Convalescent Plasma Therapy for COVID-19 Prophylaxis in Adults Early Post-Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: One-Year Outcomes from a Randomized Controlled Trial

Cao et al., Frontiers in Immunology, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.162677, Nov 2025
Mortality -224% improvement lower risk ← → higher risk Severe case 0% Case -40% Conv. Plasma  Cao et al.  PROPHYLAXIS RCT Is prophylaxis with convalescent plasma beneficial for COVID-19? RCT 72 patients in China (June 2023 - February 2024) Higher mortality with convalescent plasma (p=0.044) c19early.org Cao et al., Frontiers in Immunology, Nov 2025 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+ RR
RCT 72 hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients, showing higher one-year mortality with COVID-19 convalescent plasma prophylaxis treatment.
Standard of Care (SOC) for COVID-19 in the study country, China, is average with moderate efficacy for approved treatments1.
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risk of death, 224.1% higher, RR 3.24, p = 0.04, treatment 36, control 36, day 365.
risk of severe case, no change, RR 1.00, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 36 (2.8%), control 1 of 36 (2.8%), day 120.
risk of case, 40.2% higher, RR 1.40, p = 0.46, treatment 36, control 36, day 120.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Cao et al., 11 Nov 2025, Randomized Controlled Trial, China, peer-reviewed, 22 authors, study period June 2023 - February 2024. Contact: sunjiali@ihcams.ac.cn, doctor_eljiang@163.com.
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatment protocols c19early.org December 2025 China United Kingdom Russia USA Sudan Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Pakistan Argentina Vietnam Peru Philippines Spain Brazil Italy France Japan Nepal Ethiopia Iran Ghana Mexico South Korea Germany Bangladesh Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland India DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Venezuela Nigeria Egypt Bolivia Taiwan Zambia Fiji Bosnia-Herzegovina Côte d'Ivoire Eritrea Bulgaria Greece Slovakia Singapore Iceland New Zealand Czechia Mongolia Israel Trinidad and Tobago Hong Kong North Macedonia Belarus Qatar Panama Serbia CAR China favored low-cost treatments.The average efficacy of treatments was moderate.Low-cost treatments improve early treatment, andprovide complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19treatment protocols worldwide c19early.org December 2025 China United Kingdom Russia USA Sudan Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Pakistan Argentina Vietnam Peru Philippines Spain Brazil Italy France Japan Nepal Ethiopia Iran Ghana Mexico South Korea Germany Bangladesh Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland India DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Venezuela Nigeria Egypt Bolivia Taiwan Zambia Fiji Côte d'Ivoire Eritrea Togo Bulgaria Greece Slovakia Singapore New Zealand Malawi Czechia Mongolia Israel Trinidad and Tobago North Macedonia Belarus Qatar Panama Serbia Syria China favored low-cost treatments.The average efficacy was moderate.Low-cost protocols improve early treatment,and add complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
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