Convalescent Plasma for COVID-19: real-time analysis of 93 studies

Convalescent Plasma was adopted in 16 countries.


Mar 31	Shaheen et al., Saudi Journal of Medicine, doi:10.36348/sjm.2025.v10i03.00X	Phase-II RCT Convalescent Plasma Transfusion in Severe COVID-19 Patients -Evaluation of Efficacy and Tolerability
	no change in mortality (p=1). RCT 60 severe COVID-19 patients showing no benefit with convalescent plasma.
Feb 27	Hoffmann et al., eBioMedicine, doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105613	Early, very high-titre convalescent plasma therapy in clinically vulnerable individuals with mild COVID-19: an international, randomised, open-label trial
	91% lower combined mortality/hospitalization (p=0.03). RCT 117 immunocompromised patients with mild COVID-19 showing lower hospitalization or death with early administration of very high-titre COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP). The trial was terminated early due to declining enrollment.
Jan 1	Jiang et al., NCT05904067	Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital
	Estimated 72 participant convalescent plasma prophylaxis RCT with results expected soon (estimated completion over 4 months ago).
Oct 24 2024	Iasella et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0309449	Impact of variable titer COVID-19 convalescent plasma and recipient SARS-CoV2-specific humoral immunity on survival in hospitalized patients
	26% higher mortality (p=0.14), 1% higher ventilation (p=1), and no change in progression (p=1). Retrospective propensity-matched analysis of 290 hospitalized COVID-19 patients who received convalescent plasma (CCP) compared to 290 controls, showing no significant difference in 30-day mortality, ECMO/mechanical ventilation, or hospit..
Mar 21 2024	Tse et al., Transfusion, doi:10.1111/trf.17777	Quality of life and cost‐effectiveness of convalescent plasma compared to standard care for hospitalized COVID‐19 patients in the CONCOR‐1 trial
	Analysis of the CONCUR-1 RCT showing that convalescent plasma was associated with higher costs, longer hospital stays, and lower quality-adjusted life days.
Mar 21 2024	Khawaja et al., Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1080/23744235.2024.2329957	Double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of convalescent plasma for COVID-19: analyses by neutralising antibodies homologous to donors’ variants
	RCT 57 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing no significant difference in outcomes with convalescent plasma treatment.
Mar 7 2024	Lewandowski et al., Biomedicines, doi:10.3390/biomedicines12030605	Insulin and Metformin Administration: Unravelling the Multifaceted Association with Mortality across Various Clinical Settings Considering Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19
	62% higher mortality (p=0.12). Retrospective 430 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes in Poland showing lower mortality with metformin and higher mortality with remdesivir, convalescent plasma, and aspirin in univariable analysis. These results were not..
Feb 15 2024	Gauiran et al., Acta Medica Philippina, doi:10.47895/amp.vi0.4903	Convalescent Plasma as Adjunctive Therapy for Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: The Co-CLARITY Trial
	400% higher mortality (p=0.49), 100% higher ICU admission (p=1), and 7% longer hospitalization (p=0.7). Early terminated RCT 44 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing no significant differences with convalescent plasma treatment.
Dec 29 2023	Yoon et al., Open Forum Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofad686	COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Therapy: Long Term Implications
	2% higher PASC (p=0.88). Long COVID (PASC) results for [Ortigoza] showing no significant difference with convalescent plasma treatment.
Dec 1 2023	Kasten et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-023-48145-x	COVID-19 outcome is not affected by anti-CD20 or high-titer convalescent plasma in immunosuppressed patients
	4% higher mortality (p=1). Retrospective 144 immunocompromised patients treated with anti-CD20 therapy prior to contracting COVID-19. Among 50 patients hospitalized within 14 days, administration of high-titer convalescent plasma in the first 14 days was not associ..
Oct 31 2023	Gebo et al., mBio, doi:10.1128/mbio.00618-23	Early antibody treatment, inflammation, and risk of post-COVID conditions
	Long COVID results for [Baksh], showing early COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) treatment within 5 days of symptom onset was associated with lower odds of post-COVID conditions (PCC) compared to late CCP treatment within a subset of pat..
Jun 10 2023	Wade et al., Value in Health, doi:10.1016/j.jval.2023.03.2056	Variation in Demographic Characteristics, Socioeconomic Status, Clinical Presentation and Selected Treatments in Mortality Among Patients with a Diagnosis of COVID-19 in the United States
	Retrospective analysis of mortality for COVID-19 patients in the USA. Authors do not provide adjusted results, preventing any strong evidence. However it is notable that, despite comparable treatment frequencies, the mortality for patient..
Apr 5 2023	Krishnan et al., The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, doi:10.4269/ajtmh.22-0705	Predictors of Mortality among Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 during the First Wave in India: A Multisite Case-Control Study
	270% higher mortality (p=0.07). Case control study with 2,431 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in India, showing higher mortality with convalescent plasma treatment, without statistical significance.
Mar 23 2023	Marshall et al., NCT04412486	An Open Label Trial of Transfusion of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma (CCP) to Patients With Moderate to Severe COVID-19
	86 patient convalescent plasma late treatment study with results not reported over 2 years after completion.
Feb 15 2023	Alshamrani et al., Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2023.02.004	Comprehensive evaluation of six interventions for hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A propensity score matching study
	14% higher mortality (p=0.39), 17% higher progression (p=0.05), 43% longer ICU admission (p=0.003), and 32% longer hospitalization (p=0.01). PSM retrospective 29 hospitals in Saudi Arabia, showing longer ICU and hospitalization time with convalescent plasma, but no significant difference in mortality.
Jan 31 2023	Baksh et al., The Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/infdis/jiad023	Symptom duration and resolution with early outpatient treatment of convalescent plasma for COVID-19: a randomized trial
	1% worse recovery (p=0.62) and 4% higher PASC (p=0.78). RCT 1,070 outpatients in the USA, showing no significant difference in recovery with convalescent plasma treatment. Long COVID results are from [Gebo]
Dec 31 2022	Baylor Research Institute, NCT04333251	Evaluating Convalescent Plasma to Decrease Coronavirus Associated Complications. A Phase I Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of High-titer Anti-Sars-CoV-2 Plasma vs Best Supportive Care in Hospitalized Patients With Interstitial Pneumonia Due to COVID-19
	Estimated 115 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 2 years after estimated completion.
Dec 29 2022	Denkinger et al., Nature Cancer, doi:10.1038/s43018-022-00503-w	Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody-containing plasma improves outcome in patients with hematologic or solid cancer and severe COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial
	8% lower mortality (p=0.39), 2% higher ventilation (p=1), and 22% improved 7-point scale results (p=0.22). RCT 134 hospitalized patients showing no significant difference in outcomes with convalescent plasma for all patients, however significantly improved mortality and time to improvement was seen for patients with cancer.
Dec 16 2022	Higgins et al., JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2022.23257	Long-term (180-Day) Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 in the REMAP-CAP Randomized Clinical Trial
	1% lower mortality (p=0.9). Long-term followup for the REMAP-CAP very late stage ICU trial, showing no significant difference with convalescent plasma treatment.
Nov 30 2022	Self et al., Chest, doi:10.1016/j.chest.2022.06.029	Neutralizing COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma in Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19
	3% higher mortality (p=0.86) and 4% worse 7-point scale results (p=0.76). RCT 947 hospitalized patients in the USA, showing no signficant difference with convalescent plasma treatment.
Nov 22 2022	Manzini et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-022-07716-5	Convalescent or standard plasma versus standard of care in the treatment of COVID-19 patients with respiratory impairment: short and long-term effects. A three-arm randomized controlled clinical trial
	25% higher mortality (p=0.54), 10% higher combined mortality/intubation (p=0.76), and 6% slower viral clearance (p=0.76). RCT 180 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with respiratory impairment in Italy showing no significant improvement in mortality or mechanical ventilation with either standard plasma or COVID-19 convalescent plasma compared to standard of care.
Sep 30 2022	Thorlacius-Ussing et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19629-z	A randomized placebo-controlled trial of convalescent plasma for adults hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia
	76% higher mortality (p=0.43), 31% higher ICU admission (p=0.77), and 41% worse 7-point scale results (p=0.32). RCT 147 patients in Denmark, showing no significant difference in outcomes with convalescent plasma. The trial was terminated due to futility.
Aug 26 2022	Raad et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.08.25.22279181	International Multicenter Study Comparing Cancer to Non-Cancer Patients with COVID-19: Impact of Risk Factors and Treatment Modalities on Survivorship
	240% higher mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective 3,966 COVID-19 patients, 1,115 with cancer, showing lower mortality with remdesivir and higher mortality with convalescent plasma.
Aug 23 2022	Gharbharan et al., Clinical Microbiology and Infection, doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2022.08.005	Outpatient convalescent plasma therapy for high-risk patients with early COVID-19. A randomized placebo-controlled trial
	14% lower progression (p=0.42), 39% lower hospitalization (p=0.22), and 1% worse recovery (p=0.92). RCT 416 outpatients in the Netherlands, showing no significant difference with convalesent plasma treatment. Hospitalization was lower, and improved results were seen with ≤5 days of symptoms, without statistical significance.
Aug 10 2022	Lacombe et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.08.09.22278329	COVID-19 convalescent plasma to treat hospitalised COVID-19 patients with or without underlying immunodeficiency
	49% lower mortality (p=0.16), 68% higher progression (p=0.18), and 7% longer hospitalization (p=0.99). RCT 120 hospitalized patients in France, showing no significant difference in outcomes with convalescent plasma treatment, with the exception of lower mortality in the subgroup of immunosuppressed patients.
Jun 30 2022	Song et al., The Lancet Regional Health - Americas, doi:10.1016/j.lana.2022.100216	Treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with either low- or high-volume of convalescent plasma versus standard of care: A multicenter Bayesian randomized open-label clinical trial (COOP-COVID-19-MCTI)
	52% higher mortality (p=0.37). RCT 129 severe COVID-19 patients in Brazil, showing no significant difference in outcomes with convalescent plasma.
Jun 30 2022	Perner et al., NCT04634422	Plasma Exchange (PLEX) and Convalescent Plasma (CCP) in COVID-19 Patients With Multiorgan Failure - the COVID PLEX+CCP Trial
	Estimated 220 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 2 years after estimated completion.
Jun 27 2022	Rojas et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-022-07560-7	Safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma for severe COVID-19: a randomized, single blinded, parallel, controlled clinical study
	220% higher mortality (p=0.16), 38% higher hospital discharge (p=0.04), and 25% worse viral clearance (p=0.72). RCT 91 hospitalized patients in Colombia showing shorter time to discharge with convalescent plasma, but higher mortality (without statistical significance).
Apr 7 2022	Itinose et al., NCT05077930	Validation Protocol for The Clinical Use of Convalescent Plasma for Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19. A Prospective Study at a Hospital in Southern Brazil.
	38 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 3 years after completion.
Apr 6 2022	Bajpai et al., BMJ Open, doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055189	Efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy in the patient with COVID-19: a randomised control trial (COPLA-II trial)
	14% higher mortality (p=0.62), 13% higher ventilation (p=0.76), 2% longer ICU admission (p=0.8), and no change in hospitalization (p=0.98). RCT 400 hospitalized severe COVID-19 patients in India showing no significant difference in time to clinical improvement, mortality, or other outcomes with convalescent plasma compared to standard treatment. In a subgroup analysis, result..
Mar 31 2022	De Santis et al., Emerging Infectious Diseases, doi:10.3201/eid2803.212299	High-Dose Convalescent Plasma for Treatment of Severe COVID-19
	13% lower mortality (p=0.67). RCT 110 hospitalized patients in Brazil, showing no significant difference in outcomes with high-dose convalescent plasma.
Mar 1 2022	Mesina et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.02.23.22271424	Use of Convalescent Plasma Therapy with Best Available Treatment (BAT) among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Multi-Center Study
	29% higher mortality (p=0.54) and 60% longer hospitalization (p=0.07). Prospective study of 65 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the Philippines treated with convalescent plasma and 65 matched controls showing no significant difference in mortality and longer hospitalization with treatment.
Feb 15 2022	van den Berg et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-022-06221-8	Convalescent plasma in the treatment of moderate to severe COVID-19 pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial (PROTECT-Patient Trial)
	17% lower mortality (p=0.65), 67% lower ventilation (p=0.36), 5% greater improvement (p=1), and 3% lower hospital discharge (p=1). RCT 103 hospitalized patients in South Africa, showing no significant difference in outcomes with convalescent plasma.
Feb 9 2022	Alemany et al., The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00545-2	High-titre methylene blue-treated convalescent plasma as an early treatment for outpatients with COVID-19: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial
	80% lower mortality (p=0.5), 5% higher hospitalization (p=1), 5% worse recovery (p=0.67), and 4% worse viral clearance (p=0.33). RCT 188 convalescent plasma and 188 control patients, showing no significant difference in outcomes.
Feb 7 2022	Jorda et al., Frontiers in Immunology, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.817829	Convalescent Plasma Treatment in Patients with Covid-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
	Meta-analysis of 16 RCTs with 16,317 COVID-19 patients showing no significant difference in mortality, mechanical ventilation, time to clinical improvement, or time to discharge with convalescent plasma treatment. Subgroup analyses in cri..
Jan 30 2022	Rego et al., NCT04528368	Efficacy and Safety of Using Convalescent Plasma for Treating Patients With COVID-19 Pneumonia Without Indication of Ventilatory Support
	Estimated 60 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 3 years after estimated completion.
Jan 26 2022	Dillner et al., NCT04649879	Convalescent Plasma for Treatment of COVID-19: An Open Randomised Controlled Trial
	59 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 3 years after completion.
Jan 9 2022	Baldeón et al., Transfusion Medicine, doi:10.1111/tme.12851	Effect of convalescent plasma as complementary treatment in patients with moderate COVID-19 infection
	12% lower mortality (p=1). RCT 158 patients in Ecuador, showing no significant difference in mortality with convalescent plasma. Authors note indications of improved results for earlier treatment.
Jan 1 2022	Jalili et al., Tanaffos 21:1	Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on Clinical Improvement of COVID-19 Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial
	45% higher mortality (p=0.38), 8% higher ICU admission (p=0.85), 250% higher ARDS (p=0.16), and 10% longer hospitalization (p=0.39). RCT 120 hospitalized patients in Iran, showing no significant differences with convalescent plasma treatment.
Dec 31 2021	ElDesouky et al., NCT04438694	Assessment of the Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy in Patients With Life-threatening COVID19 Infection
	Estimated 67 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 3 years after estimated completion.
Dec 31 2021	Karyana et al., NCT04873414	Clinical Trial of Convalescent Plasma Administration as Adjunct Therapy for COVID-19 (Uji Klinik Pemberian Plasma Konvalesen Sebagai Terapi Tambahan COVID-19)
	Estimated 364 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 3 years after estimated completion.
Dec 31 2021	de la Puerta Rueda et al., NCT05247307	Clinical Efficacy of the Infusion of Donor Plasma, Convalescent From SARS-CoV-2 Infection, to Patients With Recent Infection.
	93 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 3 years after completion.
Dec 21 2021	Sullivan et al., New England Journal of Medicine, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2119657 (date from preprint)	Early Outpatient Treatment for Covid-19 with Convalescent Plasma
	86% lower mortality (p=0.12) and 54% lower hospitalization (p=0.005). RCT 1,181 outpatients in the USA, mean 6 days from symptom onset, showing lower hospitalization with treatment.
Dec 15 2021	Bar et al., Journal of Clinical Investigation, doi:10.1172/JCI155114	A randomized controlled study of convalescent plasma for individuals hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia
	81% lower mortality (p=0.03), 44% greater improvement (p=0.18), and 51% lower ventilation (p=0.16). RCT 79 hospitalized patients in the USA, showing significant benefit in clinical severity score and 28-day mortality with convalescent plasma treatment.
Dec 13 2021	Ortigoza et al., JAMA Internal Medicine, doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.6850	Efficacy and Safety of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma in Hospitalized Patients
	12% lower mortality (p=0.45), 8% improved 7-point scale results (p=0.5), and 2% higher PASC (p=0.88). RCT 941 hospitalized patients in the USA, showing no significant difference with convalescent plasma treatment. PASC results are from [Yoon]
Dec 4 2021	Holm et al., BMC Research Notes, doi:10.1186/s13104-021-05847-7	Convalescence plasma treatment of COVID-19: results from a prematurely terminated randomized controlled open-label study in Southern Sweden
	19% lower progression (p=1), 57% higher need for oxygen therapy (p=0.43), and 62% longer hospitalization (p=0.21). RCT 31 hospitalized patients requiring supplemental oxygen in Sweden, showing no significant difference in outcomes with convalescent plasma.
Dec 1 2021	Perilla et al., NCT04391101	Efficacy of Convalescent Plasma for the Treatment of Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Randomized, Open Label Clinical Trial
	Estimated 231 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 3 years after estimated completion.
Nov 29 2021	Menichetti et al., JAMA Network Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.36246	Effect of High-Titer Convalescent Plasma on Progression to Severe Respiratory Failure or Death in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 Pneumonia
	23% lower mortality (p=0.47), 4% higher ventilation (p=1), and 12% lower progression (p=0.54). RCT 487 patients in Italy, showing no significant difference in outcomes with convalescent plasma.
Nov 20 2021	Abayomi et al., PACTR202006760881890	A Multi-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- Controlled Clinical Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Convalescent Plasma for the Treatment of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients in Lagos State
	17% higher mortality (p=1). RCT 22 hospitalized patients, show no significant difference in mortality with convalescent plasma. Results are from [Axfors].
Nov 20 2021	Axfors et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06829-7	Association between convalescent plasma treatment and mortality in COVID-19: a collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
	Meta analysis of 33 RCTs with 16,477 patients showing no significant reduction in all-cause mortality with convalescent plasma treatment for COVID-19. There was no difference between subgroups based on patient setting, timing of plasma..
Oct 29 2021	Keitel-Anselmino et al., NCT04681430	Reconvalescent Plasma / Camostat Mesylate Early in Sars-CoV-2 Q-PCR (COVID-19) Positive High-risk Individuals
	22 patient convalescent plasma early treatment RCT with results not reported over 3 years after completion.
Oct 15 2021	Körper et al., Journal of Clinical Investigation, doi:10.1172/JCI152264	Results of the CAPSID randomized trial for high-dose convalescent plasma in patients with severe COVID-19
	37% lower mortality (p=0.19) and 16% improved recovery (p=0.32). RCT 105 hospitalized patients in Germany, 53 treated with convalescent plasma, showing no significant difference in mortality or the primary composite outcome of survival and no longer fulfilling criteria for severe COVID-19 on day 21.
Sep 9 2021	Bégin et al., Nature Medicine, doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01488-2	Convalescent plasma for hospitalized patients with COVID-19: an open-label, randomized controlled trial
	13% higher mortality (p=0.33) and 16% higher combined mortality/intubation (p=0.18). RCT 940 hospitalized patients, 614 assigned to convalescent plasma, showing no significant differences.
Sep 1 2021	Schiffer et al., NCT04712344	Randomized Controlled Phase 2b Clinical Study in Parallel Groups for the Assessment of Efficacy and Safety of Therapy With COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Plus Standard Treatment vs. Standard Treatment Alone of Subjects With Severe COVID-19
	Estimated 58 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 3 years after estimated completion.
Aug 26 2021	Devos et al., European Respiratory Journal, doi:10.1183/13993003.01724-2021	Early high antibody titre convalescent plasma for hospitalised COVID-19 patients: DAWn-plasma
	1% lower mortality (p=0.98), 8% higher ventilation (p=0.78), and no change in ICU admission (p=1). RCT 489 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Belgium, showing no significant difference in outcomes with convalescent plasma.
Aug 23 2021	Hsue et al., NCT04421404	Effects of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma (CCP) on Coronavirus-associated Complications in Hospitalized Patients (CAPRI)
	425% higher ventilation (p=0.21) and 425% higher progression (p=0.21). RCT 34 hospitalized patients in the USA, showing no significant difference with convalescent plasma treatment.
Aug 18 2021	Korley et al., NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2103784	Early Convalescent Plasma for High-Risk Outpatients with Covid-19
	396% higher mortality (p=0.22), 10% lower hospitalization (p=0.59), and 6% lower progression (p=0.7). RCT 511 emergency department patients, 257 assigned to convalescent plasma, showing no significant difference in outcomes.
Aug 12 2021	Van Hise et al., NCT04438057	Evaluating the Efficacy of Convalescent Plasma in Symptomatic Outpatients Infected With COVID-19
	441% higher hospitalization (p=0.55). RCT 72 outpatients in the USA showing no significant difference with convalescent plasma treatment.
Aug 9 2021	Pathak et al., NCT04374487	A Phase II, Open Label, Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Convalescent Plasma to Limit COVID-19 Associated Complications
	100 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 3 years after completion.
Aug 9 2021	Kirenga et al., BMJ Open Respiratory Research, doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2021-001017	Efficacy of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 in Uganda
	21% higher mortality (p=0.8), 9% lower progression (p=1), no change in recovery (p=0.77), and 50% slower viral clearance (p=0.2). RCT 136 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Uganda, showing no significant benefit with convalescent plasma treatment.
Jul 8 2021	Sekine et al., European Respiratory Journal, doi:10.1183/13993003.01471-2021	Convalescent plasma for COVID-19 in hospitalised patients: an open-label, randomised clinical trial
	38% higher mortality (p=0.42), 11% worse improvement (p=0.74), and 67% longer hospitalization (p=0.87). RCT 160 hospitalized patients in Brazil, showing no significant difference in outcomes with convalescent plasma.
Jun 30 2021	Kaufman et al., NCT04361253	A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Trial of High-Titer COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma (HT-CCP) for the Treatment of Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 of Moderate Severity
	45 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 3 years after completion.
Jun 21 2021	Cho et al., The Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab330	Early Convalescent Plasma Therapy and Mortality Among US Veterans Hospitalized With Nonsevere COVID-19: An Observational Analysis Emulating a Target Trial
	4% higher mortality (p=0.88). Target trial emulation with 4,755 patients showing no significant difference in 30-day mortality with convalescent plasma.
Jun 19 2021	Gonzalez et al., NCT04468009	Treatment of Critically Ill Patients With Covid-19 With Convalescent Plasma
	134 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 3 years after completion.
Jun 1 2021	Martinaud et al., NCT04372979	Evaluation Of Efficacy Of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Versus Standard Plasma In The Early Care Of COVID-19 Patients Hospitalized Outside Intensive Care Units.
	18 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 3 years after completion.
May 27 2021	Gharbharan et al., Nature Communications, doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23469-2	Effects of potent neutralizing antibodies from convalescent plasma in patients hospitalized for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection
	4% lower mortality (p=0.95) and 12% higher hospital discharge (p=0.68). RCT 86 hospitalized patients, 43 treated with convalescent plasma, showing no significant differences with treatment. Authors conclude that the most likely explanation was already high antibody titers on the day of inclusion, and they rec..
May 26 2021	Teofili et al., NCT04374526	Early transfusIon of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma in Elderly COVID-19 Patients to Prevent Disease Progression
	100% higher mortality (p=1). RCT 12 patients in Italy, showing no significant difference with convalescent plasma treatment. Results are from [Axfors].
May 15 2021	Talarico et al., NCT04385043	Efficacy and Safety of Hyperimmune Plasma Treatment in Patients With COVID-19 Severe Infection
	Estimated 400 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 4 years after estimated completion.
May 5 2021	Herrick et al., NCT04442191	Infusion of Convalescent Plasma for the Treatment of Patients Infected With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (COVID-19): A Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled, Proof-of-concept Study
	Estimated 50 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 4 years after estimated completion.
May 1 2021	Camacho-Ortiz et al., NCT04358783	Phase II, Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Clinical Trial Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Plasma From Patients Cured of COVID-19 Compared to the Best Available Therapy in Subjects With SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia
	31 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 4 years after completion.
Apr 16 2021	Bennett-Guerrero et al., Critical Care Medicine, doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000005066	Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Convalescent Plasma Versus Standard Plasma in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infected Hospitalized Patients in New York
	19% lower mortality (p=0.75) and no change in improvement (p=1). RCT 74 hospitalized patients in the USA, showing no significant difference with convalescent plasma treatment.
Apr 10 2021	Pouladzadeh et al., Internal and Emergency Medicine, doi:10.1007/s11739-021-02734-8	A randomized clinical trial evaluating the immunomodulatory effect of convalescent plasma on COVID-19-related cytokine storm
	30% longer hospitalization (p=0.06). RCT 62 hospitalized patients in Iran, showing no significant difference in mortality and length of stay with convalescent plasma.
Mar 31 2021	Fundacin Biomedica Galicia Sur, NCT05578391	PHASE II Clinical Trial Randomized And Controlled To Assess Need Of Oxygen On Day 14 After Administration Of Passive Immunotherapy In Patients Infected By SARS-CoV-2 With Risks Factors For Severe Disease
	61 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 4 years after completion.
Mar 31 2021	Gonzalez et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.03.28.21254507	Efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma and intravenous immunoglobulin in critically ill COVID-19 patients. A controlled clinical trial
	7% higher mortality (p=0.76). RCT 190 hospitalized severe condition patients in Mexico, showing no significant difference between convalescent plasma and human immunoglobulin treatment.
Mar 18 2021	Joyner et al., New England Journal of Medicine, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2031893	Convalescent Plasma Antibody Levels and the Risk of Death from Covid-19
	Retrospective 3,082 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the U.S. showing lower 30-day mortality with high antibody level convalescent plasma compared to low antibody level plasma. The effect was only seen in patients not on mechanical venti..
Mar 3 2021	Balcells et al., PLOS Medicine, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003415	Early versus deferred anti-SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma in patients admitted for COVID-19: A randomized phase II clinical trial
	247% higher mortality (p=0.17), 163% higher ventilation (p=0.22), and 23% higher progression (p=0.51). Small RCT with 28 early and 30 deferred (treated according to prespecified deterioration criteria) convalescent plasma patients, not showing significant differences. "Early" is relative, with a median of 5 days from symptom onse..
Feb 4 2021	Torres et al., NCT04547127	A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-label, Parallel Group Pilot Study to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of Convalescent Methylene Blue Treated (MBT) Plasma From Donors Recovered From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) With Standard Medical Treatment (SMT) Versus SMT Alone in Subjects With COVID-19 Requiring Admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
	200 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 4 years after completion.
Feb 1 2021	Quintero-Vega et al., NCT04425837	Effectiveness and Safety of Convalescent Plasma in Patients With High-risk COVID-19: A Randomized, Controlled Study CRI-CP (Coronavirus Investigation - Convalescent Plasma)
	Estimated 236 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 4 years after estimated completion.
Jan 15 2021	Recovery Collaborative Group, The Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00897-7 (press release 1/15/2021)	Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled, open-label, platform trial
	no change in mortality (p=0.95) and 1% lower hospital discharge (p=0.57). RCT 16,287 hospitalized patients in the UK, showing no significant differences with convalescent plasma treatment. Subgroup analysis shows better results for those treated <= 7 days from symptom onset.
Jan 6 2021	Libster et al., NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2033700	Early High-Titer Plasma Therapy to Prevent Severe Covid-19 in Older Adults
	67% lower ICU admission (p=0.17) and 48% lower progression (p=0.03). RCT 160 patients >=65 with symptom onset <72 hours, 80 treated with convalescent plasma, showing lower progression to severe disease with treatment.
Dec 31 2020	Sierra-Madero et al., NCT04388410	Phase 2b/3 Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Plasma Transfusion From Convalescent Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Severity and Mortality of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients
	Estimated 410 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 4 years after estimated completion.
Dec 30 2020	Zuluaga et al., NCT04385186	Inactivated Convalescent Plasma as a Therapeutic Alternative in Hospitalized Patients CoViD-19
	Estimated 60 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 4 years after estimated completion.
Dec 30 2020	Cardesa Gil et al., NCT04366245	Phase I / II Multicentre, Randomized and Controlled Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Treatment With Hyperimmune Plasma Obtained From Convalescent Antibodies of COVID-19 Infection
	72 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 4 years after completion.
Nov 29 2020	Ray et al., Nature Communications, doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28064-7 (date from preprint)	A phase 2 single center open label randomised control trial for convalescent plasma therapy in patients with severe COVID-19
	33% lower mortality (p=0.34). RCT 80 severe COVID-19 patients in India showing no significant difference in 30-day mortality with convalescent plasma therapy (CPT). Patients receiving CPT had greater reduction in inflammatory cytokines, but this did not translate to c..
Nov 24 2020	Simonovich et al., NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2031304	A Randomized Trial of Convalescent Plasma in Covid-19 Severe Pneumonia
	4% lower mortality (p=1) and 19% improved 7-point scale results (p=0.4). RCT 333 hospitalized patients in Argentina, 228 treated with convalescent plasma, showing no significant differences in clinical status or mortality.
Nov 4 2020	AlQahtani et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89444-5 (date from preprint)	Randomized controlled trial of convalescent plasma therapy against standard therapy in patients with severe COVID-19 disease
	33% lower ventilation (p=0.47) and 22% shorter hospitalization (p=0.12). Small RCT with 40 hospitalized patients in Bahrain, 20 treated with convalescent plasma, not showing significant differences.
Oct 31 2020	Lubis et al., NCT04380935	Effectiveness and Safety of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on COVID-19 Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Referral Hospitals in Indonesia
	Estimated 60 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 4 years after estimated completion.
Oct 30 2020	Chowdhury et al., NCT04403477	Convalescent Plasma Transfusion Therapy in Severe COVID-19 Patients- a Tolerability, Efficacy and Dose-response Phase II RCT
	Estimated 60 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 4 years after estimated completion.
Oct 27 2020	Bajpai et al., Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, doi:10.1590/0001-3765202220210202	Comparison of safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma with fresh frozen plasma in severe covid-19 patients
	323% higher mortality (p=0.22), 221% higher ventilation (p=0.33), 25% shorter hospitalization (p=0.08), and 33% improved viral clearance (p=0.11). RCT 29 severe COVID-19 patients showing no significant differences with convalescent plasma compared to fresh frozen plasma.
Oct 22 2020	Agarwal et al., BMJ, doi:10.1136/bmj.m3939	Convalescent plasma in the management of moderate covid-19 in adults in India: open label phase II multicentre randomised controlled trial (PLACID Trial)
	7% higher mortality (p=0.74), 7% higher progression (p=0.74), 1% lower ventilation (p=0.98), and 28% improved viral clearance (p=0.02). RCT 464 hospitalized patients in India, 235 treated with convalescent plasma, showing no improvement in combined death at 28 days or progression to severe disease.
Sep 30 2020	Torres et al., NCT04542967	Convalescent Plasma as a Treatment for Patients With Severe COVID-19 Disease
	150 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 4 years after completion.
Sep 29 2020	Avendaño-Solà et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.20182444	Convalescent Plasma for COVID-19: A multicenter, randomized clinical trial
	88% lower mortality (p=0.12) and 93% lower progression (p=0.01). Early terminated RCT with 81 hospitalized patients, 38 treated with convalescent plasma, showing lower progression with treatment.
Sep 23 2020	Averyanov et al., NCT04392414	Randomized, Open Label, Prospective Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Hyperimmune Convalescent Plasma in Moderate and Severe COVID-19 Disease
	60 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 4 years after completion.
Jun 17 2020	Sevdi et al., NCT04442958	Effectiveness of Convalescent Immune Plasma Therapy in Severe COVID-19 Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
	60 patient convalescent plasma late treatment RCT with results not reported over 4 years after completion.
Jun 3 2020	Li et al., JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2020.10044	Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on Time to Clinical Improvement in Patients With Severe and Life-threatening COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial
	35% lower mortality (p=0.3), 15% greater improvement (p=0.37), and 76% improved viral clearance (p=0.01). Small RCT 103 severe condition patients, 52 treated with convalescent plasma, showing improved viral clearance but no statistically significant improvements in mortality or clinical improvement. ChiCTR2000029757.

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