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Molnupiravir for COVID-19
33 studies from 656 scientists
107,979 patients in 8 countries
Statistically significant improvement for ventilation, recovery, and viral clearance.
16 studies from 14 teams in 7 countries show statistically significant improvements.
Potential risks include the creation of dangerous variants, carcinogenicity, and genotoxicity.
COVID-19 Molnupiravir studies. Jun 2023. c19early.org/m
0 0.5 1 1.5+ All studies 14% With exclusions 20% Mortality 23% Hospitalization 2% Recovery 20% Viral clearance 30% RCTs 40% RCT mortality 45% Early 16% Late 11% Favorsmolnupiravir Favorscontrol
Molnupiravir COVID-19 studies. Potential risks of the mechanism of action include the creation of dangerous variants, and mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, and embryotoxicity [Hadj Hassine, Swanstrom, Waters]. See [Fountain-Jones, Sanderson, twitter.com] for analysis of variants potentially created by molnupiravir. There is substantial publication bias. Two trials (CTRI/2021/05/033864 and CTRI/2021/08/0354242) reported no significant efficacy, however the results have not been published. Multiple trials have not reported results and did not respond to requests [Lawrence]. Recent:
Butt
Zou
Tazare
Torti
Goodwin
European Medicines Agency
Wan.
Molnupiravir has been officially adopted in 17 countries. Submit updates/corrections.
Jun 1
Butt et al., The Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/infdis/jiad195 Molnupiravir Use and 30-Day Hospitalizations or Death in Previously Uninfected Non-hospitalized High-risk Population with COVID-19
9% higher combined mortality/hospitalization [p=0.75]. Retrospective 65,010 veterans in the USA, showing no significant difference in hospitalization/death with molnupiravir treatment. 1,729 patients received molnupiravir. Authors emulate a target trial closely matching the MOVe-OUT RCT and u..
May 16
Tazare et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.23289914 (Preprint) Effectiveness of Sotrovimab and Molnupiravir in community settings in England across the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 sublineages: emulated target trials using the OpenSAFELY platform
9% higher combined mortality/hospitalization [p=0.28]. OpenSAFELY retrospective 75,048 outpatients in the UK, using the clone-censor-weight approach to address immortal time bias, showing no significant difference in combined mortality/hospitalization with molnupiravir treatment.
May 10
Torti et al., Elsevier BV, doi:10.2139/ssrn.4444431 (Preprint) Real-Life Comparison of Mortality in Non-Hospitalised Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection at Risk for Clinical Progression Treated with Molnupiravir or Nirmatrevir Plus Ritonavir During the Omicron Era in Italy: A Nationwide, Observational Study
47% higher mortality [p=0.0001]. Prospective study of 17,977 outpatients treated with molnupiravir and 11,576 treated with paxlovid, showing significant mortality with both treatments, and lower mortality with paxlovid.
Mar 15
Goodwin et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281915 Evaluation of outpatient treatment for non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19: The experience of a regional centre in the UK
110% higher mortality [p=0.47] and 58% lower hospitalization [p=0.7]. Retrospective 604 outpatients in the UK, showing lower risk of hospitalization with molnupiravir treatment, without statistical significance due to the small number of hospitalizations.
Feb 24
European Medicines Agency (News) Refusal of the marketing authorisation for Lagevrio (molnupiravir)
The European Medicines Agency has recommended the refusal of the marketing authorisation of molnupiravir.
Feb 22
Wan et al., Journal of Infection, doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2023.02.029 Molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir reduce mortality risk during post-acute COVID-19 phase
11% lower mortality [p=0.02], 1% lower hospitalization [p=0.76], and 4% higher progression [p=0.18]. Retrospective 30,040 hospitalized patients in Hong Kong, showing lower mortality with molnupiravir treatment.
Feb 21
Merck, Press Release (Preprint) Merck Provides Update on Phase 3 MOVe-AHEAD Trial Evaluating LAGEVRIO™ (molnupiravir) for Post-exposure Prophylaxis for Prevention of COVID-19
MOVe-AHEAD PEP RCT reporting no significant difference in cases. Limited information is available. There were 23.6% fewer cases with treatment, but the number of cases and confidence interval are not provided.
Feb 1
Service, R., Science, doi:10.1126/science.adg9677 (News) Could a popular COVID-19 antiviral supercharge the pandemic?
Coverage of [Fountain-Jones, Sanderson] which show evidence for molnupiravir creating new variants. The quote "Right now, it’s much ado about nothing" is from Emory University, where Molnupiravir was invented..
Jan 27
Sanderson et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.23284998 (Preprint) Identification of a molnupiravir-associated mutational signature in SARS-CoV-2 sequencing databases
Identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants likely to have been created by molnupiravir treatment. Authors find a class of long phylogenetic branches almost exclusively matching the time period, location, and age groups of widespread molnupirav..
Jan 25
Evans et al., Journal of Infection, doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2023.02.012 Real-world effectiveness of molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir-ritonavir, and sotrovimab on preventing hospital admission among higher-risk patients with COVID-19 in Wales: A retrospective cohort study
51% lower combined mortality/hospitalization [p=0.008]. Retrospective high risk outpatients in the UK, showing lower hospitalization/death with molnupiravir treatment. Residual confounding is likely with adjustments having no detail on specific comorbidities.
Jan 22
Zheng et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.01.20.23284849 (Preprint) Comparative effectiveness of Paxlovid versus sotrovimab and molnupiravir for preventing severe COVID-19 outcomes in non-hospitalised patients: observational cohort study using the OpenSAFELY platform
285% higher combined mortality/hospitalization [p=0.004]. OpenSAFELY retrospective 5,638 outpatients in the UK, showing significantly higher hospitalization/death for molnupiravir compared with paxlovid.
Jan 15
Inaba et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2451986/v1 (Preprint) Real-world data concerning the efficacy of molnupiravir in patients vaccinated against COVID-19 during the Omicron surge in Japan
127% higher combined mortality/hospitalization [p=0.22] and 127% higher hospitalization [p=0.22]. Retrospective 294 consecutive patients in Japan, showing higher risk of hospitalization/death with molnupiravir, without statistical significance.
Dec 22
Fountain-Jones et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.22283811 (Preprint) Antiviral treatments lead to the rapid accrual of hundreds of SARS-CoV-2 mutations in immunocompromised patients
Analysis of immunocompromised patients showing rapid creation of new variants with molnupiravir. All patients treated with molnupiravir accrued new mutations in the spike protein of the virus, including non-synonymous mutations that alter..
Dec 21
Santi Laurini et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm12010034 Safety Profile of Molnupiravir in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Descriptive Study Based on FAERS Data
Safety analysis of molnupiravir reporting an unexpectedly high rate of serious adverse reactions.
Dec 6
Bajema et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.22283134 (Preprint) Effectiveness of COVID-19 treatment with nirmatrelvir-ritonavir or molnupiravir among U.S. Veterans: target trial emulation studies with one-month and six-month outcomes
18% lower mortality [p=0.4], 1% lower ICU admission [p=1], and 30% higher hospitalization [p=0.04]. Retrospective 112,380 high-risk patients in the USA, showing significantly higher acute or long-term care admission at 180 days with molnupiravir treatment, and no significant difference for other outcomes. The title and headers of Table ..
Nov 16
Zheng et al., BMJ, doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-071932 Comparative effectiveness of sotrovimab and molnupiravir for prevention of severe covid-19 outcomes in patients in the community: observational cohort study with the OpenSAFELY platform
100% higher combined mortality/hospitalization [p=0.005]. Retrospective 3,331 sotrovimab and 2,689 molnupiravir patients in the UK, showing higher risk of combined hospitalization/death with molnupiravir.
Nov 14
Sinha et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.31508 Efficacy and Safety of Molnupiravir in Mild COVID-19 Patients in India
65% lower hospitalization [p=0.005], 53% greater improvement [p=0.01], and 48% improved viral clearance [p<0.0001]. RCT 1,218 outpatients in India, showing lower hospitalization, better clinical improvement, and improved viral clearance with molnupiravir.
Oct 30
Liu et al., Infectious Diseases and Therapy, doi:10.1007/s40121-022-00716-7 Disease Progression of Hospitalized Elderly Patients with Omicron BA.2 Treated with Molnupiravir
18% shorter hospitalization [p=0.14] and 21% faster viral clearance [p=0.1]. Retrospective 42 elderly patients in China showing faster viral clearance with molnupiravir.
Oct 8
Wong et al., The Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01586-0 Real-world effectiveness of molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir against mortality, hospitalisation, and in-hospital outcomes among community-dwelling, ambulatory patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection during the omicron wave in Hong Kong: an observational study
24% lower mortality [p=0.01], 60% lower ventilation [p=0.02], 26% lower ICU admission [p=0.24], and 2% lower hospitalization [p=0.58]. PSM retrospective 1,074,856 outpatients in Hong Kong, showing lower mortality with molnupiravir.
Oct 6
Butler et al., The Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02597-1 (date from earlier preprint) Molnupiravir plus usual care versus usual care alone as early treatment for adults with COVID-19 at increased risk of adverse outcomes (PANORAMIC): an open-label, platform-adaptive randomised controlled trial
6% higher combined mortality/hospitalization [p=0.69], 7% higher hospitalization [p=0.67], 2% lower transmission [p=0.88], and 22% improved recovery [p<0.0001]. 26,411 patient RCT in the UK, showing faster recovery but no significant difference in hospitalization/death or transmission. Improved recovery may be in part due to the open label design with self-reported symptomatic data. Viral load in..
Oct 6
Alteri et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2105569/v1 (Preprint) Genomic Evolution of Sars-Cov-2 in Molnupiravir-Treated Patients Compared to Paxlovid-Treated and Drug-Naïve Patients: A Proof-of-Concept Study
Mutation analysis showing over 5x greater within-host genetic diversity with molnupiravir compared to paxlovid or no treatment.
Oct 6
Brown et al., Open Forum Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac527 Demographics and outcomes of initial phase of COVID-19 Medicines Delivery Units across 4 UK centres during peak B1.1.529 omicron epidemic: a service evaluation
101% higher hospitalization [p=0.51]. Retrospective 442 patients in the UK treated with molnupiravir, and 222 eligible but declining treatment, showing no significant difference in hospitalization. No group details are provided and the results are subject to confounding by in..
Oct 5
Suzuki et al., Clinical and Experimental Medicine, doi:10.1007/s10238-022-00949-3 (date from earlier preprint) Real-world clinical outcomes of treatment with molnupiravir for patients with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 during the Omicron variant pandemic
53% lower progression [p=0.04]. Retrospective 1,921 patients in Japan, showing lower progression with molnupiravir use.
Oct 1
Miranda et al., Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, doi:10.1002/em.22510 (In Vitro) Evaluation of the mutagenic effects of Molnupiravir and N4-hydroxycytidine in bacterial and mammalian cells by HiFi sequencing
In Vitro genotoxocity study of molnupiravir showing dose dependent increased genome-wide mutation frequencies with mouse lymphoma L5178Y and human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells.
Sep 29
Arbel et al., New England Journal of Medicine, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2204919 (date from earlier preprint) (Preprint) Molnupiravir Use and Severe Covid-19 Outcomes During the Omicron Surge
74% lower mortality [p=0.008] and 45% lower hospitalization [p=0.01]. Retrospective 19,868 patients eligible for molnupiravir treatment in Israel with 1,069 treated, showing lower mortality and hospitalization with treatment for the subgroup of patients ≥65, and higher mortality for patients 40-64. Authors ..
Sep 20
Najjar-Debbiny et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciac781 Effectiveness of Molnupiravir in High Risk Patients: a Propensity Score Matched Analysis
19% lower mortality [p=0.48], 17% lower progression [p=0.34], and 25% lower severe cases [p=0.15]. PSM retrospective 2,661 molnupiravir patients in Israel, showing lower mortality and severe COVID-19, without statistical significance. Significant benefit was seen in some subgroups, and significant harm was seen in the <75 subgroup.
Sep 9
Kneidinger et al., Infection, doi:10.1007/s15010-022-01914-8 Outcome of lung transplant recipients infected with SARS-CoV-2/Omicron/B.1.1.529: a Nationwide German study
15% higher severe cases [p=0.71]. Retrospective 218 COVID+ lung transplant patients in Germany, showing no significant difference in severe cases with early molnupiravir use.
Aug 2
Lawrence et al., Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, doi:10.1093/jac/dkac440 (date from earlier preprint) (meta analysis) Evaluation of publication bias for 12 clinical trials of molnupiravir to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection in 13,694 patients with meta-analysis
Meta analysis of molnupiravir trials showing 12 registered RCTs in India with only one presented at a conference, and two issuing press releases suggesting failure. Authors find that ~90% of the global data on molnupiravir has not been pu..
Jul 29
Lieber et al., Nature Communications, doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32045-1 SARS-CoV-2 VOC type and biological sex affect molnupiravir efficacy in severe COVID-19 dwarf hamster model
Roborovski dwarf hamster and in vitro study finding molnupiravir efficacy varied significantly by SARS-CoV-2 variant in the hamster model, in contrast to no significant difference seen in cultured cells and human organoids. Efficacy for o..
Jul 24
Khoo et al., The Lancet Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00644-2 (date from earlier preprint) Molnupiravir versus placebo in unvaccinated and vaccinated patients with early SARS-CoV-2 infection in the UK (AGILE CST-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 2 trial
89% lower hospitalization [p=0.12], 12% worse recovery [p=0.74], and 23% improved viral clearance [p=0.07]. RCT 90 molnupiravir and 90 placebo patients, showing faster viral clearance with treatment, not reaching the pre-defined threshold for superiority and recommendation as a candidate for large scale evaluation.
Jul 6
Flisiak et al., Pharmacological Reports, doi:10.1007/s43440-022-00408-6 (date from earlier preprint) Real-world experience with molnupiravir during the period of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant dominance
39% lower mortality [p=0.03], 5% lower ventilation [p=1], and 1% longer hospitalization [p=0.97]. Retrospective 590 patients in Poland, 203 treated with mulnupiravir, showing lower mortality with treatment.
Jun 15
Zou et al., Frontiers in Pharmacology, doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.939573 Antiviral Efficacy and Safety of Molnupiravir Against Omicron Variant Infection: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
29% faster recovery [p=0.5] and 10% faster viral clearance [p=0.009]. RCT 116 mild/moderate COVID-19 patients in China, showing improved viral clearance with treatment.
May 24
Yip et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciac687 (date from earlier preprint) Impact of the use of oral antiviral agents on the risk of hospitalization in community COVID-19 patients
12% higher combined mortality/ICU admission [p=0.66] and 17% higher hospitalization [p=0.06]. Propensity score weighted retrospective of 93,883 outpatients in Hong Kong, 5,808 treated with molnupiravir and 4,921 treated with paxlovid, showing higher hospitalization and higher combined mortality/mechanical ventilation/ICU admission..
May 20
Wong et al., The Lancet Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00507-2 (date from earlier preprint) Real-world effectiveness of early molnupiravir or nirmatrelvir–ritonavir in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 without supplemental oxygen requirement on admission during Hong Kong's omicron BA.2 wave: a retrospective cohort study
52% lower mortality [p<0.0001], 58% lower ventilation [p=0.06], 40% lower progression [p<0.0001], and 6% shorter hospitalization [p=0.03]. PSM retrospective 40,776 patients in Hong Kong, showing lower mortality and lower combined mortality, ventilation, ICU, and oxygen therapy with molnupiravir treatment.
May 17
Rosenke et al., JCI Insight, doi:10.1172/jci.insight.160108 Molnupiravir inhibits SARS-CoV-2 variants including Omicron in the hamster model
Syrian hamster study showing efficacy of molnupiravir for multiple variants including omicron.
Apr 18
Hadj Hassine et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v14040841 (Review) Lethal Mutagenesis of RNA Viruses and Approved Drugs with Antiviral Mutagenic Activity
Review of lethal mutagenesis for RNA viruses, as used by molnupiravir, favipiravir, and ribavirin. Authors note the potential for permanently modifying the genomes of patients while causing teratogenicity or embryotoxicity, and the potent..
Apr 8
Lee, T. (News) PANORAMIC recruitment analysis
Analysis of the PANORAMIC trial recuitment suggesting that if the trial shows efficacy, the NNT will be >200.
Mar 11
Thorlund et al., The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, doi:10.4269/ajtmh.21-1339 (Review) Making Statistical Sense of the Molnupiravir MOVe-OUT Clinical Trial
Discussion of concerns with the MOVe-OUT trial, including the reversal of the treatment effect post-interim analysis.
Feb 24
Tippabhotla et al., SSRN Electronic Journal, doi:10.2139/ssrn.4042673 Efficacy and Safety of Molnupiravir for the Treatment of Non-Hospitalized Adults With Mild COVID-19: A Randomized, Open-Label, Parallel-Group Phase 3 Trial
46% lower hospitalization [p=0.26], 46% greater improvement [p<0.0001], and 59% improved viral clearance [p<0.0001]. RCT 1,220 patients in India, showing lower risk of hospitalization and improved recovery with treatment. CTRI/2021/07/034588.
Feb 3
Swanstrom et al., Science, doi:10.1126/science.abn0048 (Review) Lethal mutagenesis as an antiviral strategy
Review of the unknown long-term cancer, reproductive, and escape variant creation risks of molnupiravir. For more discussion see [twitter.com, twitter.com, twitter.com].
Jan 28
Waters et al., Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, doi:10.1002/em.22471 (Review) Human genetic risk of treatment with antiviral nucleoside analog drugs that induce lethal mutagenesis: the special case of molnupiravir
Review of antiviral nucleoside analog drugs that induce lethal mutagenesis, including molnupiravir and favipiravir, and the potential mutagenic risks to human DNA and human mitochondrial DNA. Author recommends monitoring for mutagenicity,..
Dec 16
2021
Arribas et al., NEJM Evidence, doi:10.1056/EVIDoa2100044 Randomized Trial of Molnupiravir or Placebo in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19
282% higher mortality [p=0.31], 1% improved recovery [p=0.96], and 12% improved viral clearance [p=0.57]. RCT 304 hospitalized patients, 218 treated with molnupiravir, showing no significant differences. MOVe-IN MK-4482-001. NCT04575584.
Dec 16
2021
Jayk Bernal et al., New England Journal of Medicine, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2116044 Molnupiravir for Oral Treatment of Covid-19 in Nonhospitalized Patients
89% lower mortality [p=0.01] and 30% lower combined mortality/hospitalization [p=0.05]. MOVe-OUT RCT, showing significantly lower risk of hospitalization or death. In subgroup analysis efficacy was much lower with the delta variant. NCT04575597. Discussion of concerns with this trial can be found at [defyccc.com, trialsitene..
Dec 3
2021
Anonymous, Authorea, doi:10.22541/au.163854323.34557301/v1 (Review) (Preprint) Treating a Pandemic Respiratory Disease with a Mutagen is a Doomsday Scenario
Review of molnupiravir's mutagenic mechanism of action, and analysis of the increased probability of creating dangerous variants.
Nov 6
2021
Goldstein, L., TrialSite News (Review) (News) Molnupiravir: mutagenic, carcinogenic, authorized in the UK
Discussion of concerns with molnupiravir and the MOVe-OUT trial. Author notes that results showing bone marrow toxicity in dogs were mentioned in this preprint [medrxiv.org], but removed from the journal version [journals.asm.org]. Some a..
Oct 9
2021
Reuters (News) Two Indian drugmakers to end trials of generic Merck pill for moderate COVID-19
no change in recovery [p=1]. Trial CTRI/2021/08/035424 for moderate condition patients has been reported as terminated for futility. Results are not available yet [trialsearch.who.int].
Oct 9
2021
Reuters (News) Two Indian drugmakers to end trials of generic Merck pill for moderate COVID-19
no change in recovery [p=1]. Trial CTRI/2021/05/033864 for moderate condition patients has been reported as terminated for futility. Results are not available yet [trialsearch.who.int].
Sep 13
2021
Malone et al., Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, doi:10.1038/s41594-021-00657-8 (Review) Molnupiravir: coding for catastrophe
Review of recent studies on molnupiravir's mechanism of lethal mutagenesis. Authors note that potential off-target effects require further investigation, because molnupiravir may be mutagenic to host DNA during host DNA replication.
Aug 27
2021
Khoo et al., Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, doi:10.1093/jac/dkab318 Optimal dose and safety of molnupiravir in patients with early SARS-CoV-2: a Phase I, open-label, dose-escalating, randomized controlled study
33% worse recovery [p=0.63]. Dose and safety study of molnupiravir with 18 participants, finding no serious adverse events in short-term followup. There was no significant difference in clinical outcomes. NCT04746183.
Jul 21
2021
Optimus Press Release (News) Optimus announces Interim Clinical Results from Phase III Clinical Trials of Molnupiravir conducted in India
58% improved viral clearance [p<0.0001]. Interim report on CTRI/2021/06/033992, showing faster viral clearance. Event counts are approximate, the press release only provides percentages.
Jul 9
2021
Hetero Press Release Hetero Announces Interim Clinical Results from Phase III Clinical Trials of Molnupiravir conducted in India
70% lower hospitalization [p=0.003] and 33% faster recovery [p=0.0001]. Interim results for CTRI/2021/05/033739, showing lower mortality and faster recovery.
Jul 9
2021
Abdelnabi et al., The Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab361 Molnupiravir Inhibits Replication of the Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in a Hamster Infection Model
Hamster study showing molnupiravir effective against the original, B.1.1.7, and B.1.351 variants.
Jun 18
2021
Fischer et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.21258639 (Preprint) Molnupiravir, an Oral Antiviral Treatment for COVID-19
77% lower mortality [p=0.31] and 49% improved viral clearance [p=0.12]. RCT 202 outpatients in the USA showing significantly faster viral clearance, but no significant differences in symptom duration or severity. NCT04405570.
May 7
2021
Zhou et al., The Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab247 (In Vitro) β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Through Lethal Mutagenesis But Is Also Mutagenic To Mammalian Cells
In Vitro study showing that NHC (initial metabolite of molnupiravir) has high antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, but also shows host mutational activity in an animal cell culture assay. Authors note the concern that mutations in host ..
Apr 15
2021
Merck, News Release (Preprint) Merck and Ridgeback Biotherapeutics Provide Update on Progress of Clinical Development Program for Molnupiravir, an Investigational Oral Therapeutic for the Treatment of Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19
News release reporting that the trial of molnupiravir with hospitalized patients (NCT04575584) has been discontinued because data indicates it is unlikely to demonstrate a clinical benefit in hospitalized patients. Results are not availab..
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. Vaccines and treatments are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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