azithromycin) - results of individual treatments may vary.
|
risk of death, 47.4% lower, HR 0.53, p = 0.03, treatment 1,100, control 135, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, 988 included for analysis, Cox proportional hazards, day 15.
|
|
Kelly, 7/22/2020, retrospective, Ireland, peer-reviewed, 14 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
risk of death, 143.0% higher, RR 2.43, p = 0.03, treatment 23 of 82 (28.0%), control 6 of 52 (11.5%).
|
|
Kim, 10/22/2024, retrospective, South Korea, peer-reviewed, 7 authors, study period 8 October, 2020 - 31 December, 2021.
|
risk of death, 15.0% lower, OR 0.85, p = 0.62, treatment 135, control 63,234, adjusted per study, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Kim (C), 5/18/2020, retrospective, South Korea, preprint, 12 authors.
|
hospitalization time, 51.0% lower, relative time 0.49, p = 0.01, treatment 22, control 40.
|
|
time to viral-, 56.0% lower, relative time 0.44, p = 0.005, treatment 22, control 40.
|
|
Kokturk, 4/28/2021, retrospective, database analysis, Turkey, peer-reviewed, 68 authors.
|
risk of death, 3.8% higher, RR 1.04, p = 0.97, treatment 62 of 1,382 (4.5%), control 5 of 118 (4.2%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Komissarov, 6/30/2020, retrospective, Russia, preprint, 8 authors.
|
risk of viral load, 25.0% higher, RR 1.25, p = 0.45, treatment 26, control 10.
|
|
Krishnan (B), 4/5/2023, retrospective, India, peer-reviewed, mean age 52.8, 48 authors, study period March 2020 - March 2021.
|
risk of death, 40.0% lower, OR 0.60, p = 0.05, treatment 603, control 1,828, adjusted per study, case control OR, multivariable.
|
|
Krishnan, 7/20/2020, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 13 authors, dosage not specified, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 20.4% lower, RR 0.80, p = 0.48, treatment 86 of 144 (59.7%), control 6 of 8 (75.0%), NNT 6.5.
|
|
Kuderer, 5/28/2020, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 73 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
risk of death, 5.5% higher, RR 1.05, p = 0.88, treatment 11 of 89 (12.4%), control 41 of 486 (8.4%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, HCQ.
|
|
risk of death, 152.0% higher, RR 2.52, p < 0.001, treatment 45 of 181 (24.9%), control 41 of 486 (8.4%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, HCQ+AZ.
|
|
Lagier, 6/4/2021, retrospective, France, peer-reviewed, 32 authors.
|
risk of death, 32.0% lower, HR 0.68, p = 0.004, treatment 93 of 1,270 (7.3%), control 146 of 841 (17.4%), NNT 10.0, adjusted per study, multivariable, Cox proportional hazards.
|
|
Lagier (B), 6/25/2020, retrospective, France, peer-reviewed, 22 authors, dosage 200mg tid days 1-10.
|
risk of death, 59.0% lower, HR 0.41, p = 0.048, treatment 35 of 3,119 (1.1%), control 58 of 618 (9.4%), adjusted per study.
|
|
Lamback, 2/19/2021, retrospective, Brazil, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial confounding by time likely due to declining usage over the early stages of the pandemic when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically.
|
risk of death, 8.9% lower, RR 0.91, p = 0.83, treatment 11 of 101 (10.9%), control 11 of 92 (12.0%), NNT 94.
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 19.9% higher, RR 1.20, p = 0.61, treatment 25 of 101 (24.8%), control 19 of 92 (20.7%).
|
|
Lambermont, 11/28/2020, retrospective, Belgium, peer-reviewed, 15 authors.
|
risk of death, 32.3% lower, RR 0.68, p = 0.46, treatment 97 of 225 (43.1%), control 14 of 22 (63.6%), NNT 4.9, adjusted per study.
|
|
Lammers, 9/29/2020, prospective, Netherlands, peer-reviewed, 18 authors.
|
risk of death/ICU, 32.0% lower, HR 0.68, p = 0.02, treatment 30 of 189 (15.9%), control 101 of 498 (20.3%), adjusted per study.
|
|
Lano, 10/21/2020, retrospective, France, peer-reviewed, median age 73.5, 30 authors.
|
risk of death, 33.1% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.28, treatment 56, control 66, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
risk of death/ICU, 38.9% lower, RR 0.61, p = 0.23, treatment 17 of 56 (30.4%), control 28 of 66 (42.4%), NNT 8.3, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
risk of death/ICU, 68.7% lower, RR 0.31, p = 0.11, treatment 4 of 36 (11.1%), control 11 of 31 (35.5%), NNT 4.1, not requiring O2 on diagnosis (relatively early treatment).
|
|
Lauriola, 9/14/2020, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, mean age 71.8, 10 authors.
|
risk of death, 73.5% lower, HR 0.27, p < 0.001, treatment 102 of 297 (34.3%), control 35 of 63 (55.6%), NNT 4.7, adjusted per study.
|
|
Lavilla Olleros, 1/21/2022, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, 22 authors.
|
risk of death, 36.2% lower, RR 0.64, p < 0.001, treatment 2,285 of 12,772 (17.9%), control 774 of 2,149 (36.0%), NNT 5.5, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariable.
|
|
Lecronier, 7/11/2020, retrospective, France, peer-reviewed, baseline oxygen required 100.0%, 26 authors, HCQ vs. control, excluded in exclusion analyses:
very late stage, >50% on oxygen/ventilation at baseline.
|
risk of death, 42.0% lower, RR 0.58, p = 0.24, treatment 9 of 38 (23.7%), control 9 of 22 (40.9%), NNT 5.8.
|
|
risk of treatment escalation, 6.0% lower, RR 0.94, p = 0.73, treatment 15 of 38 (39.5%), control 9 of 22 (40.9%), NNT 70.
|
|
risk of viral+ at day 7, 15.0% lower, RR 0.85, p = 0.61, treatment 19 of 26 (73.1%), control 12 of 14 (85.7%), NNT 7.9.
|
Levi, 12/11/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, trial NCT04355052 (history) (COSTA).
|
Estimated 250 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
|
|
Li (B), 1/18/2021, retrospective, China, peer-reviewed, 21 authors.
|
risk of no hospital discharge, 50.0% lower, HR 0.50, p = 0.09, treatment 14, control 14, RCT patients vs. matched sample of non-treated patients.
|
|
Li (C), 1/12/2021, retrospective, database analysis, China, preprint, 5 authors.
|
time to viral-, 40.0% higher, relative time 1.40, p = 0.06, treatment 18, control 19.
|
|
Lora-Tamayo, 2/11/2021, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, 10 authors.
|
risk of death, 50.5% lower, RR 0.50, p < 0.001, treatment 7,192, control 1,361, odds ratio converted to relative risk, univariate, control prevalence approximated with overall prevalence.
|
|
Lotfy, 1/1/2021, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, peer-reviewed, mean age 55.0, 3 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial confounding by time likely due to declining usage over the early stages of the pandemic when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically; substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
risk of death, 24.8% higher, RR 1.25, p = 0.76, treatment 6 of 99 (6.1%), control 5 of 103 (4.9%).
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 41.2% higher, RR 1.41, p = 0.34, treatment 19 of 99 (19.2%), control 14 of 103 (13.6%).
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 16.5% higher, RR 1.17, p = 0.53, treatment 28 of 99 (28.3%), control 25 of 103 (24.3%).
|
|
Luo, 6/17/2020, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 31 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
risk of death, 2.2% higher, RR 1.02, p = 0.99, treatment 11 of 35 (31.4%), control 4 of 13 (30.8%), odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Luo (B), 5/21/2020, retrospective, China, peer-reviewed, 9 authors.
|
risk of death, 32.4% lower, OR 0.68, p = 0.72, treatment 19, control 264, inverted to make OR<1 favor treatment, multivariate, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Lyashchenko, 8/12/2022, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, study period March 2020 - June 2020, average treatment delay 9.5 days, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
risk of death, 47.7% higher, RR 1.48, p < 0.001, treatment 389 of 1,419 (27.4%), control 341 of 1,837 (18.6%).
|
|
Lyngbakken, 7/17/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Norway, peer-reviewed, median age 62.0, 11 authors, average treatment delay 8.0 days, trial NCT04316377 (history).
|
risk of death, 3.7% lower, RR 0.96, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 27 (3.7%), control 1 of 26 (3.8%), NNT 702.
|
|
improvement in viral load reduction rate, 71.0% lower, relative rate 0.29, p = 0.51, treatment 27, control 26.
|
|
López, 11/2/2020, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.
|
risk of progression, 64.3% lower, RR 0.36, p = 0.02, treatment 5 of 36 (13.9%), control 14 of 36 (38.9%), NNT 4.0.
|
|
Magagnoli, 4/21/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.
|
risk of death, 11.0% lower, HR 0.89, p = 0.74, treatment 39 of 148 (26.4%), control 18 of 163 (11.0%), adjusted per study, HCQ+AZ w/dispositions.
|
|
risk of death, 1.0% lower, HR 0.99, p = 0.98, treatment 30 of 114 (26.3%), control 18 of 163 (11.0%), adjusted per study, HCQ w/dispositions.
|
|
risk of death, 31.0% higher, HR 1.31, p = 0.28, treatment 49 of 214 (22.9%), control 37 of 395 (9.4%), adjusted per study, HCQ+AZ.
|
|
risk of death, 83.0% higher, HR 1.83, p = 0.009, treatment 38 of 198 (19.2%), control 37 of 395 (9.4%), adjusted per study, HCQ.
|
|
Mahale, 12/31/2020, retrospective, India, peer-reviewed, 22 authors, study period 22 March, 2020 - 21 May, 2020, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 28.7% lower, RR 0.71, p = 0.36, treatment 25 of 102 (24.5%), control 11 of 32 (34.4%), NNT 10.
|
|
Mahévas, 5/14/2020, retrospective, France, peer-reviewed, 34 authors, average treatment delay 8.0 days.
|
risk of death, 20.0% higher, HR 1.20, p = 0.75, treatment 9 of 84 (10.7%), control 8 of 89 (9.0%), adjusted per study.
|
|
Maldonado, 11/5/2020, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
treatment or control group size extremely small.
|
risk of death, 90.9% lower, RR 0.09, p = 0.17, treatment 1 of 11 (9.1%), control 1 of 1 (100.0%), NNT 1.1.
|
|
Mallat, 5/2/2020, retrospective, United Arab Emirates, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, average treatment delay 4.0 days.
|
time to viral-, 203.0% higher, relative time 3.03, p = 0.02, treatment 23, control 11, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment.
|
|
Malundo, 7/14/2022, retrospective, Philippines, peer-reviewed, 16 authors, study period 12 March, 2021 - 9 September, 2021, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 24.4% higher, RR 1.24, p = 0.32, treatment 20 of 90 (22.2%), control 201 of 1,125 (17.9%).
|
|
Martin-Vicente, 3/8/2021, retrospective, Spain, preprint, 38 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details; treatment or control group size extremely small.
|
risk of death, 59.3% lower, RR 0.41, p = 0.41, treatment 37 of 91 (40.7%), control 1 of 1 (100.0%), NNT 1.7.
|
|
Martinez-Lopez, 6/30/2020, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, median age 71.0, 25 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 33.0% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.20, treatment 47 of 148 (31.8%), control 9 of 19 (47.4%), NNT 6.4.
|
|
Matangila, 12/18/2020, retrospective, DR Congo, peer-reviewed, median age 54.0, 12 authors, average treatment delay 7.0 days.
|
risk of death, 54.9% lower, RR 0.45, p = 0.21, treatment 25 of 147 (17.0%), control 8 of 13 (61.5%), NNT 2.2, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
McGrail, 7/19/2020, retrospective, USA, preprint, 2 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
excessive unadjusted differences between groups.
|
risk of death, 70.0% higher, RR 1.70, p = 0.69, treatment 4 of 33 (12.1%), control 3 of 42 (7.1%).
|
|
Meeus (B), 9/30/2023, retrospective, Belgium, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, study period 16 March, 2020 - 20 May, 2020, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with AZ) - results of individual treatments may vary.
|
risk of death, 36.5% lower, RR 0.64, p = 0.005, treatment 59 of 352 (16.8%), control 916 of 3,533 (25.9%), NNT 11, adjusted per study, MI model.
|
|
Mehrizi, 12/18/2023, retrospective, Iran, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, study period 1 February, 2020 - 20 March, 2022.
|
risk of death, 26.0% lower, OR 0.74, p < 0.001, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Membrillo de Novales, 5/5/2020, retrospective, Spain, preprint, 19 authors, average treatment delay 7.0 days.
|
risk of death, 55.1% lower, RR 0.45, p = 0.002, treatment 27 of 123 (22.0%), control 21 of 43 (48.8%), NNT 3.7.
|
|
Menardi, 9/30/2021, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
excessive unadjusted differences between groups; substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
risk of death, 35.2% lower, RR 0.65, p = 0.12, treatment 32 of 200 (16.0%), control 19 of 77 (24.7%), NNT 12.
|
Mežnar, 7/31/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, trial NCT04355026 (history).
|
Estimated 90 patient RCT with results unknown and over 6 years late.
|
|
Mikami, 6/30/2020, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.
|
risk of death, 47.0% lower, HR 0.53, p < 0.001, treatment 575 of 2,077 (27.7%), control 231 of 743 (31.1%), adjusted per study.
|
|
Modrák, 12/4/2020, retrospective, Czech Republic, preprint, 27 authors.
|
risk of death, 59.0% lower, RR 0.41, p = 0.04, treatment 108, control 105, Cox (single).
|
|
Mohandas, 4/26/2021, retrospective, India, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely; unadjusted results with no group details; substantial confounding by time likely due to declining usage over the early stages of the pandemic when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically.
|
risk of death, 81.0% higher, RR 1.81, p = 0.007, treatment 27 of 384 (7.0%), control 115 of 2,961 (3.9%).
|
Mordmüller, 2/26/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, trial NCT04342221 (history).
|
30 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
|
|
Mulhem, 4/7/2021, retrospective, database analysis, USA, peer-reviewed, 3 authors, dosage not specified, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely; substantial confounding by time likely due to declining usage over the early stages of the pandemic when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically.
|
risk of death, 28.3% higher, RR 1.28, p = 0.10, treatment 435 of 2,496 (17.4%), control 81 of 723 (11.2%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, logistic regression.
|
|
Nachega, 10/2/2020, retrospective, database analysis, DR Congo, peer-reviewed, median age 46.0, 25 authors.
|
risk of death, 27.6% lower, RR 0.72, p = 0.17, treatment 69 of 630 (11.0%), control 28 of 96 (29.2%), NNT 5.5, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
risk of no improvement, 25.8% better, RR 0.74, p = 0.13, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Naseem, 12/14/2020, retrospective, Pakistan, preprint, 5 authors.
|
risk of death, 33.3% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.34, treatment 77, control 1,137, multivariate Cox.
|
|
Niwas, 11/1/2020, retrospective, India, peer-reviewed, mean age 45.5, 17 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
excessive unadjusted differences between groups.
|
recovery time, 29.2% lower, relative time 0.71, p = 0.008, treatment mean 6.3 (±2.7) n=12, control mean 8.9 (±2.2) n=17.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 183.3% higher, RR 2.83, p = 0.55, treatment 2 of 12 (16.7%), control 1 of 17 (5.9%).
|
|
Novartis, 7/27/2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, USA, preprint, 1 author, trial NCT04358081 (history).
|
risk of death, 79.2% lower, RR 0.21, p = 0.26, treatment 0 of 14 (0.0%), control 1 of 5 (20.0%), NNT 5.0, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), day 15.
|
|
risk of no hospital discharge, 79.2% lower, RR 0.21, p = 0.26, treatment 0 of 14 (0.0%), control 1 of 5 (20.0%), NNT 5.0, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), day 15.
|
|
risk of no improvement, 79.2% lower, RR 0.21, p = 0.26, treatment 0 of 14 (0.0%), control 1 of 5 (20.0%), NNT 5.0, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), clinical response, day 15.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 60.7% higher, RR 1.61, p = 0.60, treatment 9 of 14 (64.3%), control 2 of 5 (40.0%), day 10.
|
|
Núñez-Gil, 9/9/2022, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, 32 authors.
|
risk of death, 53.0% lower, OR 0.47, p < 0.001, treatment 581, control 581, propensity score matching, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Núñez-Gil (B), 11/9/2020, retrospective, database analysis, multiple countries, peer-reviewed, median age 68.0, 49 authors.
|
risk of death, 7.9% lower, RR 0.92, p = 0.005, treatment 200 of 686 (29.2%), control 100 of 268 (37.3%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Omma, 1/31/2022, retrospective, Turkey, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, study period 1 April, 2020 - 31 December, 2020.
|
risk of death, 28.2% lower, RR 0.72, p = 0.30, treatment 17 of 213 (8.0%), control 20 of 180 (11.1%), NNT 32.
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 50.2% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.004, treatment 23 of 213 (10.8%), control 39 of 180 (21.7%), NNT 9.2.
|
|
hospitalization time, 16.7% lower, relative time 0.83, p = 0.007, treatment 213, control 180.
|
|
Orioli, 12/14/2020, retrospective, Belgium, peer-reviewed, 9 authors.
|
risk of death, 12.7% lower, RR 0.87, p = 1.00, treatment 8 of 55 (14.5%), control 3 of 18 (16.7%), NNT 47.
|
|
Osawa, 7/1/2022, retrospective, Brazil, peer-reviewed, mean age 62.7, 2 authors, study period 18 March, 2020 - 26 October, 2020.
|
risk of death, 28.6% lower, RR 0.71, p = 0.07, treatment 25 of 71 (35.2%), control 71 of 144 (49.3%), NNT 7.1.
|
|
Ouedraogo, 2/5/2021, retrospective, Burkina Faso, peer-reviewed, 14 authors.
|
risk of death, 33.0% lower, HR 0.67, p = 0.38, treatment 397, control 59, multivariate.
|
|
risk of ARDS, 68.0% lower, OR 0.32, p = 0.001, treatment 397, control 59, multivariate, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Ozturk, 12/4/2020, retrospective, Turkey, peer-reviewed, 71 authors.
|
risk of death, 43.9% lower, RR 0.56, p = 0.14, treatment 165 of 1,127 (14.6%), control 6 of 23 (26.1%), NNT 8.7, CQ/HCQ.
|
|
Pablos, 8/12/2020, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, mean age 63.0, 15 authors.
|
risk of severe case, 126.0% higher, OR 2.26, p = 0.002, treatment 172, control 56, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Paccoud, 6/18/2020, retrospective, France, peer-reviewed, 20 authors.
|
risk of death, 11.0% lower, HR 0.89, p = 0.88, treatment 21 of 38 (55.3%), control 26 of 46 (56.5%), NNT 79, adjusted per study.
|
|
Panda, 9/30/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, India, peer-reviewed, 13 authors, study period June 2020 - May 2021, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with ribavirin) - results of individual treatments may vary, trial CTRI/2020/06/025575 (SEV-COVID).
|
risk of death, 47.5% lower, RR 0.53, p = 0.45, treatment 3 of 20 (15.0%), control 6 of 21 (28.6%), NNT 7.4.
|
|
Pasquini, 8/23/2020, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, 9 authors, average treatment delay 10.0 days, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 16.4% lower, RR 0.84, p = 0.34, treatment 23 of 33 (69.7%), control 15 of 18 (83.3%), NNT 7.3.
|
|
Peng, 12/4/2020, retrospective, China, peer-reviewed, 21 authors.
|
risk of progression, 10.8% lower, RR 0.89, p = 0.63, treatment 29 of 453 (6.4%), control 256 of 3,567 (7.2%), NNT 129, CQ/HCQ risk of AKI.
|
|
Peters, 8/15/2020, retrospective, Netherlands, peer-reviewed, 21 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
excessive unadjusted differences between groups.
|
risk of death, 9.0% higher, HR 1.09, p = 0.57, treatment 419 of 1,596 (26.3%), control 53 of 353 (15.0%), adjusted per study.
|
|
Pinato, 8/18/2020, retrospective, multiple countries, peer-reviewed, 72 authors.
|
risk of death, 59.0% lower, HR 0.41, p < 0.001, treatment 30 of 182 (16.5%), control 181 of 446 (40.6%), NNT 4.1.
|
|
Psevdos, 12/31/2020, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 3 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details; no treatment details; substantial confounding by time likely due to declining usage over the early stages of the pandemic when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically; substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
risk of death, 63.5% higher, RR 1.63, p = 0.52, treatment 17 of 52 (32.7%), control 3 of 15 (20.0%).
|
|
Purwati (B), 2/9/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Indonesia, peer-reviewed, 29 authors, study period July 2020 - August 2020.
|
risk of no viral clearance, 66.3% lower, RR 0.34, p < 0.001, treatment 38 of 121 (31.4%), control 111 of 119 (93.3%), NNT 1.6, day 7.
|
|
Qin, 11/23/2020, retrospective, China, peer-reviewed, 17 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 34.3% lower, RR 0.66, p = 0.61, treatment 3 of 43 (7.0%), control 75 of 706 (10.6%), NNT 27.
|
|
Ramírez-García, 5/31/2021, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, 5 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
excessive unadjusted differences between groups; substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
risk of death, 67.0% lower, RR 0.33, p < 0.001, treatment 48 of 350 (13.7%), control 22 of 53 (41.5%), NNT 3.6.
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 6.0% higher, RR 1.06, p = 1.00, treatment 35 of 350 (10.0%), control 5 of 53 (9.4%).
|
|
Reis, 4/22/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Brazil, peer-reviewed, 18 authors, study period 2 June, 2020 - 30 September, 2020, dosage 800mg day 1, 400mg days 2-10, trial NCT04403100 (history) (TOGETHER).
|
risk of death, 66.0% lower, RR 0.34, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 214 (0.0%), control 1 of 227 (0.4%), NNT 227, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 24.0% lower, HR 0.76, p = 0.57, treatment 8 of 214 (3.7%), control 11 of 227 (4.8%), NNT 90, ITT, Cox proportional hazards.
|
|
risk of no viral clearance, 9.9% higher, OR 1.10, p = 0.09, treatment 185, control 195, adjusted per study, inverted to make OR<1 favor treatment, day 14, intention-to-treat, RR approximated with OR, impossible data.
|
|
serious treatment-emergent adverse events, 2.6% lower, RR 0.97, p = 1.00, treatment 11 of 207 (5.3%), control 12 of 220 (5.5%), NNT 712.
|
|
Rivera, 7/22/2020, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 45 authors.
|
risk of death, 2.4% higher, RR 1.02, p = 0.92, treatment 44 of 179 (24.6%), control 59 of 327 (18.0%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Rivera-Izquierdo, 7/9/2020, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, 21 authors.
|
risk of death, 19.0% lower, RR 0.81, p = 0.75, treatment 215, control 23.
|
|
Rodriguez, 11/9/2020, prospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, 13 authors, average treatment delay 8.0 days, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 59.0% lower, RR 0.41, p = 0.23, treatment 8 of 39 (20.5%), control 2 of 4 (50.0%), NNT 3.4.
|
|
Rodriguez-Gonzalez, 11/28/2020, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, 20 authors, average treatment delay 6.0 days.
|
risk of death, 22.8% lower, RR 0.77, p = 0.26, treatment 251 of 1,148 (21.9%), control 17 of 60 (28.3%), NNT 15.
|
|
Rodriguez-Nava, 11/5/2020, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, median age 68.0, 8 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely; excessive unadjusted differences between groups; unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 6.3% higher, RR 1.06, p = 0.77, treatment 22 of 65 (33.8%), control 79 of 248 (31.9%), unadjusted.
|
|
Rogado, 5/29/2020, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, 9 authors.
|
risk of death, 91.6% lower, RR 0.08, p = 0.02, treatment 1 of 8 (12.5%), control 7 of 9 (77.8%), NNT 1.5, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariable.
|
|
Roger, 7/10/2021, prospective, France, peer-reviewed, 34 authors, average treatment delay 8.0 days, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial confounding by time likely due to declining usage over the early stages of the pandemic when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically.
|
risk of death, no change, RR 1.00, p = 0.94, treatment 53 of 289 (18.3%), control 120 of 677 (17.7%), odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Roig, 1/31/2021, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 15.6% lower, RR 0.84, p = 0.76, treatment 33 of 67 (49.3%), control 7 of 12 (58.3%), NNT 11.
|
|
Roomi, 8/13/2020, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
risk of death, 37.7% higher, RR 1.38, p = 0.54, treatment 13 of 144 (9.0%), control 6 of 32 (18.8%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Rosenberg, 5/11/2020, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 14 authors.
|
risk of death, 35.0% higher, HR 1.35, p = 0.31, treatment 189 of 735 (25.7%), control 28 of 221 (12.7%), adjusted per study.
|
|
Rosenthal, 12/10/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, peer-reviewed, 5 authors, dosage not specified, excluded in exclusion analyses:
confounding by indication is likely and adjustments do not consider COVID-19 severity at baseline.
|
risk of death, 8.0% higher, OR 1.08, p = 0.13, adjusted per study, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Rouamba, 2/26/2022, retrospective, Burkina Faso, peer-reviewed, mean age 42.2, 17 authors, study period 9 March, 2020 - 31 October, 2020, dosage 200mg tid days 1-10, HCQ 200mg tid daily or CQ 250mg bid daily, trial NCT04445441 (history).
|
risk of death, 80.0% lower, HR 0.20, p < 0.001, treatment 20 of 336 (6.0%), control 24 of 73 (32.9%), NNT 3.7, adjusted per study, inpatients, multivariable, Cox proportional hazards.
|
|
risk of progression, 20.0% lower, HR 0.80, p = 0.43, treatment 75 of 745 (10.1%), control 19 of 118 (16.1%), adjusted per study, all patients, multivariable, Cox proportional hazards.
|
|
risk of progression, 7.0% higher, HR 1.07, p = 0.83, treatment 52 of 347 (15.0%), control 15 of 85 (17.6%), adjusted per study, inpatients, multivariable, Cox proportional hazards.
|
|
time to viral clearance, 30.6% lower, HR 0.69, p = 0.26, treatment 746, control 118, adjusted per study, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, all patients, propensity score matching, multivariable, Cox proportional hazards, primary outcome.
|
|
time to viral clearance, 13.0% lower, HR 0.87, p = 0.29, treatment 746, control 118, adjusted per study, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, all patients, without PSM, multivariable, Cox proportional hazards, primary outcome.
|
|
time to viral clearance, 13.8% lower, HR 0.86, p = 0.37, treatment 345, control 86, adjusted per study, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, inpatients, multivariable, Cox proportional hazards, primary outcome.
|
|
Rubio-Sánchez, 3/3/2021, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, 3 authors, study period 14 March, 2020 - 5 June, 2020, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of severe case, 40.0% lower, RR 0.60, p = 0.02, treatment 51 of 161 (31.7%), control 19 of 36 (52.8%), NNT 4.7.
|
|
Réa-Neto, 4/27/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Brazil, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, study period 16 April, 2020 - 6 August, 2020, average treatment delay 8.0 days, trial NCT04420247 (history).
|
risk of death, 57.0% higher, RR 1.57, p = 0.20, treatment 16 of 53 (30.2%), control 10 of 52 (19.2%).
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 115.0% higher, RR 2.15, p = 0.03, treatment 53, control 52.
|
|
9-point scale clinical status, 147.0% higher, OR 2.47, p = 0.02, treatment 53, control 52, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Saib, 6/9/2021, prospective, propensity score matching, France, peer-reviewed, 9 authors, average treatment delay 7.2 days, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
risk of death/intubation, 125.0% higher, RR 2.25, p = 0.23, treatment 9 of 52 (17.3%), control 4 of 52 (7.7%), PSM.
|
|
Said, 5/1/2023, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, peer-reviewed, 12 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 77.5% lower, RR 0.22, p < 0.001, treatment 14 of 435 (3.2%), control 58 of 405 (14.3%), NNT 9.0.
|
|
Salazar, 11/4/2020, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 19 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely; unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 37.0% higher, RR 1.37, p = 0.28, treatment 12 of 92 (13.0%), control 80 of 811 (9.9%).
|
|
Saleemi, 8/11/2020, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, preprint, 5 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
median time to PCR-, 21.0% higher, relative time 1.21, p < 0.05, treatment 65, control 20.
|
|
Salehi, 3/11/2022, retrospective, Iran, preprint, mean age 62.0, 11 authors, study period April 2021 - September 2021, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 14.5% higher, RR 1.14, p = 0.44, treatment 53 of 86 (61.6%), control 21 of 39 (53.8%).
|
|
Salvador, 3/4/2021, prospective, Portugal, peer-reviewed, 10 authors.
|
risk of death, 32.9% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.10, treatment 28 of 121 (23.1%), control 58 of 124 (46.8%), NNT 4.2, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariate.
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 447.8% higher, RR 5.48, p = 0.003, treatment 32 of 121 (26.4%), control 12 of 124 (9.7%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariate.
|
|
risk of death/intubation, 16.7% lower, RR 0.83, p = 0.21, treatment 51 of 121 (42.1%), control 63 of 124 (50.8%), NNT 12, odds ratio converted to relative risk, univariate.
|
|
Sammartino, 5/10/2021, retrospective, propensity score matching, USA, peer-reviewed, 7 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial confounding by time likely due to declining usage over the early stages of the pandemic when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically.
|
risk of death, 240.0% higher, OR 3.40, p = 0.002, treatment 137, control 191, PSM, model 1a, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Sands, 1/1/2021, retrospective, database analysis, USA, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
includes PCR+ patients that may be asymptomatic for COVID-19 but in hospital for other reasons; substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
risk of death, 69.9% higher, RR 1.70, p = 0.01, treatment 101 of 973 (10.4%), control 56 of 696 (8.0%), odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Santos (B), 7/27/2020, prospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, median age 78.4, mean age 75.3, 6 authors, study period 1 March, 2020 - 1 June, 2020, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 25.8% lower, RR 0.74, p = 0.60, treatment 31, control 7, combined.
|
|
risk of death, 9.7% lower, RR 0.90, p = 1.00, treatment 8 of 31 (25.8%), control 2 of 7 (28.6%), NNT 36, HCQ.
|
|
risk of death, 50.8% lower, RR 0.49, p = 0.65, treatment 1 of 7 (14.3%), control 9 of 31 (29.0%), NNT 6.8, CQ.
|
|
Sarfaraz, 1/2/2021, retrospective, Pakistan, preprint, 7 authors, average treatment delay 7.0 days, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely; significant unadjusted confounding possible; unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 45.0% higher, RR 1.45, p = 0.07, treatment 40 of 94 (42.6%), control 27 of 92 (29.3%).
|
|
Sarhan, 11/2/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Egypt, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, study period 1 October, 2020 - 10 March, 2021, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo, trial NCT04779047 (history), excluded in exclusion analyses:
very late stage, >50% on oxygen/ventilation at baseline; significant unadjusted differences between groups.
|
risk of death, 25.7% lower, RR 0.74, p = 0.39, treatment 12 of 56 (21.4%), control 15 of 52 (28.8%), NNT 13.
|
|
risk of no hospital discharge, 25.7% lower, RR 0.74, p = 0.39, treatment 12 of 56 (21.4%), control 15 of 52 (28.8%), NNT 13.
|
|
hospitalization time, 25.0% higher, relative time 1.25, p = 0.06, treatment 56, control 52.
|
|
Sbidian, 6/19/2020, retrospective, database analysis, France, preprint, 21 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
significant issues found with adjustments.
|
risk of death, 5.0% higher, RR 1.05, p = 0.74, treatment 111 of 623 (17.8%), control 830 of 3,792 (21.9%), adjusted per study, whole population HCQ AIPTW adjusted.
|
|
risk of no hospital discharge, 20.0% lower, RR 0.80, p = 0.002, treatment 623, control 3,792, adjusted per study, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, whole population HCQ AIPTW adjusted.
|
|
Schmidt, 11/12/2021, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 42 authors, study period 17 March, 2020 - 11 February, 2021, excluded in exclusion analyses:
confounding by indication is likely and adjustments do not consider COVID-19 severity at baseline.
|
risk of death, 333.0% higher, OR 4.33, p < 0.001, treatment 70, control 407, adjusted per study, propensity score matching, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of severe case, 613.0% higher, OR 7.13, p < 0.001, treatment 70, control 407, adjusted per study, propensity score matching, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Schwartz, 6/18/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Canada, peer-reviewed, 20 authors, study period April 2020 - September 2020, average treatment delay 7.0 days, dosage 800mg day 1, 400mg days 2-5.
|
risk of ICU admission, 133.3% higher, RR 2.33, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 111 (0.9%), control 0 of 37 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 533.3% higher, RR 6.33, p = 0.57, treatment 4 of 111 (3.6%), control 0 of 37 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 141.9% higher, RR 2.42, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 74 (1.4%), control 0 of 31 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), per-protocol.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 141.9% higher, RR 2.42, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 74 (1.4%), control 0 of 31 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), per-protocol.
|
|
lack of improvement ≥1 year, 37.0% lower, OR 0.63, p = 0.15, treatment 90, control 89, day 365, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
persistence ≥1 year, 14.0% lower, OR 0.86, p = 0.16, treatment 90, control 89, day 365, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
presence of symptoms, 19.0% lower, OR 0.81, p = 0.37, treatment 90, control 89, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
ongoing symptoms, 27.8% higher, RR 1.28, p = 0.64, treatment 23 of 111 (20.7%), control 6 of 37 (16.2%), day 30.
|
|
Self, 11/9/2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, peer-reviewed, 33 authors, study period 2 April, 2020 - 19 June, 2020, average treatment delay 5.0 days, trial NCT04332991 (history) (ORCHID).
|
risk of death, 6.2% higher, RR 1.06, p = 0.85, treatment 25 of 241 (10.4%), control 25 of 236 (10.6%), NNT 455, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
risk of death, 51.0% higher, RR 1.51, p = 0.28, treatment 18 of 241 (7.5%), control 14 of 236 (5.9%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, day 14.
|
|
risk of 7-point scale, 3.1% higher, OR 1.03, p = 0.87, treatment 241, control 236, inverted to make OR<1 favor treatment, day 28, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of 7-point scale, 2.0% lower, OR 0.98, p = 0.91, treatment 241, control 236, inverted to make OR<1 favor treatment, day 14, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of 7-point scale, 39.0% lower, OR 0.61, p = 0.09, treatment 241, control 236, inverted to make OR<1 favor treatment, subgroup not on oxygen at baseline, day 14, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Serrano, 9/22/2020, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.
|
risk of death, 43.0% lower, RR 0.57, p = 0.14, treatment 6 of 14 (42.9%), control 6 of 8 (75.0%), NNT 3.1.
|
|
Shabrawishi, 5/11/2020, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, preprint, mean age 43.9, 5 authors.
|
risk of no virological cure at day 5, 14.7% lower, RR 0.85, p = 0.66, treatment 12 of 45 (26.7%), control 15 of 48 (31.2%), NNT 22.
|
|
Shamsi, 7/17/2023, retrospective, Iran, peer-reviewed, 4 authors, study period 1 March, 2020 - 1 August, 2021, dosage not specified, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 39.1% higher, RR 1.39, p = 0.51, treatment 4 of 23 (17.4%), control 20 of 160 (12.5%).
|
|
Sheshah, 11/13/2020, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.
|
risk of death, 80.0% lower, RR 0.20, p < 0.001, treatment 267, control 33, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Shoaibi, 9/24/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, preprint, 5 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 15.4% lower, RR 0.85, p < 0.001, treatment 686 of 5,047 (13.6%), control 3,923 of 24,404 (16.1%), NNT 40.
|
|
Signes-Costa, 12/16/2020, retrospective, multiple countries, peer-reviewed, 28 authors.
|
risk of death, 47.0% lower, RR 0.53, p < 0.001, treatment 4,854, control 993, adjusted per study.
|
|
Silva, 5/20/2022, retrospective, Brazil, peer-reviewed, mean age 58.4, 28 authors, study period 25 March, 2020 - 21 October, 2020.
|
risk of death, 46.1% higher, RR 1.46, p = 0.21, treatment 21, control 374, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariable, control prevalance approximated with overall prevalence.
|
|
Singh (C), 6/8/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, India, preprint, 13 authors, study period March 2020 - October 2020, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with ribavirin) - results of individual treatments may vary.
|
risk of death, 47.5% lower, RR 0.53, p = 0.45, treatment 3 of 20 (15.0%), control 6 of 21 (28.6%), NNT 7.4, severe.
|
|
risk of death, 50.0% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.48, treatment 3 of 37 (8.1%), control 6 of 37 (16.2%), NNT 12, all patients.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 14.1% lower, RR 0.86, p = 0.76, treatment 9 of 20 (45.0%), control 11 of 21 (52.4%), NNT 14, severe.
|
|
risk of no recovery, 8.3% lower, RR 0.92, p = 1.00, treatment 11 of 37 (29.7%), control 12 of 37 (32.4%), NNT 37, all patients.
|
|
Singh, 5/19/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, preprint, 4 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
confounding by indication is likely and adjustments do not consider COVID-19 severity at baseline.
|
risk of death, 5.0% lower, RR 0.95, p = 0.72, treatment 104 of 910 (11.4%), control 109 of 910 (12.0%), NNT 182.
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 19.0% lower, RR 0.81, p = 0.26, treatment 46 of 910 (5.1%), control 57 of 910 (6.3%), NNT 83.
|
|
Sivapalan, 6/3/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Denmark, peer-reviewed, 32 authors, study period 6 April, 2020 - 21 December, 2020, average treatment delay 8.0 days, trial NCT04322396 (history) (ProPAC-COVID).
|
risk of death, 92.0% lower, RR 0.08, p = 0.32, treatment 1 of 61 (1.6%), control 2 of 56 (3.6%), adjusted per study.
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 22.4% higher, RR 1.22, p = 1.00, treatment 4 of 61 (6.6%), control 3 of 56 (5.4%).
|
|
relative days alive and discharged from hospital within 14 days (inverse), 8.4% worse, RR 1.08, p = 0.36, treatment 61, control 56, adjusted per study.
|
|
Smith, 5/31/2021, retrospective, USA, preprint, 4 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
immortal-time bias may significantly affect results.
|
risk of death, 27.2% lower, RR 0.73, p = 0.002, treatment 19 of 37 (51.4%), control 182 of 218 (83.5%), NNT 3.1, odds ratio converted to relative risk, >3g HCQ and >1g AZ, multivariable cox proportional hazard regression.
|
|
Solh, 10/20/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, preprint, 5 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
very late stage, >50% on oxygen/ventilation at baseline; substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
risk of death, 18.0% higher, HR 1.18, p = 0.17, treatment 131 of 265 (49.4%), control 134 of 378 (35.4%), adjusted per study.
|
|
SOLIDARITY Trial Consortium, 10/15/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, multiple countries, peer-reviewed, baseline oxygen required 64.0%, 15 authors, study period 22 March, 2020 - 4 October, 2020, trial NCT04315948 (history) (SOLIDARITY), excluded in exclusion analyses:
excessive dosage in late stage patients, results do not apply to typical dosages; very late stage, >50% on oxygen/ventilation at baseline.
|
risk of death, 19.0% higher, RR 1.19, p = 0.23, treatment 104 of 947 (11.0%), control 84 of 906 (9.3%).
|
|
Sosa-García, 6/29/2020, retrospective, Mexico, peer-reviewed, baseline oxygen required 100.0%, 6 authors, average treatment delay 9.0 days, excluded in exclusion analyses:
very late stage, >50% on oxygen/ventilation at baseline; substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
risk of death, 10.5% higher, RR 1.11, p = 1.00, treatment 7 of 38 (18.4%), control 3 of 18 (16.7%).
|
|
Soto, 3/2/2022, retrospective, Peru, peer-reviewed, median age 58.0, 10 authors, study period April 2020 - August 2020, dosage not specified, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details; substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely; substantial confounding by time possible due to significant changes in SOC and treatment propensity near the start of the pandemic.
|
risk of death, 6.0% higher, HR 1.06, p = 0.46, treatment 292 of 590 (49.5%), control 362 of 828 (43.7%), Cox proportional hazards.
|
|
Soto-Becerra, 10/8/2020, retrospective, database analysis, Peru, preprint, median age 59.4, 4 authors, study period 1 April, 2020 - 19 July, 2020, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely; includes PCR+ patients that may be asymptomatic for COVID-19 but in hospital for other reasons.
|
risk of death, 18.1% lower, HR 0.82, p < 0.001, treatment 346 of 692 (50.0%), control 1,606 of 2,630 (61.1%), NNT 9.0, day 54 (last day available) weighted KM, per the pre-specified rules the last available day results have priority, day 54.
|
|
risk of death, 84.0% higher, HR 1.84, p = 0.02, treatment 165 of 692 (23.8%), control 401 of 2,630 (15.2%), adjusted per study, day 30.
|
|
Souza-Silva, 9/30/2023, retrospective, Brazil, peer-reviewed, median age 60.0, 29 authors, study period March 2020 - September 2020, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely; authors discussion of prior research exhibits strong bias, raising concern for bias in analysis.
|
risk of death, 5.5% higher, RR 1.05, p = 0.68, treatment 135 of 673 (20.1%), control 128 of 673 (19.0%).
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 21.1% higher, RR 1.21, p = 0.08, treatment 145 of 538 (27.0%), control 120 of 539 (22.3%).
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 9.5% higher, RR 1.09, p = 0.31, treatment 196 of 559 (35.1%), control 179 of 559 (32.0%).
|
|
hospitalization time, 12.5% higher, relative time 1.12, p = 0.03, treatment median 9.0 IQR 13.0 n=673, control median 8.0 IQR 10.0 n=673.
|
|
Spivak, 3/2/2023, Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, USA, peer-reviewed, mean age 41.9, 13 authors, study period April 2020 - April 2021, dosage 800mg day 1, 400mg days 2-5, trial NCT04342169 (history).
|
risk of hospitalization, 72.7% higher, RR 1.73, p = 0.54, treatment 7 of 152 (4.6%), control 4 of 150 (2.7%), day 28.
|
|
symptom score difference, 20.4% lower, RR 0.80, p = 0.19, treatment 167, control 165, adjusted per study, adjusted symptom score difference relative to placebo score.
|
|
viral shedding, 17.4% lower, HR 0.83, p = 0.19, treatment 185, control 182, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment.
|
|
Stewart, 3/17/2021, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 37 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely; substantial confounding by time likely due to declining usage over the early stages of the pandemic when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically; includes PCR+ patients that may be asymptomatic for COVID-19 but in hospital for other reasons.
|
risk of death, 27.6% higher, RR 1.28, p = 0.03, treatment 4,191, control 5,359, adjusted per study, all databases combined.
|
|
risk of death, 18.0% higher, RR 1.18, p = 0.27, treatment 90 of 429 (21.0%), control 141 of 737 (19.1%), adjusted per study, VA, HCQ+AZ.
|
|
risk of death, 1.0% lower, RR 0.99, p = 0.95, treatment 66 of 578 (11.4%), control 188 of 1,243 (15.1%), adjusted per study, TriNetX, HCQ+AZ.
|
|
risk of death, 129.9% higher, RR 2.30, p < 0.001, treatment 32 of 108 (29.6%), control 33 of 256 (12.9%), Synapse, HCQ+AZ.
|
|
risk of death, 9.0% higher, RR 1.09, p = 0.65, treatment 212 of 1,157 (18.3%), control 203 of 1,101 (18.4%), NNT 873, adjusted per study, Health Catalyst, HCQ+AZ.
|
|
risk of death, 90.0% higher, RR 1.90, p = 0.09, treatment 46 of 208 (22.1%), control 47 of 1,334 (3.5%), adjusted per study, Dascena, HCQ+AZ.
|
|
risk of death, 16.0% higher, RR 1.16, p = 0.26, treatment 428 of 1,711 (25.0%), control 123 of 688 (17.9%), adjusted per study, COTA/HMH, HCQ+AZ.
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 29.0% higher, RR 1.29, p = 0.09, treatment 48 of 305 (15.7%), control 95 of 1,302 (7.3%), adjusted per study, Aetion, HCQ.
|
|
Synolaki, 9/5/2020, retrospective, Greece, preprint, 20 authors.
|
risk of death, 23.6% lower, RR 0.76, p = 0.27, treatment 21 of 98 (21.4%), control 60 of 214 (28.0%), NNT 15.
|
|
Sánchez-Álvarez, 4/27/2020, retrospective, database analysis, Spain, peer-reviewed, mean age 67.0, 10 authors.
|
risk of death, 45.9% lower, RR 0.54, p = 0.005, treatment 322, control 53, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Taccone, 12/23/2020, retrospective, Belgium, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, average treatment delay 5.0 days.
|
risk of death, 24.7% lower, RR 0.75, p = 0.02, treatment 449 of 1,308 (34.3%), control 183 of 439 (41.7%), NNT 14, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariable.
|
|
Taieb, 6/30/2021, retrospective, Senegal, peer-reviewed, 29 authors, average treatment delay 6.0 days.
|
risk of no hospital discharge, 38.7% lower, OR 0.61, p = 0.02, treatment 674, control 252, inverted to make OR<1 favor treatment, multivariate, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Tamura, 7/13/2021, retrospective, Brazil, peer-reviewed, 4 authors, study period 10 March, 2020 - 13 November, 2020, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely; substantial confounding by time likely due to declining usage over the early stages of the pandemic when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically.
|
risk of death, 299.0% higher, OR 3.99, p = 0.04, treatment 25, control 163, adjusted per study, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Tan (B), 12/14/2020, retrospective, China, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.
|
hospitalization time, 35.2% lower, relative time 0.65, p = 0.04, treatment 8, control 277.
|
|
Tang, 4/14/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, China, peer-reviewed, 24 authors, study period 11 February, 2020 - 19 February, 2020, average treatment delay 16.6 days.
|
risk of no virological cure at day 21, 21.4% lower, RR 0.79, p = 0.51, treatment 11 of 75 (14.7%), control 14 of 75 (18.7%), NNT 25.
|
|
Tehrani, 10/30/2020, retrospective, Sweden, peer-reviewed, 5 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely; unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 13.4% lower, RR 0.87, p = 0.63, treatment 16 of 65 (24.6%), control 54 of 190 (28.4%), NNT 26.
|
|
Texeira, 12/31/2020, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details; no treatment details; substantial confounding by time likely due to declining usage over the early stages of the pandemic when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically; substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
risk of death, 79.3% higher, RR 1.79, p = 0.10, treatment 17 of 65 (26.2%), control 14 of 96 (14.6%).
|
|
Trullàs, 7/14/2020, retrospective, Spain, preprint, median age 75.0, 8 authors, average treatment delay 9.0 days.
|
risk of death, 35.6% lower, RR 0.64, p = 0.12, treatment 20 of 66 (30.3%), control 16 of 34 (47.1%), NNT 6.0.
|
|
Tsanovska, 3/3/2022, prospective, Bulgaria, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, study period 6 November, 2020 - 28 December, 2020.
|
risk of death, 57.9% lower, RR 0.42, p = 0.03, treatment 8 of 70 (11.4%), control 19 of 70 (27.1%), NNT 6.4, propensity score matching.
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 73.9% lower, RR 0.26, p < 0.001, treatment 6 of 70 (8.6%), control 23 of 70 (32.9%), NNT 4.1, propensity score matching.
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 70.4% lower, RR 0.30, p < 0.001, treatment 8 of 70 (11.4%), control 27 of 70 (38.6%), NNT 3.7, propensity score matching.
|
|
Tu, 1/13/2022, retrospective, Sierra Leone, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, study period 31 March, 2020 - 11 August, 2020, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 17.2% lower, RR 0.83, p = 0.81, treatment 6 of 37 (16.2%), control 28 of 143 (19.6%), NNT 30.
|
|
Turrini, 6/11/2021, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, 16 authors.
|
risk of death, 9.8% lower, RR 0.90, p = 0.15, treatment 103 of 160 (64.4%), control 33 of 45 (73.3%), NNT 11, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariate.
|
|
Ubaldo, 2/1/2021, retrospective, Philippines, peer-reviewed, 3 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely; very late stage, ICU patients; unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 18.4% lower, RR 0.82, p = 0.64, treatment 17 of 25 (68.0%), control 5 of 6 (83.3%), NNT 6.5, COVID-19 positive patients.
|
|
Ulrich, 9/23/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, peer-reviewed, baseline oxygen required 63.3%, mean age 66.2, 18 authors, study period 17 April, 2020 - 12 May, 2020, average treatment delay 7.0 days, trial NCT04369742 (history) (TEACH), excluded in exclusion analyses:
very late stage, >50% on oxygen/ventilation at baseline.
|
risk of death, 6.0% higher, RR 1.06, p = 1.00, treatment 7 of 67 (10.4%), control 6 of 61 (9.8%).
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 51.7% higher, RR 1.52, p = 0.72, treatment 5 of 67 (7.5%), control 3 of 61 (4.9%).
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 173.1% higher, RR 2.73, p = 0.13, treatment 9 of 67 (13.4%), control 3 of 61 (4.9%).
|
|
Uyaroğlu, 3/17/2022, retrospective, propensity score matching, Turkey, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, study period 20 March, 2020 - 30 September, 2020, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo.
|
risk of death, 200.0% higher, RR 3.00, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 42 (2.4%), control 0 of 42 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 66.7% lower, RR 0.33, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 42 (0.0%), control 1 of 42 (2.4%), NNT 42, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
hospitalization time, 9.8% lower, relative time 0.90, p = 0.90, treatment 42, control 42.
|
|
Uygen, 9/15/2021, retrospective, Turkey, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.
|
time to viral-, 12.2% lower, relative time 0.88, p = 0.05, treatment 15, control 25.
|
|
van Halem, 11/27/2020, retrospective, Belgium, peer-reviewed, 10 authors.
|
risk of death, 31.6% lower, RR 0.68, p = 0.049, treatment 34 of 164 (20.7%), control 47 of 155 (30.3%), NNT 10.
|
|
Vernaz, 12/31/2020, retrospective, propensity score matching, Switzerland, peer-reviewed, 15 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial confounding by time likely due to declining usage over the early stages of the pandemic when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically; substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
|
risk of death, 15.3% lower, RR 0.85, p = 0.71, treatment 12 of 93 (12.9%), control 16 of 105 (15.2%), NNT 43, HCQ vs. SOC, PSM.
|
|
hospitalization time, 49.0% higher, relative time 1.49, p = 0.002, treatment 93, control 105, HCQ vs. SOC, PSM.
|
|
Wang (D), 6/10/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, preprint, 3 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
confounding by indication is likely and adjustments do not consider COVID-19 severity at baseline.
|
risk of death, 5.8% lower, RR 0.94, p = 0.63, treatment 1,866, control 5,726, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
WellStar, 12/7/2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, trial NCT04429867 (history).
|
Estimated 700 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
|
|
Xia, 2/11/2020, retrospective, China, preprint, 1 author, excluded in exclusion analyses:
minimal details provided.
|
risk of no viral clearance, 37.5% lower, RR 0.62, p = 0.17, treatment 5 of 10 (50.0%), control 12 of 15 (80.0%), NNT 3.3.
|
|
Yegerov, 1/8/2021, retrospective, Kazakhstan, preprint, 8 authors, average treatment delay 1.0 days, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 95.3% lower, RR 0.05, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 23 (0.0%), control 20 of 1,049 (1.9%), NNT 52, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
Yilgwan, 5/11/2023, retrospective, Nigeria, peer-reviewed, 12 authors, study period 25 February, 2020 - 30 August, 2021.
|
risk of death, 93.0% lower, OR 0.07, p < 0.001, treatment 1,039, control 2,423, adjusted per study, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Yu (B), 8/3/2020, retrospective, China, peer-reviewed, median age 62.0, 6 authors.
|
risk of progression to critical, 82.5% lower, RR 0.17, p = 0.049, treatment 1 of 231 (0.4%), control 32 of 1,291 (2.5%), NNT 49, baseline critical cohort reported separately in Yu et al.
|
|
Yu (C), 5/15/2020, retrospective, China, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.
|
risk of death, 60.5% lower, RR 0.40, p = 0.002, treatment 9 of 48 (18.8%), control 238 of 502 (47.4%), NNT 3.5.
|
|
Zhong Nanshan, 3/26/2020, retrospective, China, preprint, 1 author.
|
risk of no virological cure at day 10, 80.0% lower, RR 0.20, p < 0.001, treatment 5 of 115 (4.3%), control 17 of 82 (20.7%), NNT 6.1, adjusted per study.
|
|
Águila-Gordo, 11/11/2020, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, mean age 84.4, 6 authors.
|
risk of death, 67.0% lower, RR 0.33, p = 0.10, treatment 151 of 346 (43.6%), control 47 of 70 (67.1%), NNT 4.3, adjusted per study.
|
|
Çivriz Bozdağ, 9/15/2021, retrospective, Turkey, peer-reviewed, 64 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
substantial confounding by time likely due to declining usage over the early stages of the pandemic when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically.
|
risk of death, 399.2% higher, RR 4.99, p = 0.003, treatment 35, control 140.
|
|
Çiyiltepe, 4/30/2021, retrospective, Turkey, peer-reviewed, 5 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
treatment group only includes patients where treatment failed resulting in ICU admission.
|
risk of death, 3.2% lower, RR 0.97, p = 0.85, treatment 69 of 95 (72.6%), control 39 of 52 (75.0%), NNT 42.
|
|
Ñamendys-Silva, 10/21/2020, retrospective, database analysis, Mexico, peer-reviewed, mean age 57.3, 18 authors, average treatment delay 7.0 days.
|
risk of death, 32.3% lower, RR 0.68, p = 0.18, treatment 24 of 54 (44.4%), control 42 of 64 (65.6%), NNT 4.7, HCQ+AZ vs. neither HCQ or CQ.
|
|
risk of death, 37.1% lower, RR 0.63, p = 0.09, treatment 19 of 46 (41.3%), control 42 of 64 (65.6%), NNT 4.1, CQ vs. neither HCQ or CQ.
|
|
risk of death, 34.5% lower, RR 0.66, p = 0.006, treatment 43 of 100 (43.0%), control 42 of 64 (65.6%), NNT 4.4, HCQ+AZ or CQ.
|
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules as detailed above
and gives priority to more serious outcomes. Only the first (most serious)
outcome is used in pooled analysis, which may differ from the effect a paper
focuses on. Other outcomes are used in outcome specific analyses.
|
Abella, 9/30/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, peer-reviewed, 18 authors, study period 9 April, 2020 - 14 July, 2020, PATCH trial.
|
risk of case, 5.0% lower, RR 0.95, p = 1.00, treatment 4 of 64 (6.2%), control 4 of 61 (6.6%), NNT 325.
|
|
Agarwal, 9/14/2021, prospective, India, preprint, 17 authors.
|
risk of hospitalization, 94.8% lower, RR 0.05, p = 0.61, treatment 0 of 29 (0.0%), control 17 of 455 (3.7%), NNT 27, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
relative severity, 26.9% better, RR 0.73, p = 0.21, treatment 29, control 455.
|
|
risk of case, 4.6% higher, RR 1.05, p = 0.81, treatment 6 of 29 (20.7%), control 90 of 455 (19.8%).
|
|
Ahmed, 11/23/2021, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.
|
risk of case, 99.3% lower, OR 0.007, p = 0.08, treatment 0 of 50 (0.0%) cases,
13 of 50 (26.0%) controls, NNT 1.7, case control OR.
|
Ajili, 7/31/2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, trial NCT04377646 (history) (COVID-Milit).
|
Estimated 660 patient RCT with results unknown and over 6 years late.
|
|
Alegiani, 4/15/2021, retrospective, case control, database analysis, Italy, peer-reviewed, 16 authors.
|
risk of death, 8.0% higher, OR 1.08, p = 0.64, HCQ vs. other cDMARDs, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 18.0% lower, OR 0.82, p = 0.03, HCQ vs. other cDMARDs, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of death, 19.0% higher, OR 1.19, p = 0.32, HCQ vs. MTX, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 12.0% lower, OR 0.88, p = 0.17, HCQ vs. MTX, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Alqatari, 6/1/2023, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, peer-reviewed, 15 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 89.0% lower, RR 0.11, p = 0.13, treatment 0 of 13 (0.0%), control 5 of 21 (23.8%), NNT 4.2, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 64.1% lower, RR 0.36, p = 0.14, treatment 2 of 13 (15.4%), control 9 of 21 (42.9%), NNT 3.6.
|
|
critical case, 64.1% lower, RR 0.36, p = 0.14, treatment 2 of 13 (15.4%), control 9 of 21 (42.9%), NNT 3.6.
|
|
Alzahrani, 4/15/2021, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.
|
risk of death, 58.7% lower, RR 0.41, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 14 (0.0%), control 1 of 33 (3.0%), NNT 33, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
risk of mechanical ventilation, 81.0% lower, RR 0.19, p = 0.54, treatment 0 of 14 (0.0%), control 3 of 33 (9.1%), NNT 11, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
risk of severe case, 32.7% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.70, treatment 2 of 14 (14.3%), control 7 of 33 (21.2%), NNT 14.
|
|
Arleo, 10/27/2020, retrospective, USA, preprint, 5 authors.
|
risk of death, 50.0% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.67, treatment 1 of 20 (5.0%), control 5 of 50 (10.0%), NNT 20, all patients.
|
|
risk of death, 52.0% lower, RR 0.48, p = 0.64, treatment 1 of 10 (10.0%), control 5 of 24 (20.8%), NNT 9.2, inpatients.
|
|
Badyal, 6/7/2021, prospective, India, peer-reviewed, 18 authors, study period May 2020 - September 2020.
|
risk of case, 60.1% lower, RR 0.40, p < 0.001, treatment 247 of 617 (40.0%), control 611 of 1,473 (41.5%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, ≥6 weeks.
|
|
risk of case, 35.1% lower, RR 0.65, p = 0.003, treatment 88 of 185 (47.6%), control 611 of 1,473 (41.5%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, 4-5 weeks.
|
|
risk of case, 23.2% lower, RR 0.77, p = 0.03, treatment 80 of 181 (44.2%), control 611 of 1,473 (41.5%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, 2-3 weeks.
|
|
Bae, 2/20/2021, retrospective, propensity score matching, South Korea, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.
|
risk of case, 30.3% lower, RR 0.70, p = 0.18, treatment 16 of 743 (2.2%), control 91 of 2,698 (3.4%), NNT 82, odds ratio converted to relative risk, PSM.
|
|
risk of case, 19.5% lower, RR 0.81, p = 0.50, treatment 16 of 743 (2.2%), control 91 of 2,698 (3.4%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, PSM, adjusted for region.
|
|
risk of case, 30.3% lower, RR 0.70, p = 0.30, treatment 16 of 743 (2.2%), control 91 of 2,698 (3.4%), NNT 82, odds ratio converted to relative risk, PSM, adjusted for immunosuppresant use.
|
|
Becetti, 8/5/2022, retrospective, Qatar, peer-reviewed, mean age 43.2, 12 authors, study period 1 April, 2020 - 31 July, 2020.
|
risk of case, 36.8% lower, RR 0.63, p = 0.17, treatment 26 of 314 (8.3%), control 49 of 386 (12.7%), NNT 23, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariable.
|
|
risk of case, 52.0% lower, RR 0.48, p < 0.001, treatment 16 of 46 (34.8%), control 29 of 40 (72.5%), NNT 2.7, patients with close contact to cases, close contact.
|
|
Behera, 11/3/2020, retrospective, India, peer-reviewed, 13 authors.
|
risk of case, 27.9% lower, RR 0.72, p = 0.29, treatment 7 of 19 (36.8%), control 179 of 353 (50.7%), NNT 7.2, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, model 2 conditional logistic regression.
|
|
risk of case, 26.3% lower, RR 0.74, p = 0.25, treatment 7 of 19 (36.8%), control 179 of 353 (50.7%), NNT 7.2, odds ratio converted to relative risk, matched pair analysis.
|
|
Belmont, 10/6/2021, prospective, USA, preprint, 1 author, trial NCT04354870 (history).
|
risk of symptomatic case, 78.6% lower, RR 0.21, p = 0.21, treatment 1 of 56 (1.8%), control 2 of 24 (8.3%), NNT 15.
|
|
risk of case, 14.3% lower, RR 0.86, p = 1.00, treatment 4 of 56 (7.1%), control 2 of 24 (8.3%), NNT 84.
|
|
Bhatt, 8/4/2021, prospective, India, preprint, 4 authors.
|
risk of case, 49.3% higher, RR 1.49, p = 0.02, treatment 167 of 731 (22.8%), control 30 of 196 (15.3%).
|
|
Bhattacharya, 6/9/2020, retrospective, India, preprint, 7 authors.
|
risk of case, 80.7% lower, RR 0.19, p = 0.001, treatment 4 of 54 (7.4%), control 20 of 52 (38.5%), NNT 3.2.
|
Burney, 10/15/2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, trial NCT04370015 (history).
|
Estimated 374 patient RCT with results unknown and over 6 years late.
|
|
Cassione, 5/12/2020, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, survey, median age 52.5, 6 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
not fully adjusting for the different baseline risk of systemic autoimmune patients.
|
risk of case, 49.6% higher, RR 1.50, p = 0.59, treatment 10 of 127 (7.9%), control 2 of 38 (5.3%).
|
|
Chatterjee, 5/28/2020, retrospective, India, peer-reviewed, survey, 11 authors.
|
risk of case, 66.8% lower, RR 0.33, p < 0.001, treatment 12 of 68 (17.6%), control 206 of 387 (53.2%), NNT 2.8, full course vs. unused.
|
Chauffe, 6/1/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, trial NCT04363450 (history) (HCQPreP).
|
Estimated 1,700 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
|
|
Chevalier, 3/22/2023, retrospective, France, peer-reviewed, mean age 70.3, 24 authors.
|
risk of death, 34.7% lower, RR 0.65, p = 0.19, treatment 7 of 55 (12.7%), control 109 of 535 (20.4%), NNT 13, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 19.1% lower, RR 0.81, p = 0.36, treatment 15 of 116 (12.9%), control 180 of 1,097 (16.4%), NNT 29, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Chouhdari, 1/21/2024, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Iran, peer-reviewed, 14 authors, study period 20 August, 2020 - 20 October, 2020, dosage 800mg day 1, 200mg day 8, 200mg day 15, 200mg day 22, 200mg day 29, 200mg day 36, 200mg day 43, trial IRCT20200421047153N1.
|
risk of hospitalization, 80.1% lower, RR 0.20, p = 0.25, treatment 0 of 439 (0.0%), control 2 of 432 (0.5%), NNT 216, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
risk of case, 42.8% lower, RR 0.57, p = 0.005, treatment 36 of 439 (8.2%), control 61 of 432 (14.1%), NNT 17, adjusted per study, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariable.
|
Connor, 8/24/2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, trial NCT04352946 (history) (HERO).
|
Estimated 374 patient RCT with results unknown and over 6 years late.
|
|
Cordtz, 8/27/2021, retrospective, population-based cohort, Denmark, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, study period 1 March, 2020 - 2 February, 2021.
|
risk of hospitalization, 40.0% lower, HR 0.60, p = 0.39, treatment 1,170, control 1,363, adjusted per study.
|
|
Cordtz (B), 12/28/2020, retrospective, population-based cohort, Denmark, peer-reviewed, 10 authors.
|
risk of hospitalization, 24.0% lower, HR 0.76, p = 0.67, treatment 3 of 2,722 (0.1%), control 38 of 26,718 (0.1%), NNT 3124, adjusted per study, time-dependent exposure model.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 55.0% lower, HR 0.45, p = 0.28, treatment 3 of 2,722 (0.1%), control 38 of 26,718 (0.1%), adjusted per study, time-fixed exposure model.
|
|
Datta, 11/6/2020, retrospective, India, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.
|
risk of case, 22.1% lower, RR 0.78, p = 0.47, treatment 16 of 146 (11.0%), control 19 of 135 (14.1%), NNT 32.
|
|
de la Iglesia, 9/2/2020, retrospective, database analysis, Spain, preprint, 17 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
not fully adjusting for the different baseline risk of systemic autoimmune patients.
|
risk of hospitalization, 50.0% higher, RR 1.50, p = 1.00, treatment 3 of 687 (0.4%), control 2 of 688 (0.3%).
|
|
risk of case, 42.6% higher, RR 1.43, p = 0.15, treatment 42 of 648 (6.5%), control 30 of 660 (4.5%), suspected COVID-19.
|
|
risk of case, 7.8% lower, RR 0.92, p = 0.84, treatment 12 of 678 (1.8%), control 13 of 677 (1.9%), NNT 665, confirmed COVID-19.
|
|
Desbois, 7/20/2020, retrospective, France, preprint, mean age 58.8, 13 authors.
|
risk of case, 16.9% lower, RR 0.83, p = 1.00, treatment 3 of 27 (11.1%), control 23 of 172 (13.4%), NNT 44.
|
|
Dev, 3/24/2021, retrospective, India, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.
|
risk of case, 26.0% lower, RR 0.74, p = 0.003, treatment 260, control 499, any number of HCQ doses vs. no HCQ prophylaxis.
|
|
Dey, 6/30/2024, retrospective, India, peer-reviewed, mean age 41.1, 6 authors, study period 26 August, 2020 - 25 November, 2020, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 91.5% lower, RR 0.08, p = 0.09, treatment 0 of 41 (0.0%), control 7 of 76 (9.2%), NNT 11, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
risk of moderate/severe case, 27.5% lower, RR 0.73, p = 0.39, treatment 9 of 41 (22.0%), control 23 of 76 (30.3%), NNT 12.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 16.3% lower, RR 0.84, p = 0.55, treatment 14 of 41 (34.1%), control 31 of 76 (40.8%), NNT 15.
|
|
Dulcey, 5/31/2023, retrospective, Colombia, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.
|
risk of case, 21.0% lower, OR 0.79, p = 0.27, treatment 322, control 645, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Erden, 1/23/2022, retrospective, Turkey, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 150.0% higher, RR 2.50, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 6 (16.7%), control 0 of 3 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 75.0% lower, RR 0.25, p = 0.23, treatment 1 of 6 (16.7%), control 2 of 3 (66.7%), NNT 2.0.
|
|
Ferreira (B), 6/29/2020, retrospective, population-based cohort, database analysis, Portugal, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.
|
risk of case, 47.1% lower, RR 0.53, p < 0.001, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Ferri, 8/27/2020, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, survey, 29 authors.
|
risk of COVID-19 case, 63.0% lower, RR 0.37, p = 0.01, treatment 9 of 994 (0.9%), control 16 of 647 (2.5%), NNT 64.
|
|
Finkelstein, 6/29/2023, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 2 authors, study period January 2020 - September 2020.
|
risk of case, 21.0% lower, OR 0.79, p < 0.001, treatment 13,932, control 27,864, adjusted per study, propensity score matching, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Fitzgerald, 2/5/2021, retrospective, USA, preprint, 34 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
not fully adjusting for the baseline risk differences within systemic autoimmune patients.
|
risk of case, 8.5% lower, RR 0.91, p = 0.54, treatment 65 of 1,072 (6.1%), control 200 of 3,594 (5.6%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Fung, 10/1/2021, retrospective, population-based cohort, USA, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
not fully adjusting for the different baseline risk of systemic autoimmune patients.
|
risk of death, 13.0% lower, HR 0.87, p = 0.15, vs. past use (better match for systemic autoimmune diseases).
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 3.0% lower, HR 0.97, p = 0.63, vs. past use (better match for systemic autoimmune diseases).
|
|
risk of case, 9.0% lower, HR 0.91, p = 0.02, vs. past use (better match for systemic autoimmune diseases).
|
|
risk of death, 8.0% higher, HR 1.08, p = 0.26, vs. never used.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 6.0% higher, HR 1.06, p = 0.13, vs. never used.
|
|
risk of case, 5.0% lower, HR 0.95, p = 0.03, vs. never used.
|
Gagneux-Brunon, 3/30/2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, France, peer-reviewed, study period 14 April, 2020 - 30 March, 2022, trial NCT04328285 (history).
|
118 patient RCT with results unknown and over 4 years late.
|
|
Gendebien, 6/25/2020, retrospective, Belgium, peer-reviewed, survey, 9 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
not fully adjusting for the baseline risk differences within systemic autoimmune patients.
|
risk of case, 3.9% lower, RR 0.96, p = 0.93, treatment 12 of 152 (7.9%), control 6 of 73 (8.2%), NNT 308.
|
|
Gendelman, 5/5/2020, retrospective, database analysis, Israel, peer-reviewed, 5 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
not fully adjusting for the different baseline risk of systemic autoimmune patients.
|
risk of case, 8.1% lower, RR 0.92, p = 0.88, treatment 3 of 36 (8.3%), control 1,314 of 14,484 (9.1%), NNT 135.
|
|
Gentry, 9/21/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.
|
risk of death, 91.3% lower, RR 0.09, p = 0.10, treatment 0 of 10,703 (0.0%), control 7 of 21,406 (0.0%), NNT 3058, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), COVID-19 mortality within all patients.
|
|
risk of death, 90.7% lower, RR 0.09, p = 0.19, treatment 0 of 31 (0.0%), control 7 of 78 (9.0%), NNT 11, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), mortality for infected patients.
|
|
risk of case, 20.9% lower, RR 0.79, p = 0.27, treatment 31 of 10,703 (0.3%), control 78 of 21,406 (0.4%), NNT 1338, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Gianfrancesco, 5/28/2020, retrospective, database analysis, multiple countries, peer-reviewed, 28 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
not fully adjusting for the baseline risk differences within systemic autoimmune patients.
|
risk of hospitalization, 3.3% lower, RR 0.97, p = 0.82, treatment 58 of 130 (44.6%), control 219 of 470 (46.6%), NNT 50, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Goenka, 10/24/2020, retrospective, India, preprint, 11 authors.
|
risk of IgG positive, 87.2% lower, RR 0.13, p = 0.03, treatment 1 of 77 (1.3%), control 115 of 885 (13.0%), NNT 8.6, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
Granados-Montiel, 6/30/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Mexico, peer-reviewed, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with bromhexine) - results of individual treatments may vary, trial NCT04340349 (history) (ELEVATE).
|
Estimated 214 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
|
|
Grau-Pujol, 9/21/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Spain, peer-reviewed, 22 authors, study period 4 April, 2020 - 12 June, 2020, trial NCT04331834 (history) (PrEP_COVID).
|
risk of case, 10.6% lower, RR 0.89, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 142 (0.7%), control 1 of 127 (0.8%), NNT 1202.
|
|
Guillaume, 9/16/2021, retrospective, France, peer-reviewed, survey, 25 authors, study period 17 April, 2020 - 30 April, 2020, trial NCT04345159 (history), excluded in exclusion analyses:
statistical analysis shows significant mismatch with prior research, potential overfitting.
|
risk of hospitalization, 2.4% higher, RR 1.02, p = 1.00, treatment 2 of 181 (1.1%), control 3 of 278 (1.1%).
|
|
risk of case, 2.9% higher, RR 1.03, p = 0.96, treatment 6 of 181 (3.3%), control 12 of 278 (4.3%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
risk of case, 23.2% lower, RR 0.77, p = 0.63, treatment 6 of 181 (3.3%), control 12 of 278 (4.3%), NNT 100.
|
|
Gönenli, 12/16/2020, retrospective, Turkey, peer-reviewed, survey, mean age 36.0, 9 authors, study period 14 May, 2020 - 13 June, 2020.
|
risk of pneumonia, 29.7% lower, RR 0.70, p = 0.77, treatment 3 of 148 (2.0%), control 12 of 416 (2.9%), NNT 117.
|
|
risk of case, 18.9% higher, RR 1.19, p = 0.58, treatment 8 of 148 (5.4%), control 20 of 416 (4.8%), odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Huang (B), 12/12/2023, retrospective, China, peer-reviewed, 9 authors, study period 1 January, 2023 - 28 February, 2023.
|
risk of hospitalization, 43.4% lower, OR 0.57, p = 0.09, treatment 141, control 291, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of case, 6.3% higher, RR 1.06, p = 0.25, treatment 118 of 141 (83.7%), control 229 of 291 (78.7%).
|
|
Huang, 6/16/2020, retrospective, China, peer-reviewed, 15 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
significant unadjusted confounding possible.
|
risk of hospitalization, 80.0% lower, RR 0.20, p < 0.001, treatment 8, control 1,247.
|
|
Huh, 12/19/2020, retrospective, database analysis, South Korea, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
not fully adjusting for the different baseline risk of systemic autoimmune patients.
|
risk of progression, 96.8% higher, RR 1.97, p = 0.11, treatment 5 of 8 (62.5%), control 873 of 2,797 (31.2%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariable.
|
|
risk of case, 6.0% lower, OR 0.94, p = 0.82, treatment 17 of 7,341 (0.2%) cases,
105 of 36,705 (0.3%) controls, adjusted per study, case control OR, multivariable.
|
|
Isnardi, 10/6/2022, retrospective, Argentina, peer-reviewed, mean age 51.4, 198 authors, study period 13 August, 2020 - 31 July, 2021, trial NCT04568421 (history).
|
risk of death, 33.9% lower, RR 0.66, p = 0.23, treatment 11 of 361 (3.0%), control 72 of 1,554 (4.6%), NNT 63, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
risk of severe case, 48.0% lower, RR 0.52, p = 0.02, treatment 14 of 361 (3.9%), control 117 of 1,554 (7.5%), NNT 27, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 17.0% lower, RR 0.83, p = 0.09, treatment 83 of 512 (16.2%), control 429 of 1,554 (27.6%), NNT 8.8, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
James, 4/30/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, trial NCT04352933 (history) (PROLIFIC).
|
Estimated 500 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
|
|
Juneja, 1/7/2022, retrospective, India, peer-reviewed, 9 authors, study period 2 April, 2020 - 3 September, 2020, excluded in exclusion analyses:
excessive unadjusted differences between groups.
|
risk of severe case, 141.8% higher, RR 2.42, p = 0.59, treatment 2 of 996 (0.2%), control 1 of 1,204 (0.1%).
|
|
risk of case, 6.4% higher, RR 1.06, p = 0.67, treatment 103 of 996 (10.3%), control 117 of 1,204 (9.7%).
|
|
Jung, 12/11/2020, retrospective, South Korea, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.
|
risk of death, 59.3% lower, RR 0.41, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 649 (0.0%), control 1 of 1,417 (0.1%), NNT 1417, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
risk of case, 13.1% higher, RR 1.13, p = 0.86, treatment 15 of 649 (2.3%), control 31 of 1,417 (2.2%), adjusted per study.
|
|
Kadnur, 7/22/2020, prospective, India, peer-reviewed, mean age 31.2, 16 authors, study period 23 April, 2020 - 11 June, 2020.
|
risk of case, 62.3% lower, RR 0.38, p = 0.01, treatment 10 of 258 (3.9%), control 15 of 100 (15.0%), NNT 9.0, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariate logistic regression.
|
|
Kamstrup, 6/1/2021, retrospective, population-based cohort, Denmark, peer-reviewed, 21 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
not fully adjusting for the different baseline risk of systemic autoimmune patients.
|
risk of hospitalization, 44.0% higher, OR 1.44, p = 0.25, treatment 5,488, control 54,846, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of case, 10.0% lower, HR 0.90, p = 0.23, treatment 188 of 5,488 (3.4%), control 2,040 of 54,846 (3.7%), NNT 340, adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression.
|
|
Khoubnasabjafari, 1/13/2021, retrospective, Iran, peer-reviewed, 10 authors.
|
risk of case, 16.7% lower, RR 0.83, p = 0.59, treatment 34 of 1,436 (2.4%), control 12 of 422 (2.8%), NNT 210.
|
|
Khurana, 7/24/2020, retrospective, India, preprint, survey, 6 authors.
|
risk of case, 51.0% lower, RR 0.49, p = 0.02, treatment 6 of 22 (27.3%), control 88 of 159 (55.3%), NNT 3.6, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Klebanov, 7/1/2023, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 10 authors.
|
risk of death, 30.6% lower, RR 0.69, p = 0.80, treatment 3 of 3,074 (0.1%), control 83 of 58,995 (0.1%), NNT 2320.
|
|
risk of case, 5.9% higher, RR 1.06, p = 0.70, treatment 51 of 3,074 (1.7%), control 973 of 58,995 (1.6%), odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Konig, 5/7/2020, retrospective, database analysis, multiple countries, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
not fully adjusting for the baseline risk differences within systemic autoimmune patients; unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of hospitalization, 3.0% lower, RR 0.97, p = 0.88, treatment 16 of 29 (55.2%), control 29 of 51 (56.9%), NNT 59.
|
|
Korkmaz, 6/1/2021, retrospective, Turkey, preprint, 4 authors.
|
risk of death, 82.1% lower, RR 0.18, p = 0.19, treatment 0 of 385 (0.0%), control 2 of 299 (0.7%), NNT 150, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
risk of case, 93.7% lower, RR 0.06, p < 0.001, treatment 2 of 395 (0.5%), control 24 of 299 (8.0%), NNT 13.
|
|
Küçükakkaş, 7/20/2021, retrospective, Turkey, preprint, 2 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
minimal details of groups provided.
|
risk of ICU admission, 42.9% higher, RR 1.43, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 7 (14.3%), control 1 of 10 (10.0%).
|
|
Laplana, 9/9/2020, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, survey, 3 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
not fully adjusting for the different baseline risk of systemic autoimmune patients.
|
risk of case, 56.0% higher, RR 1.56, p = 0.24, treatment 17 of 319 (5.3%), control 11 of 319 (3.4%).
|
|
Liu (B), 2/5/2024, retrospective, China, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, study period December 2022 - February 2023.
|
risk of severe case, 39.0% lower, OR 0.61, p = 0.26, treatment 55, control 246, adjusted per study, multivariable, model 2, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Llanos-Cuentas, 2/28/2023, Randomized Controlled Trial, Peru, peer-reviewed, mean age 39.2, 10 authors, study period July 2020 - November 2020, trial NCT04414241 (history).
|
risk of case, 69.0% higher, RR 1.69, p = 0.46, treatment 5 of 36 (13.9%), control 3 of 32 (9.4%), adjusted per study.
|
|
Loucera, 8/16/2022, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, study period January 2020 - November 2020.
|
risk of death, 69.3% lower, HR 0.31, p < 0.001, treatment 320, control 15,648, Cox proportional hazards, day 30.
|
|
MacFadden, 3/29/2022, retrospective, Canada, peer-reviewed, 9 authors, study period 15 January, 2020 - 31 December, 2020.
|
risk of case, 12.0% lower, OR 0.88, p = 0.01, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Macias, 5/16/2020, retrospective, database analysis, Spain, preprint, 12 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
not fully adjusting for the baseline risk differences within systemic autoimmune patients.
|
risk of hospitalization, 25.5% lower, RR 0.74, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 290 (0.3%), control 2 of 432 (0.5%), NNT 846.
|
|
risk of case, 49.0% higher, RR 1.49, p = 0.53, treatment 5 of 290 (1.7%), control 5 of 432 (1.2%).
|
|
risk of case, 25.5% lower, RR 0.74, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 290 (0.3%), control 2 of 432 (0.5%), NNT 846, confirmed.
|
|
Mahto, 2/15/2021, retrospective, India, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of IgG positive, 26.9% lower, RR 0.73, p = 0.38, treatment 9 of 89 (10.1%), control 84 of 600 (14.0%), NNT 26, unadjusted, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Mathai, 11/6/2020, retrospective, India, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.
|
risk of case, 89.5% lower, RR 0.10, p < 0.001, treatment 10 of 491 (2.0%), control 22 of 113 (19.5%), NNT 5.7.
|
|
risk of case, 88.5% lower, RR 0.12, p < 0.001, treatment 5 of 491 (1.0%), control 10 of 113 (8.8%), NNT 13, symptomatic.
|
|
Mathew, 2/28/2023, prospective, India, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, study period April 2020 - October 2021.
|
risk of death, 20.0% lower, OR 0.80, p = 0.80, treatment 23, control 41, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, no change, OR 1.00, p = 0.94, treatment 23, control 41, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of severe case, 40.0% lower, OR 0.60, p = 0.37, treatment 23, control 41, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
McCullough, 8/20/2021, prospective, USA, preprint, 1 author.
|
risk of case, 51.7% lower, RR 0.48, p = 0.01, treatment 13 of 101 (12.9%), control 32 of 120 (26.7%), NNT 7.2.
|
|
McKinnon, 12/23/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, study period 7 April, 2020 - 15 December, 2020, trial NCT04341441 (history) (WHIP COVID-19).
|
risk of symptomatic case, 2.5% lower, RR 0.98, p = 1.00, treatment 2 of 365 (0.5%), control 1 of 178 (0.6%), NNT 7219, daily and weekly HCQ combined.
|
|
risk of symptomatic case, no change, RR 1.00, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 178 (0.6%), control 1 of 178 (0.6%), daily HCQ.
|
|
risk of symptomatic case, 4.8% lower, RR 0.95, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 187 (0.5%), control 1 of 178 (0.6%), NNT 3698, weekly HCQ.
|
|
risk of symptomatic case, 53.3% lower, RR 0.47, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 25 (0.0%), control 1 of 178 (0.6%), NNT 178, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), AD patients.
|
|
risk of case, 51.2% lower, RR 0.49, p = 0.60, treatment 2 of 365 (0.5%), control 2 of 178 (1.1%), NNT 174, daily and weekly HCQ combined.
|
|
risk of case, 50.0% lower, RR 0.50, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 178 (0.6%), control 2 of 178 (1.1%), NNT 178, daily HCQ.
|
|
risk of case, 52.4% lower, RR 0.48, p = 0.61, treatment 1 of 187 (0.5%), control 2 of 178 (1.1%), NNT 170, weekly HCQ.
|
|
risk of case, 69.5% lower, RR 0.30, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 25 (0.0%), control 2 of 178 (1.1%), NNT 89, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), AD patients.
|
Moraes, 4/30/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo, trial NCT04384458 (history).
|
Estimated 400 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
|
Morales-Asencio, 4/1/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, trial NCT04400019 (history) (PREVICHARM).
|
Estimated 1,930 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
|
|
Naggie, 8/25/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, USA, peer-reviewed, mean age 43.6, 23 authors, study period April 2020 - November 2020, trial NCT04334148 (history) (HERO-HCQ).
|
risk of symptomatic case, 23.5% lower, RR 0.76, p = 0.18, treatment 41 of 683 (6.0%), control 53 of 676 (7.8%), NNT 54, odds ratio converted to relative risk, logistic regression.
|
|
risk of symptomatic case, 29.3% lower, RR 0.71, p = 0.18, treatment 41 of 683 (6.0%), control 53 of 676 (7.8%), NNT 54, odds ratio converted to relative risk, Mantel-Haenszel.
|
|
risk of symptomatic case, 50.5% lower, RR 0.49, p = 0.34, treatment 3 of 683 (0.4%), control 6 of 676 (0.9%), NNT 223, PCR confirmed.
|
Nanni, 9/30/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Italy, peer-reviewed, trial NCT04363827 (history) (PROTECT).
|
Estimated 2,300 patient RCT with results unknown and over 5 years late.
|
|
Nasri, 1/27/2023, Randomized Controlled Trial, Iran, peer-reviewed, mean age 29.7, 11 authors, study period 11 August, 2020 - 11 November, 2020, trial IRCT20200414047076N1.
|
risk of symptomatic case, 92.2% lower, RR 0.08, p = 0.03, treatment 0 of 70 (0.0%), control 6 of 73 (8.2%), NNT 12, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), severe cases.
|
|
risk of symptomatic case, 85.1% lower, RR 0.15, p = 0.003, treatment 2 of 70 (2.9%), control 14 of 73 (19.2%), NNT 6.1, moderate or severe cases.
|
|
risk of symptomatic case, 47.9% lower, RR 0.52, p = 0.16, treatment 7 of 70 (10.0%), control 14 of 73 (19.2%), NNT 11, all cases.
|
Niriella, 7/3/2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, trial SLCTR/2020/011.
|
402 patient RCT with results unknown and over 6 years late.
|
|
Obrișcă, 9/28/2022, prospective, Romania, peer-reviewed, mean age 39.0, 12 authors, study period 26 February, 2020 - 1 May, 2021.
|
risk of case, 86.7% lower, RR 0.13, p = 0.01, treatment 10 of 81 (12.3%), control 5 of 14 (35.7%), NNT 4.3, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariable.
|
|
Oku, 9/6/2022, retrospective, Japan, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, study period 3 June, 2020 - 30 June, 2021.
|
risk of death, 92.2% lower, RR 0.08, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 14 (0.0%), control 11 of 206 (5.3%), NNT 19, unadjusted, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 11.5% lower, RR 0.88, p = 0.34, treatment 9 of 14 (64.3%), control 177 of 206 (85.9%), NNT 4.6, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariable.
|
|
Opdam, 2/23/2022, retrospective, Netherlands, peer-reviewed, 9 authors.
|
risk of hospitalization, 45.0% lower, OR 0.55, p = 0.18, treatment 8 of 81 (9.9%) cases,
59 of 396 (14.9%) controls, NNT 17, case control OR.
|
|
Oztas, 3/21/2022, retrospective, Turkey, peer-reviewed, 15 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
not adjusting for the different baseline risk of systemic autoimmune patients; excessive unadjusted differences between groups.
|
risk of hospitalization, 215.1% higher, RR 3.15, p = 0.36, treatment 3 of 317 (0.9%), control 1 of 333 (0.3%).
|
|
risk of symptomatic case, 40.1% higher, RR 1.40, p = 0.44, treatment 16 of 317 (5.0%), control 12 of 333 (3.6%).
|
|
risk of case, 5.0% higher, RR 1.05, p = 0.88, treatment 22 of 317 (6.9%), control 22 of 333 (6.6%).
|
|
Patel (B), 1/31/2025, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, mean age 62.2, 17 authors, study period 1 September, 2022 - 15 March, 2024.
|
risk of hospitalization, 43.0% lower, RR 0.57, p = 0.03, treatment 239, control 302, adjusted per study, combined results comparing with all patients not on immunomodulatory medication.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 56.1% lower, OR 0.44, p = 0.03, treatment 239, control 151, adjusted per study, inverted to make OR<1 favor treatment, no immunomodulatory medication with oral glucocorticoids, Table S1, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 28.1% lower, OR 0.72, p = 0.36, treatment 239, control 302, adjusted per study, inverted to make OR<1 favor treatment, no immunomodulatory medication without oral glucocorticoids, Table S1, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of severe case, 50.8% lower, RR 0.49, p = 0.06, treatment 239, control 302, adjusted per study, combined results comparing with all patients not on immunomodulatory medication.
|
|
risk of severe case, 66.3% lower, OR 0.34, p = 0.03, treatment 239, control 151, adjusted per study, inverted to make OR<1 favor treatment, no immunomodulatory medication with oral glucocorticoids, Table S2, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of severe case, 28.6% lower, OR 0.71, p = 0.50, treatment 239, control 302, adjusted per study, inverted to make OR<1 favor treatment, no immunomodulatory medication without oral glucocorticoids, Table S2, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Patel, 7/15/2022, retrospective, USA, preprint, mean age 60.0, 12 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of case, 46.3% lower, RR 0.54, p = 0.001, treatment 28 of 18,358 (0.2%), control 223 of 78,509 (0.3%), cases vs. total person-months, unadjusted.
|
|
Patil, 8/24/2021, prospective, India, preprint, 21 authors.
|
risk of death, 65.9% lower, RR 0.34, p = 0.10, treatment 5,266, control 3,946.
|
|
risk of case, 9.1% lower, RR 0.91, p = 0.43, treatment 167 of 5,266 (3.2%), control 147 of 3,946 (3.7%), NNT 181, adjusted per study.
|
Pellegrini, 9/12/2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, trial ACTRN12620000501943 (COVID-SHIELD).
|
Estimated 2,250 patient RCT with results unknown and over 6 years late.
|
|
Pham, 3/2/2021, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.
|
risk of death, 19.7% lower, RR 0.80, p = 0.77, treatment 2 of 14 (14.3%), control 5 of 28 (17.9%), NNT 28, odds ratio converted to relative risk, univariate.
|
|
risk of ICU admission, 35.5% higher, RR 1.35, p = 0.61, treatment 4 of 14 (28.6%), control 6 of 28 (21.4%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, univariate.
|
|
Piñana, 8/25/2020, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, median age 64.0, 46 authors, study period 1 March, 2020 - 15 May, 2020.
|
risk of death, 36.0% lower, OR 0.64, p = 0.11, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Polo, 8/5/2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Spain, peer-reviewed, median age 38.0, 27 authors, study period 15 April, 2020 - 11 July, 2021, trial NCT04334928 (history) (EPICOS).
|
risk of symptomatic case, 51.0% lower, RR 0.49, p = 0.73, treatment 3 of 224 (1.3%), control 5 of 223 (2.2%), Kaplan-Meier, primary outcome.
|
|
risk of case, 27.0% lower, RR 0.73, p = 0.31, treatment 21 of 231 (9.1%), control 23 of 223 (10.3%), Kaplan-Meier.
|
|
Raabe, 7/3/2022, prospective, USA, preprint, 7 authors, trial NCT04354870 (history).
|
risk of symptomatic case, 82.2% lower, RR 0.18, p = 0.17, treatment 1 of 59 (1.7%), control 2 of 21 (9.5%), NNT 13.
|
|
risk of symptomatic case, 88.4% lower, RR 0.12, p = 0.07, treatment 0 of 59 (0.0%), control 2 of 21 (9.5%), NNT 10, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), fever.
|
|
risk of case, 28.8% lower, RR 0.71, p = 0.65, treatment 4 of 59 (6.8%), control 2 of 21 (9.5%), NNT 36, seroconversion.
|
|
Rabe, 11/22/2023, retrospective, United Kingdom, peer-reviewed, mean age 45.2, 7 authors, study period 1 May, 2020 - 31 October, 2020.
|
risk of case, 28.6% lower, RR 0.71, p = 0.22, treatment 24 of 3,248 (0.7%), control 30 of 2,897 (1.0%), NNT 337.
|
|
Rajasingham, 9/21/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, peer-reviewed, 22 authors, study period 6 April, 2020 - 13 July, 2020, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo, trial NCT04328467 (history) (COVID PREP).
|
risk of hospitalization, 50.1% lower, RR 0.50, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 989 (0.1%), control 1 of 494 (0.2%), NNT 987, COVID-19.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 39.0% lower, RR 0.61, p = 0.34, treatment 11 of 989 (1.1%), control 9 of 494 (1.8%), NNT 141, all cause.
|
|
risk of case, 27.0% lower, HR 0.73, p = 0.07, treatment 58 of 989 (5.9%), control 39 of 494 (7.9%), NNT 49, adjusted per study, both arms combined, primary outcome.
|
|
risk of case, 28.0% lower, HR 0.72, p = 0.18, treatment 29 of 495 (5.9%), control 39 of 494 (7.9%), NNT 49, adjusted per study, twice weekly, primary outcome.
|
|
risk of case, 26.0% lower, HR 0.74, p = 0.22, treatment 29 of 494 (5.9%), control 39 of 494 (7.9%), NNT 49, adjusted per study, once weekly, primary outcome.
|
|
Rangel, 1/10/2021, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 5 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
not fully adjusting for the different baseline risk of systemic autoimmune patients.
|
risk of death, 25.1% lower, RR 0.75, p = 0.77, treatment 4 of 50 (8.0%), control 11 of 103 (10.7%), NNT 37, from all patients.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 22.2% lower, RR 0.78, p = 0.29, treatment 17 of 50 (34.0%), control 45 of 103 (43.7%), NNT 10.
|
|
hospitalization time, 41.2% lower, relative time 0.59, p = 0.12, treatment 21, control 54.
|
|
Rao, 12/4/2021, prospective, India, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with minimal group details.
|
risk of case, 11.0% lower, RR 0.89, p = 0.68, treatment 16 of 273 (5.9%), control 67 of 1,021 (6.6%), NNT 143.
|
|
Rentsch, 9/9/2020, retrospective, population-based cohort, database analysis, United Kingdom, peer-reviewed, 34 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
not fully adjusting for the baseline risk differences within systemic autoimmune patients; medication adherence unknown and may significantly change results.
|
risk of death, 3.0% higher, HR 1.03, p = 0.83, treatment 70 of 30,569 (0.2%), control 477 of 164,068 (0.3%), adjusted per study.
|
|
Revollo, 11/21/2020, retrospective, propensity score matching, Spain, peer-reviewed, 16 authors.
|
risk of case, 23.0% lower, RR 0.77, p = 0.52, treatment 16 of 69 (23.2%), control 65 of 418 (15.6%), adjusted per study, PSM, risk of PCR+.
|
|
risk of case, 43.0% higher, RR 1.43, p = 0.42, treatment 17 of 60 (28.3%), control 62 of 404 (15.3%), adjusted per study, PSM, risk of IgG+.
|
|
Rojas-Serrano, 5/16/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Mexico, peer-reviewed, median age 31.5, 8 authors, study period 14 April, 2020 - 31 March, 2021, trial NCT04318015 (history) (PHYDRA).
|
risk of symptomatic case, 82.0% lower, RR 0.18, p = 0.12, treatment 1 of 62 (1.6%), control 6 of 65 (9.2%), NNT 13, adjusted per study.
|
|
Rutskaya-Moroshan, 8/23/2024, retrospective, Kazakhstan, peer-reviewed, mean age 56.1, 6 authors, study period January 2022 - July 2023, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of severe case, 38.1% lower, RR 0.62, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 10 (10.0%), control 21 of 130 (16.2%), NNT 16.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 23.5% lower, RR 0.76, p = 1.00, treatment 2 of 10 (20.0%), control 34 of 130 (26.2%), NNT 16.
|
|
Sahebari, 9/7/2022, retrospective, Iran, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.
|
risk of case, 56.0% lower, RR 0.44, p = 0.02, treatment 10 of 108 (9.3%), control 56 of 368 (15.2%), odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Salesi, 12/18/2023, retrospective, Iran, peer-reviewed, 2 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of severe case, 85.0% lower, RR 0.15, p = 0.003, treatment 2 of 44 (4.5%), control 10 of 33 (30.3%), NNT 3.9.
|
|
risk of moderate/severe case, 18.2% lower, RR 0.82, p = 0.35, treatment 24 of 44 (54.5%), control 22 of 33 (66.7%), NNT 8.2.
|
|
Salvarani, 8/6/2020, retrospective, population-based cohort, Italy, peer-reviewed, 18 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
not fully adjusting for the different baseline risk of systemic autoimmune patients.
|
risk of case, 6.0% lower, OR 0.94, p = 0.75, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Samajdar, 11/17/2021, retrospective, India, peer-reviewed, 9 authors, study period 1 September, 2020 - 31 December, 2020, dosage not specified, physician survey, excluded in exclusion analyses:
minimal details provided; unadjusted results with no group details; results may be significantly affected by survey bias.
|
risk of case, 74.5% lower, RR 0.25, p < 0.001, treatment 12 of 129 (9.3%), control 29 of 81 (35.8%), NNT 3.8, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
risk of case, 48.6% lower, RR 0.51, p = 0.03, treatment 11 of 109 (10.1%), control 39 of 200 (19.5%), NNT 11, odds ratio converted to relative risk, combined ivermectin or HCQ in community.
|
|
Santos, 7/27/2020, prospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, median age 78.4, mean age 75.3, 6 authors, study period 1 March, 2020 - 1 June, 2020, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of death, 92.5% lower, RR 0.08, p = 0.19, treatment 0 of 7 (0.0%), control 10 of 31 (32.3%), NNT 3.1, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
|
|
Satti, 4/22/2022, retrospective, Qatar, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
unadjusted results with no group details.
|
risk of case, 61.5% lower, RR 0.39, p = 0.04, treatment 10 of 63 (15.9%), control 7 of 17 (41.2%), NNT 4.0.
|
|
Schilling, 9/12/2024, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, multiple countries, peer-reviewed, median age 29.0, 88 authors, study period 29 April, 2020 - 10 March, 2022, trial NCT04303507 (history) (COPCOV).
|
risk of symptomatic case, 56.9% lower, RR 0.43, p < 0.001, treatment 24 of 2,320 (1.0%), control 56 of 2,332 (2.4%), NNT 73, PCR confirmed COVID-19.
|
|
risk of symptomatic case, 39.4% lower, RR 0.61, p = 0.009, treatment 44 of 2,320 (1.9%), control 73 of 2,332 (3.1%), NNT 81, PCR confirmed respiratory infections.
|
|
risk of symptomatic case, 15.1% lower, RR 0.85, p = 0.05, treatment 240 of 2,320 (10.3%), control 284 of 2,332 (12.2%), NNT 55, post-hoc primary outcome, post-hoc primary, authors note unreliable.
|
|
risk of miscellaneous, 23.5% lower, RR 0.77, p < 0.001, treatment 700 of 181,263 (0.4%), control 932 of 184,688 (0.5%), NNT 844, work days lost.
|
|
severe adverse events, 46.3% lower, RR 0.54, p = 0.005, treatment 31 of 2,320 (1.3%), control 58 of 2,332 (2.5%), NNT 87, severe adverse events.
|
|
risk of miscellaneous, 42.0% lower, RR 0.58, p < 0.001.
|
|
risk of miscellaneous, 20.0% lower, RR 0.80, p < 0.001, meta analysis of (post-hoc in some cases) primary outcomes.
|
|
Scirocco, 10/17/2023, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, mean age 48.9, 14 authors.
|
risk of death/intubation, 41.3% lower, OR 0.59, p = 0.38, treatment 183, control 444, meta analysis of SLE and RA, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of death/intubation, 65.0% lower, OR 0.35, p = 0.03, treatment 71, control 32, SLE, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
risk of death/intubation, no change, OR 1.00, p = 0.87, treatment 112, control 412, RA, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Seet, 4/14/2021, Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial, Singapore, peer-reviewed, 15 authors, study period 13 May, 2020 - 31 August, 2020, dosage 400mg day 1, 200mg days 2-42, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo, trial NCT04446104 (history).
|
risk of symptomatic case, 35.1% lower, RR 0.65, p = 0.047, treatment 29 of 432 (6.7%), control 64 of 619 (10.3%), NNT 28.
|
|
risk of case, 32.0% lower, RR 0.68, p = 0.009, treatment 212 of 432 (49.1%), control 433 of 619 (70.0%), NNT 4.8, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, model 6.
|
|
Sen, 4/24/2023, retrospective, multiple countries, peer-reviewed, survey, 8 authors, study period 31 January, 2022 - 21 May, 2022, COVAD trial.
|
risk of long COVID, 40.0% lower, OR 0.60, p = 0.08, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Shahrin, 12/7/2022, retrospective, Bangladesh, peer-reviewed, median age 34.0, 11 authors, study period 31 March, 2020 - 12 July, 2020.
|
risk of case, 87.8% higher, RR 1.88, p = 0.09, treatment 43 of 230 (18.7%), control 11 of 106 (10.4%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariable.
|
|
risk of case, 8.0% lower, OR 0.92, p = 0.89, adjusted per study, excluding the first 14 days and including participants that worked for at least 16 days, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Shaw, 7/1/2021, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, study period 1 March, 2020 - 15 May, 2020.
|
risk of case, 13.0% lower, OR 0.87, p = 0.006, treatment 45, control 99, adjusted per study, propensity score matching, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Shukla, 12/13/2022, retrospective, India, peer-reviewed, survey, 31 authors, study period July 2021 - October 2021, trial CTRI/2021/06/034255.
|
risk of long COVID, 5.0% lower, RR 0.95, p = 0.78, treatment 22 of 76 (28.9%), control 184 of 603 (30.5%), NNT 64, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
Singer, 8/5/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, peer-reviewed, 3 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
not fully adjusting for the baseline risk differences within systemic autoimmune patients.
|
risk of case, 9.0% higher, RR 1.09, p = 0.62, treatment 55 of 10,700 (0.5%), control 104 of 22,058 (0.5%).
|
|
Strangfeld, 1/27/2021, retrospective, multiple countries, peer-reviewed, 37 authors, study period 24 March, 2020 - 1 July, 2020.
|
risk of death, 48.0% lower, RR 0.52, p < 0.001, treatment 27 of 426 (6.3%), control 124 of 739 (16.8%), NNT 9.6, adjusted per study, inverted to make RR<1 favor treatment, odds ratio converted to relative risk, HCQ/CQ vs. no DMARD therapy, multivariable.
|
|
Sukumar, 11/14/2022, retrospective, India, peer-reviewed, survey, 5 authors, study period July 2020 - September 2020.
|
risk of case, 37.6% lower, OR 0.62, p = 0.30, treatment 10 of 57 (17.5%) cases,
15 of 59 (25.4%) controls, NNT 8.6, case control OR.
|
|
Syed, 5/17/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Pakistan, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, study period 1 May, 2020 - 25 September, 2020, trial NCT04359537 (history) (CHEER).
|
risk of symptomatic case, 59.7% higher, RR 1.60, p = 0.41, treatment 10 of 48 (20.8%), control 6 of 46 (13.0%), group 1.
|
|
risk of symptomatic case, 110.5% higher, RR 2.10, p = 0.13, treatment 14 of 51 (27.5%), control 6 of 46 (13.0%), group 2.
|
|
risk of symptomatic case, 16.4% lower, RR 0.84, p = 0.77, treatment 6 of 55 (10.9%), control 6 of 46 (13.0%), NNT 47, group 3.
|
|
risk of case, 91.7% higher, RR 1.92, p = 0.12, treatment 15 of 38 (39.5%), control 7 of 34 (20.6%), group 1.
|
|
risk of case, 136.6% higher, RR 2.37, p = 0.02, treatment 19 of 39 (48.7%), control 7 of 34 (20.6%), group 2.
|
|
risk of case, 21.4% higher, RR 1.21, p = 0.77, treatment 8 of 32 (25.0%), control 7 of 34 (20.6%), group 3.
|
|
Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan, 6/1/2022, Randomized Controlled Trial, India, peer-reviewed, mean age 32.1, 21 authors, study period 29 June, 2020 - 4 February, 2021, trial CTRI/2020/05/025067 (HOPE).
|
risk of progression, 196.2% higher, RR 2.96, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 211 (0.5%), control 0 of 203 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), ICU/HDU.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 51.9% lower, RR 0.48, p = 0.62, treatment 1 of 211 (0.5%), control 2 of 203 (1.0%), NNT 196.
|
|
risk of case, 14.2% lower, RR 0.86, p = 0.73, treatment 11 of 211 (5.2%), control 12 of 203 (5.9%), NNT 143, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, confirmed cases, multivariable.
|
|
risk of case, 5.7% lower, RR 0.94, p = 0.90, treatment 12 of 211 (5.7%), control 12 of 203 (5.9%), NNT 446, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariable.
|
|
Trefond, 1/27/2021, retrospective, France, peer-reviewed, 21 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
not fully adjusting for the different baseline risk of systemic autoimmune patients; significant unadjusted confounding possible; excessive unadjusted differences between groups.
|
risk of death, 16.6% higher, RR 1.17, p = 0.80, treatment 4 of 68 (5.9%), control 12 of 183 (6.6%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
risk of death/ICU, 78.2% higher, RR 1.78, p = 0.21, treatment 8 of 71 (11.3%), control 18 of 191 (9.4%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
|
risk of hospitalization, 44.9% higher, RR 1.45, p = 0.12, treatment 24 of 71 (33.8%), control 53 of 191 (27.7%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
|
Treluyer, 6/18/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, trial NCT04344379 (history) (PREP-COVID).
|
122 patient RCT with results unknown and over 6 years late.
|
|
Ugarte-Gil, 2/16/2022, retrospective, multiple countries, peer-reviewed, 58 authors.
|
risk of severe case, 44.4% lower, OR 0.56, p = 0.007, treatment 665, control 230, adjusted per study, inverted to make OR<1 favor treatment, HCQ/CQ only vs. no SLE medication, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Vivanco-Hidalgo, 3/9/2021, retrospective, Spain, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, excluded in exclusion analyses:
not fully adjusting for the different baseline risk of systemic autoimmune patients.
|
risk of hospitalization, 46.0% higher, RR 1.46, p = 0.10, treatment 40 of 6,746 (0.6%), control 50 of 13,492 (0.4%), adjusted per study.
|
|
risk of case, 8.0% higher, RR 1.08, p = 0.50, treatment 97 of 6,746 (1.4%), control 183 of 13,492 (1.4%), adjusted per study.
|
|
Yadav (B), 7/11/2022, retrospective, India, peer-reviewed, mean age 34.1, 3 authors, study period 21 August, 2020 - 20 November, 2020.
|
risk of seropositive, 20.0% lower, OR 0.80, p = 0.10, treatment 1,255, control 969, adjusted per study, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.
|
|
Yadav (C), 9/30/2020, retrospective, India, preprint, 11 authors.
|
risk of hospitalization, 82.4% lower, RR 0.18, p = 0.01, treatment 2 of 279 (0.7%), control 9 of 221 (4.1%), NNT 30, PCR+.
|
|
risk of IgG+, 41.8% lower, RR 0.58, p = 0.049, treatment 17 of 178 (9.6%), control 27 of 221 (12.2%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariate logistic regression.
|
|
risk of IgG+, 79.0% lower, RR 0.21, p = 0.09, treatment 1 of 39 (2.6%), control 27 of 221 (12.2%), NNT 10, HCQ >10 weeks.
|
|
risk of IgG+, 52.4% lower, RR 0.48, p = 0.14, treatment 5 of 86 (5.8%), control 27 of 221 (12.2%), NNT 16, HCQ 6-10 weeks.
|
|
risk of IgG+, 69.9% higher, RR 1.70, p = 0.12, treatment 11 of 53 (20.8%), control 27 of 221 (12.2%), HCQ <6 weeks.
|
|
Zhong, 7/3/2020, retrospective, database analysis, China, peer-reviewed, 20 authors.
|
risk of case, 91.0% lower, RR 0.09, p = 0.04, treatment 7 of 16 (43.8%), control 20 of 27 (74.1%), NNT 3.3, adjusted per study.
|
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules as detailed above
and gives priority to more serious outcomes. Only the first (most serious)
outcome is used in pooled analysis, which may differ from the effect a paper
focuses on. Other outcomes are used in outcome specific analyses.
