Pfizer has denied access to Paxlovid for independent RCTs Ledford. Pfizer RCTs report very good results, while non-Pfizer RCTs show relatively poor results Liu, Yu. Hoertel find that >50% of patients that died had a contraindication for Paxlovid. Retrospective studies that do not exclude contraindicated patients may significantly overestimate efficacy. Black box warning. The FDA notes that "severe, life-threatening, and/or fatal adverse reactions due to drug interactions have been reported in patients treated with paxlovid" FDA. Population studies often do not account for the different expected outcomes for the class of patients that seek out and receive early treatment.
Recent:Yu Kim Edelstein Yang Wee Park.
Paxlovid has been officially adopted
in 35 countries.
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Aug 16 |
et al., Phytomedicine, doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155025 | Efficacy and safety of Huashi Baidu granule plus Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir combination therapy in patients with high-risk factors infected with Omicron (B.1.1.529): A multi-arm single-center, open-label, randomized controlled trial |
| 2% higher severe cases (p=1), 6% lower hospital discharge (p=0.78), and 12% improved viral clearance (p=0.33). RCT 312 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China, showing no significant difference between paxlovid and Huashi Baidu treatment. Combination therapy showed improved results to either treatment alone. | ||
Jul 10 |
et al., Journal of Korean Medical Science, doi:10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e211 | Effectiveness of Paxlovid, an Oral Antiviral Drug, Against the Omicron BA.5 Variant in Korea: Severe Progression and Death Between July and November 2022 |
| 31% lower mortality (p<0.0001) and 43% lower severe cases (p<0.0001). Retrospective 1,936,925 COVID-19 patients in South Korea, showing lower mortality with paxlovid. | ||
Jun 27 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.23288598 | SARS-CoV-2 virologic rebound with nirmatrelvir-ritonavir therapy |
| 761% worse viral clearance (p=0.04). Prospective study of 127 COVID-19 patients in the USA showing higher risk of replication-competent virologic rebound with paxlovid treatment. Authors note that rebound substantially increases the duration of shedding of replication-compet.. | ||
Jun 26 |
et al., Authorea, Inc., doi:10.22541/au.168777909.90198442/v1 | Comparison of the Different Medications for COVID-19 in Kidney Transplant Recipients |
| 280% higher ventilation (p=0.32), 659% higher ICU admission (p=0.04), and 207% higher progression (p=0.005). Retrospective 140 kidney transplant patients, showing higher risk of AKI with paxlovid compared with azavudine. There were more severe cases in the paxlovid group at baseline. | ||
Jun 22 |
et al., Elsevier BV, doi:10.2139/ssrn.4488145 | Clinical Prognosis and Risk Factors of Death for Covid-19 Patients Complicated with Coronary Heart Disease/Diabetes/Hypertension-A Retrospective, Real-World Study |
| 2% lower mortality (p=0.04). Retrospective 1,281 COVID-19 patients with comorbidities in China, showing 2% lower mortality with paxlovid. | ||
Jun 17 |
et al., Clinical Microbiology and Infection, doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2023.06.016 | Real-world effectiveness of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir against COVID-19 hospitalisations and severe COVID-19 in community-dwelling elderly Singaporeans during Omicron BA.2, BA.4/5 and XBB transmission |
| 14% lower severe cases (p=0.63) and 35% lower hospitalization (p=0.002). Retrospective 3,959 paxlovid patients and 139,379 untreated controls, showing lower hospitalization with treatment. Contraindicted patients were excluded. | ||
Jun 16 |
et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3003449/v1 | The association of mortality with vaccination and underlying disease among COVID-19 patients in long term care hospitals at Daegu and Gyeonsangbuk-do in Korea |
| 5% lower mortality (p=0.86). Retrospective 2,507 COVID-19 patients at 18 long term care hospitals with COVID-19 outbreaks in Korea, showing no significant difference in mortality with paxlovid treatment. Note that this study is less affected by the typical confoundin.. | ||
May 14 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.05.10.23289325 | Composite interventions on outcomes of severely and critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Shanghai, China |
| 29% lower mortality (p=0.16) and 28% worse recovery (p<0.0001). Retrospective 1,082 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China, showing lower mortality and worse quality of life with paxlovid. | ||
May 10 |
et al., Elsevier BV, doi:10.2139/ssrn.4444431 | Real-Life Comparison of Mortality in Non-Hospitalised Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection at Risk for Clinical Progression Treated with Molnupiravir or Nirmatrevir Plus Ritonavir During the Omicron Era in Italy: A Nationwide, Observational Study |
| 32% lower mortality (p=0.0001). Prospective study of 17,977 outpatients treated with molnupiravir and 11,576 treated with paxlovid, showing significant mortality with both treatments, and lower mortality with paxlovid. | ||
Apr 25 |
et al., Frontiers in Pediatrics, doi:10.3389/fped.2023.1160929 | Clinical efficacy analysis of paxlovid in children with hematological diseases infected with the omicron SARS-CoV-2 new variant |
| 51% worse recovery (p=0.008) and 58% faster viral clearance (p=0.03). Retrospective 20 pediatric hematological disease patients in China, showing faster viral clearance with paxlovid, but slower resolution of fever. | ||
Apr 6 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.04.05.23288196 | Incidence of Symptoms Associated with Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Non-Hospitalized Vaccinated Patients Receiving Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir |
| 20% lower PASC (p=0.01). TriNetX retrospective 1,004 paxlovid patients and matched controls, showing lower risk of PASC with treatment. | ||
Mar 23 |
et al., Clinical Therapeutics, doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2023.03.012 | Prevalence of Potential Drug-Drug Interactions with Ritonavir-Containing COVID-19 therapy in the United States: An Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
| Analysis of 15,685 adults in the USA estimating that 29.3% of the population risk a major or contraindicated drug interaction with paxlovid, which may increase significantly for patients over 60 or with several comorbidities that also inc.. | ||
Mar 22 |
et al., Frontiers in Pharmacology, doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1147980 | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and impaired kidney function during the Omicron surge |
| 31% lower mortality (p=0.5), 44% lower progression (p=0.04), 14% lower ICU admission (p=0.61), and 9% shorter hospitalization (p=0.03). Retrospective 195 patients with impaired kidney function in China, showing lower combined mortality/ICU/cardiovascular events, and improved viral clearance with paxlovid. | ||
Mar 15 |
et al., The Lancet Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00118-4 | Effectiveness of nirmatrelvir–ritonavir in preventing hospital admissions and deaths in people with COVID-19: a cohort study in a large US health-care system |
| 84% lower combined mortality/ICU admission (p=0.03) and 54% lower combined mortality/hospitalization (p=0.03). Retrospective 7,274 outpatients in the USA treated with paxlovid and matched controls, showing lower combined hospitalization/death with treatment. With a small percentage of eligible patients receiving treatment, confounding by indicatio.. | ||
Mar 13 |
et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, doi:10.1073/pnas.2221857120 | Computational prediction of interactions between Paxlovid and prescription drugs |
| In Silico analysis of drug–drug interactions for paxlovid. From 2,248 prescription drugs, 1,628 were predicted to have 2,445 interactions with nirmatrelvir and/or ritonavir (673 for nirmatrelvir and 1,403 ritonavir). For 873 drugs, author.. | ||
Mar 5 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.23286730 | Association of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir Treatment with Long COVID Symptoms in an Online Cohort of Non-Hospitalized Individuals Experiencing Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Omicron Era |
| 14% higher PASC (p=0.4). Retrospective 4,684 COVID+ patients mostly in the USA, 988 treated with paxlovid, showing higher odds of long COVID with treatment, without statistical significance. | ||
Feb 22 |
et al., Journal of Infection, doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2023.02.029 | Molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir reduce mortality risk during post-acute COVID-19 phase |
| 28% lower mortality (p<0.0001), 24% lower hospitalization (p<0.0001), and 18% lower progression (p<0.0001). Retrospective 30,040 hospitalized patients in Hong Kong, showing lower mortality with paxlovid treatment. Patients with contraindications to paxlovid were not excluded. | ||
Feb 10 |
et al., Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, doi:10.1093/jac/dkad027 | Efficacy comparison of 3CL protease inhibitors ensitrelvir and nirmatrelvir against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in vivo |
| In Vitro and animal study comparing nirmatrelvir and ensitrelvir, showing similar efficacy in vitro, and equal or better efficacy of ensitrelvir in vivo (with similar unbound-drug plasma concentrations). | ||
Feb 9 |
et al., The Lancet Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00011-7 | Real-world use of nirmatrelvir–ritonavir in outpatients with COVID-19 during the era of omicron variants including BA.4 and BA.5 in Colorado, USA: a retrospective cohort study |
| Retrospective 28,167 patients in the USA demonstrating confounding. The large difference shown in Figure 1 at day 0 indicates that the groups are not comparable (32 control hospitalizations versus 0 for paxlovid at day 0) and suggests imm.. | ||
Feb 5 |
et al., The Lancent Regional Health, doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100694 | Efficacy and safety of Paxlovid in severe adult patients with SARS-Cov-2 infection: a multicenter randomized controlled study |
| 38% lower mortality (p=0.57), 67% higher ventilation (p=0.44), 10% longer ICU admission (p=0.8), and 27% higher progression (p=0.58). RCT 264 patients in China, showing no significant difference in outcomes with paxlovid. | ||
Jan 25 |
et al., Journal of Infection, doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2023.02.012 | Real-world effectiveness of molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir-ritonavir, and sotrovimab on preventing hospital admission among higher-risk patients with COVID-19 in Wales: A retrospective cohort study |
| 41% lower combined mortality/hospitalization (p=0.04). Retrospective high risk outpatients in the UK, showing lower hospitalization/death with paxlovid treatment. Residual confounding is likely with adjustments having no detail on specific comorbidities. Patients with contraindications for pa.. | ||
Jan 22 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.01.20.23284849 | Comparative effectiveness of Paxlovid versus sotrovimab and molnupiravir for preventing severe COVID-19 outcomes in non-hospitalised patients: observational cohort study using the OpenSAFELY platform |
| 4% higher combined mortality/hospitalization (p=0.91). OpenSAFELY retrospective 7,683 outpatients in the UK, showing no significant difference in hospitalization/death between paxlovid and sotrovimab. | ||
Jan 11 |
et al., Science Translational Medicine, doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abq7360 | SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro mutations selected in a VSV-based system confer resistance to nirmatrelvir, ensitrelvir, and GC376 |
| In Vitro and In Silico study showing selection of resistant mutations with nirmatrelvir use. Several mutations were identified that confer resistance to 3CLpro inhibitors nirmatrelvir, ensitrelvir, and GC376. Authors note that most of the.. | ||
Jan 10 |
et al., mBio, doi:10.1128/mbio.02815-22 | The Substitutions L50F, E166A, and L167F in SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro Are Selected by a Protease Inhibitor In Vitro and Confer Resistance To Nirmatrelvir |
| In Vitro study showing selection of nirmatrelvir-resistant mutations with a protease inhibitor. | ||
Dec 13 2022 |
et al., Annals of Internal Medicine, doi:10.7326/M22-2141 (date from preprint) | Nirmatrelvir Plus Ritonavir for Early COVID-19 in a Large U.S. Health System |
| 71% lower mortality (p=0.006), 44% lower combined mortality/hospitalization (p=0.0001), and 40% lower hospitalization (p=0.001). IPW retrospective 44,551 outpatients age 50+ in the USA, showing lower mortality and hospitalization with paxlovid treatment. | ||
Dec 6 2022 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.22283134 | Effectiveness of COVID-19 treatment with nirmatrelvir-ritonavir or molnupiravir among U.S. Veterans: target trial emulation studies with one-month and six-month outcomes |
| 58% lower mortality (p=0.0004), 56% lower ICU admission (p=0.03), and 7% lower hospitalization (p=0.53). Retrospective 112,380 high-risk patients in the USA, showing lower mortality with paxlovid treatment. The title and headers of Table S14 are conflicting but the data appears to match the title. | ||
Nov 15 2022 |
et al., JAMA Network Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.42140 | Prevalence of Contraindications to Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir Among Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 at Risk for Progression to Severe Disease |
| Retrospective 62,525 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in France, showing that over 50% of patients that died had a contraindication for the use of Paxlovid. Retrospective studies that do not exclude contraindicated patients may significantl.. | ||
Nov 15 2022 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.11.14.22282195 | The Paxlovid Rebound Study: A Prospective Cohort Study to Evaluate Viral and Symptom Rebound Differences Between Paxlovid and Untreated COVID-19 Participants |
| 1% improved recovery (p=0.9), 3% improved viral clearance (p=0.73), and 171% worse results (p=0.06). Prospective study of 170 COVID-19 patients in the USA, showing no significant difference in symptomatic and viral recovery times, and higher risk of symptomatic rebound, without statistical significance. There were more elderly patients i.. | ||
Nov 5 2022 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.11.03.22281881 | Real-world effectiveness of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir use for COVID-19: A population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada |
| 50% lower mortality (p<0.0001) and 43% lower combined mortality/hospitalization (p<0.0001). Retrospective 177,545 patients in Canada, 8,876 treated with paxlovid, showing lower mortality and hospitalization with treatment, and declining efficacy over the two time periods analyzed. | ||
Oct 8 2022 |
et al., The Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01586-0 | Real-world effectiveness of molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir against mortality, hospitalisation, and in-hospital outcomes among community-dwelling, ambulatory patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection during the omicron wave in Hong Kong: an observational study |
| 66% lower mortality (p<0.0001), 38% lower ventilation (p=0.36), 58% higher ICU admission (p=0.08), and 24% lower hospitalization (p<0.0001). PSM retrospective 1,074,856 outpatients in Hong Kong, showing lower mortality and hospitalization with paxlovid. | ||
Sep 14 2022 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.22279908 | Real-World Effectiveness of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir in Preventing Hospitalization Among Patients With COVID-19 at High Risk for Severe Disease in the United States: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study |
| 73% lower mortality (p<0.0001) and 84% lower hospitalization (p<0.0001). Pfizer retrospective 2,811 high risk COVID-19 patients treated with paxlovid in the US, and 10,849 matched controls, showing lower risk of mortality and hospitalization with treatment. | ||
Sep 6 2022 |
et al., Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.980002 | The efficacy of paxlovid in elderly patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants: Results of a non-randomized clinical trial |
| 15% faster recovery (p=0.26) and 16% faster viral clearance (p=0.009). Retrospective 106 paxlovid and 36 control patients in China, showing faster viral clearance with treatment. | ||
Aug 28 2022 |
et al., Vaccines, doi:10.3390/vaccines10091409 | Clinical Progression and Outcome of Hospitalized Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Shanghai, China |
| 20% faster viral clearance (p=0.0006). Retrospective 226 patients in China, showing faster viral clearance with paxlovid. Age range and severity differed between groups. | ||
Aug 20 2022 |
et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciac673 | Oral Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir in Non-hospitalized Vaccinated Patients with Covid-19 |
| 95% lower mortality (p=0.002), 39% lower progression (p=0.0001), and 56% lower hospitalization (p=0.02). TriNetX retrospective 1,131 vaccinated COVID-19 patients treated with paxlovid and matched controls, showing lower mortality and hospitalization with treatment. | ||
Aug 9 2022 |
et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1915291/v1 | H172Y mutation perturbs the S1 pocket and nirmatrelvir binding of SARS-CoV-2 main protease through a nonnative hydrogen bond |
| In Silico and In Vitro study of the H172Y mutation which significantly reduces paxlovid's inhibitory activity. Monotherapy with paxlovid and selective pressure may favor resistance mutations. | ||
Aug 4 2022 |
et al., Emerging Microbes & Infections, doi:10.1080/22221751.2022.2109517 | Geriatric risk and protective factors for serious COVID-19 outcomes among older adults in Shanghai Omicron wave |
| 12% improved viral clearance (p=0.02). Retrospective 1,377 patients in China, showing significantly faster viral clearance with Paxlovid. Authors analyze progression to severe/critical disease, but do not provide results for Paxlovid. | ||
Jul 23 2022 |
et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciac600 | Association of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment on upper respiratory SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR negative conversion rates among high-risk patients with COVID-19 |
| 79% improved viral clearance (p<0.0001). Retrospective 258 paxlovid patients and 224 patients before paxlovid was available in China, showing significantly faster viral clearance with treatment. Adjusted results are only provided for subgroups (≤5, >5 days from onset). Patients .. | ||
Jul 6 2022 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.07.03.22277169 | Clinical advancement of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Shanghai, China |
| 20% faster viral clearance (p=0.0006). Retrospective 17 paxlovid and 114 lianhuaqingwen patients in China, showing faster viral clearance with paxlovid. | ||
Jun 14 2022 |
Press Release | Pfizer announces additional phase 2/3 study results confirming robust efficacy of novel COVID-19 oral antiviral treatment candidate in reducing risk or hospitalization or death |
| 86% lower ICU admission (p=0.12) and 51% lower combined mortality/hospitalization (p=0.2). EPIC-SR update reporting that the primary endpoint was not met. Minimal details are provided. | ||
Jun 2 2022 |
et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciac443 | Effectiveness of Paxlovid in Reducing Severe COVID-19 and Mortality in High Risk Patients |
| 46% lower severe cases (p=0.0002). Retrospective 180,351 patients in Israel, 4,737 treated with paxlovid, showing significantly lower combined severe COVID-19 / mortality with treatment. | ||
Jun 1 2022 |
et al., New England Journal of Medicine, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2204919 (date from preprint) | Nirmatrelvir Use and Severe Covid-19 Outcomes during the Omicron Surge |
| 79% lower mortality (p=0.03) and 73% lower hospitalization (p<0.0001). Retrospective 109,254 patients in Israel, 3,902 treated with nirmatrelvir, showing lower mortality and hospitalization with treatment for the subgroup of patients >65. Authors only provide subgroup results. | ||
May 24 2022 |
et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciac687 (date from preprint) | Impact of the use of oral antiviral agents on the risk of hospitalization in community COVID-19 patients |
| 19% lower combined mortality/ICU admission (p=0.45) and 21% lower hospitalization (p=0.01). Propensity score weighted retrospective of 93,883 outpatients in Hong Kong, 5,808 treated with molnupiravir and 4,921 treated with paxlovid, showing higher hospitalization and higher combined mortality/mechanical ventilation/ICU admission.. | ||
May 20 2022 |
et al., The Lancet Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00507-2 (date from preprint) | Real-world effectiveness of early molnupiravir or nirmatrelvir–ritonavir in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 without supplemental oxygen requirement on admission during Hong Kong's omicron BA.2 wave: a retrospective cohort study |
| 66% lower mortality (p<0.0001), 3% lower ventilation (p=0.96), 43% lower progression (p<0.0001), and 4% shorter hospitalization (p=0.32). PSM retrospective 40,776 patients in Hong Kong, showing lower mortality and lower combined mortality, ventilation, ICU, and oxygen therapy with paxlovid treatment. | ||
Apr 29 2022 |
News Release | Pfizer Shares Top-Line Results from Phase 2/3 EPIC-PEP Study of PAXLOVID™ for Post-Exposure Prophylactic Use |
| 25% lower severe cases (p=0.42), 15% lower progression (p=0.2), and 36% fewer symptomatic cases (p=0.12). PEP RCT showing lower risk of cases with treatment, without statistical significance. Results from [classic.clinicaltrials.gov]. | ||
Apr 4 2022 |
et al., Nature, doi:10.1038/d41586-022-00919-5 | African clinical trial denied access to key COVID drug Paxlovid |
| News reporting that Pfizer denied access to Paxlovid for an independent trial. The press release indicates that Pfizer has denied access for multiple groups [ANTICOV]. Also see [twitter.com]. | ||
Mar 15 2022 |
Press Release | Pfizer blocking research to generate evidence on optimal use of novel antiviral for COVID-19 patients in low- and middle-income countries |
| ANTICOV reports that Pfizer has denied access to paxlovid for studies proposed by multiple groups. Also see [Ledford]. | ||
Feb 16 2022 |
et al., New England Journal of Medicine, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2118542 | Oral Nirmatrelvir for High-Risk, Nonhospitalized Adults with Covid-19 |
| 96% lower mortality (p=0.0005), 88% lower hospitalization (p<0.0001), 11% higher progression (p=0.45), and 21% faster recovery (p=0.0003). EPIC-HR RCT, 1,039 higher risk patients treated with paxlovid (PF-07321332 + ritonavir) and 1,046 control patients, showing significantly lower mortality and hospitalization with treatment. | ||
Dec 14 2021 |
Press Release | Pfizer announces additional phase 2/3 study results confirming robust efficacy of novel COVID-19 oral antiviral treatment candidate in reducing risk or hospitalization or death |
| 70% lower hospitalization (p=0.05). EPIC-SR trial interim results, 428 patients treated with paxlovid (PF-07321332 + ritonavir) and 426 control patients, showing lower hospitalization with treatment. NCT05011513. | ||
Nov 30 2021 |
et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.11.28.4702264 | Main protease mutants of SARS-CoV-2 variants remain susceptible to PF-07321332 |
| In Vitro study showing that PF-07321332 maintains efficacy against variants C.37 lambda, B.1.1.318, B.1.2, B.1.351 beta, and P.2 zeta. | ||
Nov 5 2021 |
et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.11.04.467077 | The oral protease inhibitor (PF-07321332) protects Syrian hamsters against infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern |
| In Vitro and hamster study showing paxlovid component PF-07321332 effective against four variants of concern, inibits replication of the alpha variant in primary human airway epithelial cells, protected Syrian hamsters against intranasal .. | ||
Jul 30 2021 |
et al., International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, doi:10.1007/s11096-021-01311-5 | Drug-induced liver injury associated with lopinavir-ritonavir in patients with COVID-19: a disproportionality analysis of U.S. food and drug administration adverse event reporting system (FAERS) data |
| Disproportionality analysis showing higher risk of liver injury with lopinavir/ritonavir for COVID-19 patients. Paxlovid combines nirmatrelvir and ritonavir. | ||
Aug 22 2002 |
et al., Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000034707.40046.02 | HIV Protease Inhibitor Ritonavir Induces Cytotoxicity of Human Endothelial Cells |
| In Vitro study showing that ritonavir (part of paxlovid) can cause endothelial mitochondrial DNA damage and cell death at concentrations near clinical plasma levels. | ||
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