Excessive use of PVP-I could affect thyroid function.
May 4 |
Povidone-Iodine reduces COVID-19 risk: real-time meta analysis of 21 studies | |
| Significantly lower risk is seen for mortality, hospitalization, recovery, cases, and viral clearance. 11 studies from 11 independent teams in 9 countries show significant benefit. Meta analysis using the most serious outcome reported sho.. | ||
Dec 9 2024 |
et al., JDR Clinical & Translational Research, doi:10.1177/23800844241296840 | A Cetylpyridinium Chloride Oral Rinse Reduces Salivary Viral Load in Randomized Controlled Trials |
| 85% improved viral clearance (p=0.65). Two RCTs with a total of 247 recently diagnosed COVID-19 patients showing a significant reduction in salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load 30 minutes after rinsing with a cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) mouthwash compared to rinsing with saline o.. | ||
Oct 21 2024 |
et al., Current Research in Microbial Sciences, doi:10.1016/j.crmicr.2024.100293 | Antiseptics: An expeditious third force in the prevention and management of coronavirus diseases |
| Review of the use of nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal virucidal agents such as povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, and others for preventing the spread of COVID-19 and other coronavirus diseases. Autho.. | ||
Sep 13 2024 |
et al., The Laryngoscope, doi:10.1002/lary.31761 | Washing Illness Away: A Systematic Review of the Impact of Nasal Irrigation and Spray on COVID‐19 |
| Review of the efficacy of nasal irrigation with saline, povidone-iodine (PVP-I), and intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) at reducing SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal viral load (NVL) and transmissibility. Saline nasal irrigation (SNI) showed the g.. | ||
May 16 2024 |
et al., Journal of Dentistry, doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105082 | Satisfaction with Government Recommended Pre-Procedural Mouth Rinses in the Mitigation of Covid-19 in Hong Kong SAR: A Triple Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial |
| RCT 228 dental patients showing high satisfaction and acceptability of three pre-procedural mouthrinses (povidone-iodine, hydrogen peroxide, and chlorhexidine digluconate) recommended by the Hong Kong government for mitigating COVID-19 tr.. | ||
Mar 30 2024 |
et al., The Laryngoscope, doi:10.1002/lary.31430 | Phase II Trial of the Impact 0.5% Povidone‐Iodine Nasal Spray (Nasodine®) on Shedding of SARS‐CoV‐2 |
| 60% improved viral clearance (p=0.03) and 6% improved recovery. RCT 23 early COVID-19 outpatients showing significantly improved reduction in viral load and significantly faster viral clearance with povidone-iodine nasal spray compared to placebo. The study was underpowered due to low recruitment, enr.. | ||
Mar 22 2024 |
et al., Revista CISTEI | Iodine Oropharyngeal Solution for COVID19: A Cohort Study |
| Report on 160 COVID-19 patients showing 67% faster recovery with the addition of an iodine nasal and oral spray to the treatment protocol, compared with over 700 patients treated prior to the addition. In a separate cohort of 56 people, a.. | ||
Feb 19 2024 |
et al., Current Oral Health Reports, doi:10.1007/s40496-024-00368-1 | Antiviral Mechanism and Clinical Benefits of Mouthwash Active Against SARS-CoV-2 |
| Review of antiviral mechanisms and clinical benefits of mouthwashes for SARS-CoV-2, including chlorhexidine (CHX), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), ethyl lauroyl arginate (ELA), hydrogen peroxide (HP), povidone-iodine (PVP-I), and anionic.. | ||
Dec 31 2023 |
et al., Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, doi:10.4103/jisp.jisp_469_22 | In vivo efficacy of 2% povidone iodine, chlorhexidine gluconate, and herbal extract mouthwash on SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva: A randomized clinical trial |
| Randomized trial of 30 COVID-19 patients in India, comparing povidone-iodine (PVP-I), chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), and herbal extract mouthwash for reducing SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva after a 30 second rinse. All treatments showed .. | ||
Dec 15 2023 |
, A., MDPI AG, doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1178.v1 | Neglected Effective Early Therapies against COVID-19: Focus on Functional Foods and Related Active Substances. A Review |
| Review of a group of compounds with efficacy shown in RCTs, safety, favorable opportunity costs, biological plausibility, and accessibility without major conflicts of interest. The compounds include curcumin, nigella sativa (black seed), .. | ||
Dec 6 2023 |
et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-024-09137-y (date from preprint) | Efficacy of povidone-iodine nasal rinse and mouth wash in COVID-19 management: a prospective, randomized pilot clinical trial (povidone-iodine in COVID-19 management) |
| 16% improved recovery (p=0.76) and 73% improved viral clearance (p=0.72). Tiny RCT with 5 PVP-I patients, 6 saline patients, and 8 control patients, showing improved viral clearance with 0.23% povidone-iodine (PVP-I) nasal rinses and mouthwashes. No significant differences were found for viral load by PCR cycle.. | ||
Nov 30 2023 |
et al., International Dental Journal, doi:10.1016/j.identj.2023.08.010 | Mouthwash Effects on the Oral Microbiome: Are They Good, Bad, or Balanced? |
| Review of the effects of commonly used mouthwashes on the oral microbiome, which includes bacteria, viruses, bacteriophages, and fungi. While certain mouthwashes have proven antimicrobial actions and clinical effectiveness, more recent me.. | ||
Oct 11 2023 |
et al., Japanese Dental Science Review, doi:10.1016/j.jdsr.2023.09.003 | Efficacy of different mouthwashes against COVID-19: A systematic review and network meta-analysis |
| Systematic review and network meta-analysis evaluating the effectiveness of antiseptic mouthwashes in reducing SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva based on data from 14 randomized clinical trials and 21 in vitro studies. The study found that .. | ||
Oct 11 2023 |
et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-023-08669-z | Efficacy of mouthwash on reducing salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load and clinical symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
| Systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials with a total of 832 participants analyzing the efficacy of mouthwash on reducing salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load and clinical symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Authors fou.. | ||
Jun 12 2023 |
et al., Biomedicines, doi:10.3390/biomedicines11061694 | Preprocedural Viral Load Effects of Oral Antiseptics on SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review |
| Systematic review of 14 RCTs, showing significant reductions in short-term viral load with mouth rinses cetylpyridinium chloride, β-cyclodextrin and citrox, hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine, hypochlorous acid, saline, and.. | ||
Feb 27 2023 |
et al., Pharmacological Reports, doi:10.1007/s43440-023-00463-7 | Nasal sprays for treating COVID-19: a scientific note |
| Review of nasal sprays for treatment of COVID-19. Authors note that the nasal epithelium is typically the primary site of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and there may be significant advantages for treatments via the nasal route. | ||
Dec 1 2022 |
et al., Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.1033601 | Iodine contrast exposure and incident COVID-19 infection |
| 24% fewer cases (p<0.0001). Retrospective 530,942 COVID-19 tests in the USA, showing lower incidence of cases with exposure to iodine contrast for imaging within the last 60 days. | ||
Nov 28 2022 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24683-8 | A prospective, randomized, open-label trial of early versus late povidone-iodine gargling in patients with COVID-19 |
| 69% improved viral clearance (p=0.03). RCT 430 COVID+ patients in Japan, showing significantly lower viral infectivity from culture, and significantly faster PCR viral clearance with PVP-I. For days 2-4 the study compares treatment with PVP-I vs. water (on day 5 both groups re.. | ||
Nov 18 2022 |
et al., Annals of Medicine, doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2108132 | Stable thyroid function despite regular use of povidone-iodine throat spray for SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis |
| Safety analysis of 42 day treatment with a povidone-iodine throat spray in 117 patients compared with 60 controls, showing no significant differences in thyroid function. Authors note the study included relatively young and healthy patien.. | ||
Oct 31 2022 |
et al., Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_446_22 | Effect of 0.5% povidone-iodine on the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal viral loads in patients with COVID-19: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial |
| 100% improved viral load (p=0.5). RCT 32 patients in India, showing greater reduction in viral load with PVP-I treatment, without statistical significance. | ||
Oct 26 2022 |
et al., Authorea, doi:10.22541/au.166675335.56566797/v1 | Effect of the povidone iodine, hypertonic alkaline solution and saline nasal lavage on nasopharyngeal viral load in COVID-19 |
| 83% improved viral load (p=0.007). RCT 120 outpatients in Turkey, showing improved reduction in viral load with PVP-I nasal irrigation. PVP-I prepared with hypertonic alkaline solution had better results. [Kreutzberger] show that SARS-CoV-2 requires acidic pH to infect cel.. | ||
Oct 12 2022 |
et al., Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, doi:10.1111/irv.13035 | Intranasal antisepsis to reduce influenza virus transmission in an animal model |
| Animal study showing povidone-iodine effective in reducing influenza A transmission. | ||
Sep 30 2022 |
et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, doi:10.1073/pnas.2209514119 | SARS-CoV-2 requires acidic pH to infect cells |
| Real-time 3D single-virion tracking study showing that SARS-CoV-2 infection requires an acidic pH. Authors find the mean pH of the airway-facing surface of the nasal cavity to be 6.6, compatible with fusion. These results suggest a benefi.. | ||
Sep 25 2022 |
et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, doi:10.3390/ijerph191912148 | Efficacy of Mouth Rinses and Nasal Spray in the Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies |
| Systematic review and meta analysis showing significant reduction in SARS-CoV-2 salivary viral load with povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine. | ||
Sep 8 2022 |
et al., European Journal of Dentistry, doi:10.1055/s-0042-1753470 | Effects of Chlorhexidine and Povidone-Iodine on the SARS-CoV-2 Load: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |
| Systematic review and meta analysis showing significantly improved viral clearance with both povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine. | ||
Aug 25 2022 |
et al., Ear, Nose & Throat Journal, doi:10.1177/01455613221123737 | Rapid initiation of nasal saline irrigation to reduce severity in high-risk COVID+ outpatients |
| 57% improved recovery (p=0.03) and 14% lower transmission (p=1). Small RCT 79 PCR+ patients 55+ comparing pressure-based nasal irrigation with povidone-iodine and sodium bicarbonate, showing improved recovery with povidone-iodine. Not all results comparing povidone-iodine and sodium bicarbonate are in .. | ||
Aug 22 2022 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.08.18.22278340 | A pilot study of 0.4% povidone-iodine nasal spray to eradicate SARS-CoV-2 in the nasopharynx |
| 33% improved viral load (p=0.58). Small single-arm trial testing short-term viral load change after a single administration of three puffs of 0.4% PVP-I, showing lower viral titer at 3 minutes and 4 hours, not reaching statistical significance. Authors note that one reaso.. | ||
Jul 31 2022 |
et al., Trials, doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04634-2 | A quadruple blind, randomised controlled trial of gargling agents in reducing intraoral viral load among hospitalised COVID-19 patients: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial |
| Estimated 50 patient povidone-iodine early treatment RCT with results not reported over 2 years after estimated completion. | ||
Jul 31 2022 |
et al., International Journal of Translational Medicine, doi:10.3390/ijtm2030030 | The In Vitro Virucidal Effects of Mouthwashes on SARS-CoV-2 |
| Review of In Vitro studies of mouthwashes, showing antiviral activity for SARS-CoV-2 with many compounds including PVP-I, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorohexidine gluconate, dequalinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, and anionic phthalo.. | ||
Jul 29 2022 |
et al., Medicine, doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000028925 | The short-term effect of different chlorhexidine forms versus povidone iodine mouth rinse in minimizing the oral SARS-CoV-2 viral load: An open label randomized controlled clinical trial study |
| 74% improved viral load (p=0.27). 60 patient RCT comparing chlorhexidine, PVP-I, and saline in Saudi Arabia with a single mouth rinse treatment and PCR testing 5 minutes later, showing statistically significant improvement in Ct value for PVP-I. PVP-I showed greater impro.. | ||
Jul 29 2022 |
et al., Dental and Medical Problems, doi:10.17219/dmp/150831 | Effect of oral antiseptics on the viral load of SARS-CoV-2: A randomized controlled trial |
| RCT with 21 PVP-I and 20 saline patients gargling for 30 seconds and testing PCR Ct after 30 minutes, showing greater improvement with PVP-I, without statistical significance. Ct values differ across testing platforms, however the reporte.. | ||
Jul 28 2022 |
et al., American Journal of Otolaryngology, doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2022.103549 | Efficacy of antiseptic mouthrinses against SARS-CoV-2: A prospective randomized placebo-controlled pilot study |
| 57% improved viral load and 31% improved viral clearance (p=0.26). Mouthrinse RCT in Italy comparing short-term viral load after a single 60 second treatment with povidone-iodine, hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine, and saline. The greatest efficacy was seen with povidone-iodine, especially for patients wi.. | ||
Jul 27 2022 |
et al., Emerging Microbes & Infections, doi:10.1080/22221751.2022.2098059 | Effect of oral antiseptics in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infectivity: evidence from a randomized double-blind clinical trial |
| 34% improved viral load. RCT hospitalized patients testing viral load shortly after a single mouthwash with PVP-I, hydrogen peroxide, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, and water. For PVP-I, there were only 5 patients with viable virus at baseline. Cross-tr.. | ||
Jul 21 2022 |
et al., Eur. J. Gen. Dent., doi:10.1055/s-0042-1747958 | Reduction in SARS-CoV-2 Oral Viral Load with Prophylactic Mouth Rinse |
| RCT 116 patients in Iran, showing lower short term viral load with mouth rinses chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, and povidone-iodine. Chlorhexidine and hydrogen peroxide were the most effective. | ||
Jun 30 2022 |
et al., NCT04478019 | SHIELD Study: Using Naso-oropharyngeal Antiseptic Decolonization to Reduce COVID-19 Viral Shedding (SHIELD) |
| 245 participant povidone-iodine + chlorhexidine prophylaxis RCT with results not reported over 2 years after completion. | ||
Jun 30 2022 |
et al., Journal of Lipid Research, doi:10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100208 | The SARS-CoV2 envelope differs from host cells, exposes procoagulant lipids, and is disrupted in vivo by oral rinses |
| In Vitro study and small RCT of mouthwashes. The in vitro study characterized the lipid composition of the SARS-CoV-2 envelope and showed that oral rinses containing lipid-disrupting chemicals can reduce infectivity, meeting European viru.. | ||
May 20 2022 |
et al., Annals of Medicine, doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2076902 | Repurposing povidone-iodine to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission: a narrative review |
| Review of in vitro, animal, and clinical studies supporting the use of povidone-iodine for SARS-CoV-2. | ||
Apr 19 2022 |
et al., Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.863917 | Combined Nasal, Oropharyngeal Povidone Iodine Plus Glycyrrhizic Acid Sprays, Accelerate Clinical and Laboratory Recovery and Reduces Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial |
| 91% lower hospitalization (p=0.06), 15% faster recovery (p=0.008), 68% improved viral clearance (p<0.0001), and 92% lower transmission (p<0.0001). RCT with 200 patients and 421 contacts, with 100 patients and their contacts treated with nasal and oropharyngeal sprays containing povidone-iodine and glycyrrhizic acid, showing significantly faster viral clearance and recovery, and sign.. | ||
Mar 15 2022 |
et al., F1000Research, doi:10.12688/f1000research.110843.1 (date from preprint) | The effects of mouth rinsing and gargling with mouthwash containing povidone-iodine and hydrogen peroxide on the cycle threshold value of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A randomized controlled trial of asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patients |
| 6% improved viral clearance (p=0.74). Small mouth rinsing and gargling RCT with 15 1% PVP-I, 12 0.5% PVP-I, 15 3% hydrogen peroxide, 12 1.5% hydrogen peroxide, and 15 water patients, showing rapid improvement in Ct value in all groups, and no significant differences between g.. | ||
Feb 9 2022 |
et al., Australian Journal of Otolaryngology, doi:10.21037/ajo-21-40 | In vivo (human) and in vitro inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 with 0.5% povidone-iodine nasal spray |
| Small study of povidone-iodine nasal spray with 14 patients, showing rapid reduction in viral load for the 6 patients that had culturable virus at baseline. All patients remained PCR+ despite no culturable virus detected for 3 of 6 patien.. | ||
Jan 28 2022 |
et al., Frontiers in Drug Delivery, doi:10.3389/fddev.2023.1164671 (date from preprint) | On a model-based approach to improve intranasal spray targeting for respiratory viral infections |
| Computational fluid dynamics study of nasal spray administration in 2 subjects showing 100x improvement in nasopharyngeal drug delivery using a new spray placement protocol. The study also found the optimal droplet size range for nasophar.. | ||
Jan 15 2022 |
et al., Journal of Hospital Infection, doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2022.01.001 | Gargling with povidone iodine has a short-term inhibitory effect on SARS-Cov-2 in COVID-19 patients |
| Small study of 11 patients showing a rapid short-term decrease of viral load in saliva samples with povidone-iodine. | ||
Dec 22 2021 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-03461-y | Clinical evaluation of antiseptic mouth rinses to reduce salivary load of SARS-CoV-2 |
| 34% improved viral load (p=0.82). Small very late (>50% 7+ days from symptom onset, 9 PVP-I patients) RCT testing mouthwashing with cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine, hydrogen peroxide, and distilled water, showing no significant differences. Over 3.. | ||
Dec 13 2021 |
et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.20394 | Determinants of Outcome Among Critically Ill Police Personnel With COVID-19: A Retrospective Observational Study From Andhra Pradesh, India |
| 57% lower mortality (p=0.0004). Retrospective 266 COVID-19 ICU patients in India, showing significantly lower mortality with PVP-I oral gargling and topical nasal use, and non-statistically significant higher mortality with ivermectin and lower mortality with remdesivir. | ||
Nov 24 2021 |
et al., World Journal of Dentistry, doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1868 | In Vivo Efficacy of Povidone-iodine Mouth Gargles in Reducing Salivary Viral Load in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review |
| Systematic review of the use of povidone-iodine gargles for COVID-19, concluding that PVP-I effectively reduces SARS-CoV-2 viral load. | ||
Nov 1 2021 |
et al., Laryngoscope, doi:10.1002/lary.29935 | The Effect of Povidone-Iodine Nasal Spray on COVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Viral Load in Patients: A Randomized Control Trial |
| 27% worse recovery (p=1) and no change in viral clearance (p=1). Very late treatment (7 days from onset) RCT comparing 11 & 13 PVP-I (0.5% and 2%), and 11 saline spray patients in the USA, showing no significant differences. There was no control group (saline is likely not a placebo, showing efficacy i.. | ||
Oct 25 2021 |
et al., Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica, doi:10.1016/j.eimc.2021.10.005 | Utility of mouth rinses with povidone-iodine and hydrogen peroxide in patients with COVID-19 |
| 29% improved viral clearance (p=0.4). Small prospective study with 31 patients gargling povidone-iodine, 17 hydrogen peroxide, and 40 control patients, showing lower viral load mid-recovery with povidone-iodine, without reaching statistical significance. Oropharyngeal only, a.. | ||
Oct 20 2021 |
et al., NCT04584684 | Mouth Rinses for Inactivation of COVID-19 (MOR) |
| 129 patient povidone-iodine early treatment RCT with results not reported over 3 years after completion. | ||
Oct 3 2021 |
et al., Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 165:89 | Tolerance of nasal and oral povidone-iodine antisepsis amid COVID-19 pandemic |
| Prospective study of 42 otolaryngology and dental patients, showing low-dose nasal and oral PVP-I solutions to be well-tolerated. | ||
Jul 9 2021 |
, Z., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254341 | Efficacy of “Essential Iodine Drops” against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) |
| In Vitro study showing 99% lower viral titer after 90 seconds with Essential Iodine Drops (EID), a formulation of Iodine-V. Author notes a potential safety advantage compared with PVP-I. | ||
Jun 11 2021 |
et al., The Journal of the American Dental Association, doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2021.05.021 | Estimating salivary carriage of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in nonsymptomatic people and efficacy of mouthrinse in reducing viral load |
| Small RCT comparing mouthrinsing with saline, 1% hydrogen peroxide, 0.12% chlorhexidine, and 0.5% povidone-iodine, showing significant reductions in salivary viral load for all 4 mouthrinses at 15 and 45 minutes after rinsing. | ||
May 18 2021 |
et al., Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, doi:10.1007/s12070-021-02616-7 | Virucidal effect of povidone iodine on COVID-19 in the nasopharynx: an open-label randomized clinical trial |
| 79% improved viral clearance (p=0.02). RCT with 189 patients showing significantly greater viral clearance with a single application of PVP-I. Authors recommend using PVP-I prophylactically in the nasopharynx and oropharynx. NCT04549376 [trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com]. | ||
Apr 14 2021 |
et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.035 | Positive impact of oral hydroxychloroquine and povidone-iodine throat spray for COVID-19 prophylaxis: an open-label randomized trial |
| 45% fewer symptomatic cases (p=0.002) and 31% fewer cases (p=0.01). Prophylaxis RCT in Singapore with 3,037 low risk patients, showing lower serious cases, lower symptomatic cases, and lower confirmed cases of COVID-19 with all treatments (ivermectin, HCQ, PVP-I, and Zinc + vitamin C) compared to vitamin .. | ||
Apr 8 2021 |
, M., Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, doi:10.1007/s12070-021-02525-9 | Povidone Iodine (PVP-I) Oro-Nasal Spray: An Effective Shield for COVID-19 Protection for Health Care Worker (HCW), for all |
| Report on clinical experience with prophylactic use of PVP-I for COVID-19 in a very high risk environment with no infections, review of the use of PVP-I for the prevention of respiratory infections, and recommendations for use with COVID-.. | ||
Mar 17 2021 |
et al., Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice, doi:10.1016/j.jebdp.2021.101584 (date from preprint) | In vivo evaluation of the virucidal efficacy of chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine mouthwashes against salivary SARS-CoV-2. A randomized-controlled clinical trial |
| 89% improved viral clearance (p=0.05). Small RCT comparing mouthwashing with PVP-I, chlorhexidine, and water, showing significant efficacy for both PVP-I and chlorhexidine, with PVP-I increasing Ct by a mean of 4.45 (p < 0.0001) and chlorhexidine by a mean of 5.69 (p < 0.0001).. | ||
Mar 15 2021 |
et al., Japanese Dental Science Review, doi:10.1016/j.jdsr.2021.03.001 | Can povidone Iodine gargle/mouthrinse inactivate SARS-CoV-2 and decrease the risk of nosocomial and community transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic? An evidence-based update |
| Review discussing the rationale, safety, recommendations, and dosage of PVP-I gargle/mouthwash as an effective method to decrease the viral load of SARS-CoV-2. | ||
Mar 1 2021 |
et al., Pathogens, doi:10.3390/pathogens10030272 | Differential Effects of Antiseptic Mouth Rinses on SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity In Vitro |
| In Vitro study showing that PVP-I and other mouthwashes inactivated replication-competent SARS-CoV-2. | ||
Mar 1 2021 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.02.25.21252488 | Povidone iodine, hydrogen peroxide and chlorhexidine mouthwashes reduce SARS-CoV2 burden in whole mouth fluid and respiratory droplets |
| Study of SARS-CoV-2 burden in whole mouth fluid and respiratory droplets with povidone iodine, hydrogen peroxide, and chlorhexidine mouthwashes in 36 hospitalized COVID-19 patients using PCR and rapid antigen testing. There were significa.. | ||
Feb 4 2021 |
et al., JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg., doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2020.5490 | Povidone Iodine Mouthwash, Gargle, and Nasal Spray to Reduce Nasopharyngeal Viral Load in Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial |
| 63% improved viral load (p=0.25). RCT of PCR+ patients with Ct<=20 with 12 treatment and 12 control patients, concluding that nasopharyngeal decolonization may reduce the carriage of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in adults with mild to moderate COVID-19. All patients but 1 had ne.. | ||
Feb 1 2021 |
et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.01.31.426979 | In vitro inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 with 0.5% povidone iodine nasal spray (Nasodine) at clinically relevant concentrations and timeframes using tissue culture and PCR based assays |
| In Vitro study showing that PVP-I eliminated the viability of SARS-CoV-2 with short exposure times. Authors find that PCR alone may not be adequate for viral quantification and recommend incorporating cell culture to assess viral viability. | ||
Jan 3 2021 |
et al., American Journal of Otolaryngology, doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102880 | Tolerability and usability of 0.5% PVP-I gargles and nasal drops in 6692 patients: Observational study |
| Study of the use of PVP-I gargles and nasal drops before and after ENT examinations with a total of 6,692 patients, finding high usability and good tolerance for use. 21 patients (0.76%) reported an itching sensation in the nose on the fi.. | ||
Dec 14 2020 |
et al., Infection, doi:10.1007/s15010-020-01563-9 | Efficacy of commercial mouth-rinses on SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva: randomized control trial in Singapore |
| 33% improved viral load (p=0.01). Small mouthwash RCT with 4 PVP-I patients and 2 water patients concluding that PVP-I may have a sustained effect on reducing the salivary SARS-CoV-2 level in COVID-19 patients. ISRCTN95933274. | ||
Dec 3 2020 |
et al., Bioresearch Communications, doi:10.3329/brc.v7i1.54245 | Effect of 1% Povidone Iodine Mouthwash/Gargle, Nasal and Eye Drop in COVID-19 patient |
| 88% lower mortality (p=0.0006), 84% lower hospitalization (p<0.0001), and 96% improved viral clearance (p<0.0001). RCT 606 patients in Bangladesh for povidone iodine mouthwash/gargle, nasal drops and eye drops showing significantly lower death, hospitalization, and PCR+ at day 7. | ||
Sep 21 2020 |
et al., Ear, Nose & Throat Journal, doi:10.1177/0145561320957237 | Efficacy of Povidone-Iodine Nasal and Oral Antiseptic Preparations Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) |
| In Vitro study testing nasal and oral PVP-I formulations with 60 second exposure time, showing complete inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 with all concentrations (1% to 5% PVP-I). | ||
Sep 17 2020 |
et al., JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2020.3053 | In Vitro Efficacy of a Povidone-Iodine Nasal Antiseptic for Rapid Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 |
| In Vitro study showing povidone-iodine nasal antiseptics at concentrations (0.5%, 1.25%, and 2.5%) completely inactivated SARS-CoV-2 within 15 seconds of contact. No cytotoxic effects on cells were observed after contact with each of the .. | ||
Sep 9 2020 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.20180448 | Early viral clearance among COVID-19 patients when gargling with povidone-iodine and essential oils: a pilot clinical trial |
| 86% improved viral clearance (p=0.17). Tiny RCT with 5 PVP-I patients, gargling 30 seconds, 3x per day, and 5 control patients (essential oils and tap water were also tested), showing improved viral clearance with PVP-I. | ||
Jul 29 2020 |
et al., The Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa471 | Virucidal Efficacy of Different Oral Rinses Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 |
| In Vitro analysis of 8 oral rinses, showing reduced viral infectivity up to 3 orders of magnitude with povidone-iodine, ethanol + essential oils, and dequalinium chloride + benzalkonium chloride, and log reduction factors ranging from 0.3.. | ||
Jul 8 2020 |
et al., Infectious Diseases and Therapy, doi:10.1007/s40121-020-00316-3 | Povidone-Iodine Demonstrates Rapid In Vitro Virucidal Activity Against SARS-CoV-2, The Virus Causing COVID-19 Disease |
| In Vitro study showing rapid and effective virucidal activity of PVP-I against SARS-CoV-2. All four products tested [antiseptic solution (PVP-I 10%), skin cleanser (PVP-I 7.5%), gargle and mouth wash (PVP-I 1%) and throat spray (PVP-I 0.4.. | ||
Jul 2 2020 |
et al., Oral Diseases, doi:10.1111/odi.13526 | Is povidone iodine mouthwash effective against SARS-CoV-2? First in vivo tests |
| Small study analyzing the impact of PVP-I mouthwash on the salivary viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in 4 patients with COVID-19. In 2 of the 4 patients (those with a higher initial viral load), PVP-I resulted in a significant drop in viral load,.. | ||
Jun 26 2020 |
et al., British Dental Journal volume, doi:10.1038/s41415-020-1794-1 | Povidone iodine gargle and mouthwash |
| In Vitro study showing undiluted PVP-I (1% w/v) achieved >5 log10 reduction in SARS-CoV-2 virus titres at 15, 30 and 60 seconds treatment exposure under both clean and dirty conditions. In contrast, when PVP-I was tested at 1:2 dilution a.. | ||
Jun 18 2020 |
et al., Am J Otolaryngol, doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102618 | Repurposing 0.5% povidone iodine solution in otorhinolaryngology practice in Covid 19 pandemic |
| Study of the use of PVP-I gargles and nasal drops before ENT appointments finding good tolerability. | ||
Jun 10 2020 |
et al., Ear, Nose & Throat Journal, doi:10.1177/0145561320932318 | Povidone-Iodine Use in Sinonasal and Oral Cavities: A Review of Safety in the COVID-19 Era |
| Review of povidone-iodine finding that it can safely be used in the nose at concentrations up to 1.25% and in the mouth at concentrations up to 2.5% for up to 5 months. | ||
Jun 8 2020 |
et al., Journal of Prosthodontics, doi:10.1111/jopr.13209 | Rapid In-Vitro Inactivation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Using Povidone-Iodine Oral Antiseptic Rinse |
| In Vitro study showing PVP-I rapidly inactivated SARS-CoV-2. Viricidal activity was present at the lowest concentration and contact time tested (0.5% PVP-I and 15 seconds). | ||
Jun 5 2020 |
et al., Function, doi:10.1093/function/zqaa002 | Potential Role of Oral Rinses Targeting the Viral Lipid Envelope in SARS-CoV-2 Infection |
| Review of the mechanisms of action and studies supporting oral rinsing for the prevention of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, including chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, and povidone-iodine. | ||
May 7 2020 |
et al., SSRN, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3589404 | Prevention of COVID-19 Infection with Povidone-Iodine |
| Review of the antiviral efficacy of PVP-I and its potential use as a prophylactic on the oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal mucosa for COVID-19. | ||
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments.
c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from
thousands of papers. Community updates
help ensure high accuracy.
Treatments and other interventions are complementary.
All practical, effective, and safe
means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis.
No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current
and future variants.
We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication,
consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details
of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. IMA and WCH
provide treatment protocols.
Thanks for your feedback! Please search before submitting papers and note
that studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may be
the date of an earlier preprint.