May 4 |
Metformin reduces COVID-19 risk: real-time meta analysis of 105 studies | |
| Significantly lower risk is seen for mortality, ventilation, ICU admission, hospitalization, progression, and recovery. 69 studies from 63 independent teams in 22 countries show significant benefit. Meta analysis using the most serious ou.. | ||
Apr 11 |
et al., Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, doi:10.1017/cts.2024.1162 | Is PHASTR faster? A target trial emulation case study in the N3C |
| 53% lower PASC (p=0.02). N3C target trial emulation study with 9,660 adult COVID-19 patients, showing metformin associated with lower risk of long COVID or death. | ||
Apr 8 |
et al., Clinical and Translational Medicine, doi:10.1002/ctm2.70275 | Severe SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in diabetes was rescued in mice supplemented with metformin and/or αKG, and patients taking metformin, via HIF1α‐IFN axis |
| In Vitro and mouse study showing that metformin and/or alpha-ketoglutarate (αKG) supplementation reduces SARS-CoV-2 infection severity in diabetic mice by modulating the HIF1α–interferon axis. Diabetic mice exhibited elevated viral loads,.. | ||
Mar 4 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2025.02.28.25323075 | Identifying DNA Methylation Patterns in Post COVID-19 Condition: Insights from a One-Year Prospective Cohort Study |
| Prospective cohort study with 22 Post COVID-19 condition (PCC+) patients and 22 matched COVID-19 convalescents (PCC-), showing distinct DNA methylation patterns diminishing over time. The study identified TXNRD1 methylation changes associ.. | ||
Feb 21 |
et al., Journal of Translational Autoimmunity, doi:10.1016/j.jtauto.2025.100280 | NETosis: A key player in autoimmunity, COVID-19, and long COVID |
| Review of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and their role in autoimmunity, COVID-19, and long COVID. Authors explain that NETosis is a process where neutrophils release web-like structures (NETs) containing DNA, proteases, and enzyme.. | ||
Feb 4 |
et al., BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2024-004536 | Association of glycemic control with Long COVID in patients with type 2 diabetes: findings from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) |
| 18% lower PASC (p=0.001). Retrospective 7,430 COVID-positive patients with type 2 diabetes showing lower risk of long COVID or death with metformin use, and higher risk with insulin use. | ||
Jan 31 |
et al., Biophysica, doi:10.3390/biophysica5010004 | Investigation of Interactions Between the Protein MPro and the Vanadium Complex VO(metf)2∙H2O: A Computational Approach for COVID-19 Treatment |
| In Silico study showing that the vanadium complex VO(metf)2∙H2O (VC) and metformin (MF) may be beneficial for COVID-19 treatment by interacting with the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2. Using docking simulations, authors found that VC .. | ||
Jan 29 |
et al., Open Forum Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofae631.016 | Metformin reduces the risk of Long COVID or Death over 6 months in an Emulated Target Trial of Primarily Omicron-infected Adults without Diabetes or Prediabetes: a New-User, Active-Comparator Analysis Using the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) Electronic Health Record Database. This research was supported in part by the Intramural/Extramural research program of the National Center for Advancing Translational Science, NIH |
| Emulated target trial of Omicron-infected outpatients without diabetes or prediabetes, showing significantly lower long COVID or death with metformin treatment. | ||
Jan 14 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2025.01.13.25320485 | Metformin on Time to Sustained Recovery in Adults with COVID-19: The ACTIV-6 Randomized Clinical Trial |
| 24% higher progression (p=0.28) and 4% worse recovery (p=0.28). RCT 2,991 outpatient adults with mild to moderate COVID-19 showing no significant difference in time to sustained recovery with metformin compared to placebo. Median days to symptom resolution was 9 days vs. 10 days for placebo, without s.. | ||
Jan 11 |
et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.77288 | Does the Consumption of Metformin Correlate With a Reduction in Mortality Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and COVID-19 in Morocco? |
| 54% lower mortality (p=0.04). Retrospective 115 hospitalized type 2 diabetes patients in Morocco showing significantly lower mortality with metformin use. | ||
Jan 6 |
et al., Frontiers in Endocrinology, doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1482853 | Antidiabetic agent use and clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes hospitalized for COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
| 59% lower mortality (p=0.002). Systematic review and meta-analysis of 35 studies showing lower mortality with metformin and DPP-4 inhibitor treatment for COVID-19 patients with diabetes. | ||
Dec 18 2024 |
et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v16121938 | Metformin in Antiviral Therapy: Evidence and Perspectives |
| Review of metformin as a promising broad-spectrum antiviral agent, focusing on its potential for treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. Authors highlight metformin's ability to activate AMPK and inhibit mTOR signaling, which can help reduce hyper.. | ||
Dec 11 2024 |
et al., Frontiers in Endocrinology, doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1459171 | Unveiling risk factors for post-COVID-19 syndrome development in people with type 2 diabetes |
| 5% higher PASC (p=0.64). Retrospective 469 patients with type 2 diabetes in Ukraine showing no significant difference in post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) with metformin. There was higher risk with Insulin analogs, but lower risk with human insulin. | ||
Nov 30 2024 |
et al., IJC Heart & Vasculature, doi:10.1016/j.ijcha.2024.101574 | Clinical characteristics and risk factors for in-hospital mortality of COVID-19 patients in Hubei Province: A multicenter retrospective study |
| 74% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective 53,030 COVID-19 patients from 138 hospitals in Hubei, China showing lower mortality with metformin. | ||
Nov 29 2024 |
et al., Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, doi:10.1177/14791641241288390 | Impact of blood glucose control on clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection |
| 70% lower mortality (p=0.01). Retrospective 857 hospitalized type 2 diabetes patients showing lower mortality with pre-admission metformin use. Authors report no significant difference in mortality with in-hospital metformin use, but do not report the actual result. | ||
Nov 9 2024 |
et al., Annals of Medicine, doi:10.1080/07853890.2024.2425829 | Metformin use and its association with various outcomes in COVID-19 patients with diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary care facility |
| 89% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective 421 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes in India, showing significantly lower mortality with metformin use compared to other antidiabetic medications. | ||
Sep 27 2024 |
et al., Discover Public Health, doi:10.1186/s12982-024-00225-7 | Insights from a multicenter nationwide cohort analysis in Japan on the association of underlying conditions and pharmacological interventions with COVID-19 disease severity |
| 23% lower severe cases (p<0.0001). Retrospective 650,317 COVID-19 patients in Japan showing lower risk of severe COVID-19 with metformin use. | ||
Sep 19 2024 |
et al., Journal of General Internal Medicine, doi:10.1007/s11606-024-08864-x | Preadmission Metformin Use Is Associated with Reduced Mortality in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Hospitalized with COVID-19 |
| 18% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective 11,993 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with diabetes mellitus but without chronic kidney disease or need for hemodialysis, showing lower mortality with metformin use. | ||
Sep 17 2024 |
et al., Diabetes Care, doi:10.2337/DCa24-0032 | Prevalent Metformin Use in Adults With Diabetes and the Incidence of Long COVID: An EHR-Based Cohort Study From the RECOVER Program |
| N3C/PCORnet retrospective adults with type 2 diabetes in the USA showing lower incidence of mortality or long COVID with metformin use. | ||
Jul 21 2024 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2024.07.20.24310736 | Biguanides Associate with Decreased Early Mortality and Risk of Acute Kidney Injury In Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: a nationwide retrospective cohort study in Japan |
| 40% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective 168,370 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with diabetes in Japan showing lower mortality and reduced risk of acute kidney injury with biguanide (likely primarily or only metformin) use. Authors hypothesize that metformin's acti.. | ||
Jun 30 2024 |
et al., The Review of Diabetic Studies, doi:10.1900/RDS.2024.20.12 | The Proportion and Associated Factors for Mortality among COVID-19 Infection with Diabetes in Iraq |
| 64% lower mortality (p=0.05). Retrospective 545 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with diabetes showing high mortality (33%). Metformin, SGLT inhibitors, and DPP4 inhibitors were associated with lower mortality compared with insulin. | ||
Jun 8 2024 |
et al., Translational Medicine of Aging, doi:10.1016/j.tma.2024.04.001 | Metformin alleviates inflammatory response and severity rate of COVID-19 infection in elderly individuals |
| 81% lower ICU admission (p=0.008), 39% lower progression (p=0.009), and 17% shorter hospitalization (p=0.001). Retrospective 413 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes in China showing lower ICU admission, lower pneumonia incidence, and shorter hospital stay with metformin use. | ||
May 31 2024 |
et al., Biomedicines, doi:10.3390/biomedicines12061223 | SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein 1 Causes Aggregation of α-Synuclein via Microglia-Induced Inflammation and Production of Mitochondrial ROS: Potential Therapeutic Applications of Metformin |
| In Vitro and rat study showing that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 subunit causes aggregation of α-synuclein and microglial activation, which may contribute to the neurological symptoms seen in long COVID. In rats, intranasal administrat.. | ||
May 31 2024 |
et al., Clinical Epidemiology, doi:10.2147/CLEP.S458901 | Risk of Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC) Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Anti-Hyperglycemic Medications |
| 19% lower PASC (p=0.29). Retrospective 7,047 outpatients with type 2 diabetes showing a lower risk of PASC (long COVID) with metformin compared to sulfonylurea or DPP-4 inhibitor use, without statistical significance. | ||
May 30 2024 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-63081-0 | Metformin is a potential therapeutic for COVID-19/LUAD by regulating glucose metabolism |
| In Silico and In Vitro study showing metformin as a potential therapeutic for COVID-19/LUAD by regulating glucose metabolism. Authors identified PTEN and mTOR as potential core target genes of metformin for treating COVID-19/LUAD. Bioinfo.. | ||
May 17 2024 |
et al., Molecular Biomedicine, doi:10.1186/s43556-024-00183-1 | Effects of different treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus on mortality of coronavirus disease from 2019 to 2021 in China: a multi-institutional retrospective study |
| 52% lower mortality (p=0.01), 54% lower ventilation (p=0.007), and 72% lower ARDS (p=0.04). Retrospective 4,922 COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes in China, showing lower mortality with metformin and alpha-glucosidase inhibitor treatment and higher mortality with insulin treatment. | ||
May 10 2024 |
et al., International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms25105190 | Anti-Inflammatory Potential of the Anti-Diabetic Drug Metformin in the Prevention of Inflammatory Complications and Infectious Diseases Including COVID-19: A Narrative Review |
| Review of the potential of metformin for preventing inflammatory complications and infectious diseases including COVID-19. Authors discuss evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggesting metformin may help prevent symptoms of CO.. | ||
Apr 29 2024 |
et al., Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science, doi:10.1007/s43441-024-00633-6 | The Effect of Antihyperglycemic Medications on COVID-19: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review from Observational Studies |
| 34% lower mortality (p<0.0001), 35% lower severe cases (p=0.002), and 23% lower hospitalization (p=0.02). Meta analysis of 56 studies showing lower mortality and hospitalization with metformin, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and SGLT-2 inhibitors in COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes, while insulin was associated with increased risks. | ||
Apr 16 2024 |
et al., ScienceOpen, doi:10.58647/DRUGARXIV.PR000010.v1 | Network-based multi-omics-disease-drug associations reveal drug repurposing candidates for COVID-19 disease phases |
| In Silico study identifying potential drugs beneficial for COVID-19 by integrating transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, and drug data. Authors explore interactions between drugs, molecular features, and disease severity... | ||
Apr 5 2024 |
, T., BioMetals, doi:10.1007/s10534-024-00590-5 | Coordination chemistry suggests that independently observed benefits of metformin and Zn2+ against COVID-19 are not independent |
| In Silico analysis suggesting potential benefits of metformin and zinc for COVID-19. Author proposes that metformin can form a complex with zinc ions, increasing zinc bioavailability, and that the metformin-zinc complex may slow viral mul.. | ||
Mar 30 2024 |
et al., Global Epidemiology, doi:10.1016/j.gloepi.2024.100142 | Estimating the effect of realistic improvements of metformin adherence on COVID-19 mortality using targeted machine learning |
| Retrospective 61,180 COVID-19 positive patients with chronic metformin prescriptions showing lower COVID-19 mortality with improved metformin adherence, as measured by proportion of days covered. | ||
Mar 27 2024 |
et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0301056 | Association of anti-diabetic drugs and covid-19 outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and chronic kidney disease: Nationwide registry analysis |
| 23% lower hospitalization (p=0.004) and 12% fewer cases (p=0.04). Retrospective 7,539 patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and chronic kidney disease in Croatia showing lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection with SGLT-2 inhibitors, metformin, and repaglinide use, and lower risk of COVID-19 hospitalization.. | ||
Mar 24 2024 |
et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm13071874 | Is Metformin Use Associated with a More Favorable COVID-19 Course in People with Diabetes? |
| 29% lower mortality (p=0.5). Retrospective 524 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with diabetes in Italy, showing lower risk of mortality with metformin use, without statistical significance. The results adjusted only for COVID-19 MRS differ between the text and Figure 2. | ||
Mar 7 2024 |
et al., Biomedicines, doi:10.3390/biomedicines12030605 | Insulin and Metformin Administration: Unravelling the Multifaceted Association with Mortality across Various Clinical Settings Considering Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19 |
| 23% lower mortality (p=0.15). Retrospective 430 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes in Poland showing lower mortality with metformin and higher mortality with remdesivir, convalescent plasma, and aspirin in univariable analysis. These results were not.. | ||
Feb 13 2024 |
et al., Microorganisms, doi:10.3390/microorganisms12020383 | A Dual Pharmacological Strategy against COVID-19: The Therapeutic Potential of Metformin and Atorvastatin |
| Review of the therapeutic potential of metformin and atorvastatin against COVID-19. Authors discuss the immunomodulatory and antiviral capabilities of these commonly prescribed diabetes and cholesterol medications. They note metformin's a.. | ||
Feb 11 2024 |
et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v16020281 | Metformin Alters mRNA Expression of FOXP3, RORC, and TBX21 and Modulates Gut Microbiota in COVID-19 Patients with Type 2 Diabetes |
| Retrospective 30 COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes showing improved T lymphocyte gene expression, gut microbiota diversity, and lower inflammatory markers with metformin treatment. Metformin-treated patients had a 1.96-fold increase .. | ||
Jan 30 2024 |
et al., Endocrine and Metabolic Science, doi:10.1016/j.endmts.2024.100163 | Exploring autophagy in treating SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-related pathology |
| Review of autophagy pathways for treating SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-related pathology. Authors note that the spike protein is implicated in long COVID and post-vaccination syndrome through mechanisms like inflammation, vascular damage, and.. | ||
Jan 29 2024 |
et al., Endocrinology and Metabolism, doi:10.3803/EnM.2024.1857 | Impact of Antidiabetic Drugs on Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19: A Nationwide Population-Based Study |
| 60% lower mortality (p=0.02), 72% lower ventilation (p=0.008), 39% lower ICU admission (p=0.12), and 30% lower need for oxygen therapy (p=0.23). Retrospective 556 diabetic patients in South Korea with COVID-19 showing lower risk of mechanical ventilation and death with metformin, lower risks of oxygen treatment and death with DPP-4 inhibitors, and increased risk of mechanical vent.. | ||
Jan 17 2024 |
et al., Cell Stem Cell, doi:10.1016/j.stem.2023.12.012 | SARS-CoV-2 infection causes dopaminergic neuron senescence |
| In vitro study suggesting that metformin may protect against SARS-CoV-2-induced neurological disorders. Authors show that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces senescence and inflammation in human pluripotent stem cell-derived midbrain dopamine ne.. | ||
Jan 14 2024 |
et al., Pathogens, doi:10.3390/pathogens13010075 | SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a Protein as a Therapeutic Target against COVID-19 and Long-Term Post-Infection Effects |
| Review of the ORF3a protein of SARS-CoV-2 as a therapeutic target for COVID-19 due to its role in viral pathogenesis, triggering cytokine storms, tissue damage, and disease severity. Existing drugs doxycycline, metformin, and ibrutinib ar.. | ||
Dec 18 2023 |
et al., Frontiers in Public Health, doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1280434 | Drug prescription patterns and their association with mortality and hospitalization duration in COVID-19 patients: insights from big data |
| 44% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective study of 917,198 hospitalized COVID-19 cases covered by the Iran Health Insurance Organization over 26 months showing that antithrombotics, corticosteroids, and antivirals reduced mortality while diuretics, antibiotics, and.. | ||
Dec 1 2023 |
et al., European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, doi:10.26355/eurrev_202312_34583 | The potential therapeutic effect of metformin in type 2 diabetic patients with severe COVID-19 |
| 78% lower mortality (p=0.01) and 41% improved recovery (p=0.0002). Prospective study of 60 hospitalized type 2 diabetes patients with COVID-19 on metformin monotherapy compared to 40 patients on other diabetes treatments, showing significantly lower inflammatory biomarkers, oxidative stress, and mortalit.. | ||
Nov 30 2023 |
et al., Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, doi:10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00831 | The effect of Chronic treatments of Type 2-diabetes mellitus on COVID-19 Morbidity and Symptoms Severity |
| 50% lower mortality (p=0.01). Retrospective 109 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Syria, 68 with diabetes, showing significantly lower mortality with metformin vs. sulfonylureas, and significantly higher mortality with discontinuation of metformin. | ||
Nov 17 2023 |
et al., Redox Biology, doi:10.1016/j.redox.2023.102957 | Enhanced fatty acid oxidation through metformin and baicalin as therapy for COVID-19 and associated inflammatory states in lung and kidney |
| 37% lower ICU admission (p=0.24). Mouse models showing reduced lung and kidney injury with metformin. Metformin minimized lung damage and fibrosis in a mouse model of LPS-induced ARDS, and reduced UUO and FAN-induced kidney fibrosis. In Vitro study showing that metformin .. | ||
Nov 13 2023 |
et al., Inflammopharmacology, doi:10.1007/s10787-023-01383-x | Pharmacological evaluation of vitamin D in COVID-19 and long COVID-19: recent studies confirm clinical validation and highlight metformin to improve VDR sensitivity and efficacy |
| Review of 58 studies with 14,071,273 patients showing a beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation in COVID-19 and long COVID. 49 studies (86%) with 14,029,411 patients (99.7%) found vitamin D effective, including 12 meta-analyses. Ob.. | ||
Nov 7 2023 |
et al., Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, doi:10.1017/cts.2023.668 | Strategies used for the COVID-OUT decentralized trial of outpatient treatment of SARS-CoV-2 |
| Report on the operation of the COVID-OUT trial noting several issues affecting the reliability of the results: - Use of home pulse oximeters for measuring oxygen saturation: authors note that the FDA warned about inaccuracies with home pu.. | ||
Oct 19 2023 |
et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.47354 | Development of a Scoring Method Based on a Chest CT Scan to Determine the Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients |
| 10% lower severe cases (p=0.53). Retrospective 406 COVID-19 patients in Iran, showing lower risk of severe cases with metformin use in unadjusted results, without statistical significance. | ||
Oct 10 2023 |
et al., Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, doi:10.3389/fmolb.2023.1260633 | Unveiling the potential pleiotropic effects of metformin in treating COVID-19: a comprehensive review |
| Review of the potential pleiotropic effects of metformin in treating COVID-19. Authors explore the potential of metformin, a medication commonly used for type 2 diabetes, as an antiviral and anti-inflammatory agent in COVID-19. Metformin .. | ||
Sep 28 2023 |
et al., Frontiers in Pharmacology, doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1215307 | Effects of metformin on acute respiratory distress syndrome in preclinical studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
| Systematic review and meta-analysis of 15 non-COVID-19 preclinical studies of metformin for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or acute lung injury (ALI), showing that metformin inhibits pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress.. | ||
Sep 28 2023 |
et al., Heliyon, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20284 | Metformin reduces the risk of developing influenza A virus related cardiovascular disease |
| Retrospective clinical study, in vitro study, and mouse study of metformin for influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Authors performed a retrospective analysis of 654 diabetic patients, finding that metformin treatment was associated with a .. | ||
Sep 20 2023 |
et al., Journal of International Medical Research, doi:10.1177/03000605231198413 | Prevalence and risk factors of COVID-19 infection, mortality, and post-infection lung fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study |
| 3% more cases (p=0.87). Retrospective 1,039 diabetes patients in Jordan, showing no significant difference in COVID-19 cases with metformin use in unadjusted results. Severity outcomes are not provided for metformin. | ||
Sep 10 2023 |
et al., Folia Medica Indonesiana, doi:10.20473/fmi.v59i3.46944 | Metformin Effectiveness in Reducing Mortality among Covid-19 Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at a Tertiary Hospital in Indonesia |
| 49% lower mortality (p=0.02). Retrospective 137 hospitalized mild to moderate COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes in Indonesia, showing a significantly lower mortality with metformin treatment. | ||
Aug 30 2023 |
et al., Acta Biomedica Atenei Parmensis, doi:10.23750/abm.v94iS3.14405 | Metformin and Covid-19: a systematic review of systematic reviews with meta-analysis |
| 31% lower mortality (p<0.0001) and 20% lower severe cases (p=0.03). Systematic review and meta analysis of 36 studies showing significantly lower COVID-19 mortality and severity with metformin use. | ||
Aug 24 2023 |
et al., Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity, doi:10.2147/DMSO.S417925 | Effects of Metformin on COVID-19 Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Study |
| 62% lower combined mortality/intubation (p=0.03) and 81% lower progression (p=0.003). Retrospective 571 type 2 diabetes patients with COVID-19 in China, showing lower combined mortality/mechanical ventilation with metformin. | ||
Aug 18 2023 |
et al., Biomedicines, doi:10.3390/biomedicines11082292 | The Impact of GLP-1 RAs and DPP-4is on Hospitalisation and Mortality in the COVID-19 Era: A Two-Year Observational Study |
| 22% lower hospitalization (p=0.11). Retrospective 76,764 diabetes patients in Italy, showing that patients on metformin had lower rates of COVID-19 hospitalization compared to those on insulin/insulin secretagogues, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and DPP-4 inhibitors. Metformin v.. | ||
Aug 12 2023 |
et al., Frontiers in Endocrinology, doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1237832 | Clinical characteristics and acute complication of COVID-19 patients with diabetes: a multicenter, retrospective study in Southern China |
| Retrospective 298 hospitalized type 2 diabetes patients in China showing metformin use associated with not having COVID-19, however the analysis considers treatment during hospitalization, and authors note that in this population metformi.. | ||
Aug 1 2023 |
, K., 內科學誌, doi:10.6314/JIMT.202308_34(4).04 | Metformin and Coronavirus Disease 2019: A New Deal for an Old Drug |
| Review of metformin for COVID-19, particularly in patients with preexisting type 2 diabetes. Author summarizes the evidence that metformin has broad anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiviral, and endothelial protective effects, in ad.. | ||
Jul 13 2023 |
et al., Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, doi:10.3892/etm.2023.12114 | Anti‑inflammatory effect of metformin against an experimental model of LPS‑induced cytokine storm |
| Mouse study showing that metformin attenuated LPS-induced increases in inflammatory cytokines, demonstrating an anti-inflammatory effect that may be useful against cytokine storm. 60 female mice were pretreated with oral or intraperitonea.. | ||
Jun 24 2023 |
et al., Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2023.06.016 | Association of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors with best COVID-19 outcomes in a diabetic population of the Veneto Region (north-east Italy): a lesson for endemic phase? |
| 53% lower combined mortality/ICU admission (p=0.08) and 45% lower hospitalization (p=0.0002). Retrospective diabetic COVID-19 patients in Italy, showing lower risk of hospitalization with metformin use. | ||
Jun 8 2023 |
et al., Endocrine Practice, doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2023.06.001 | Association of metformin, dipeptidyl dipeptidase-4 inhibitors, and insulin with COVID-19-related hospital outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes |
| 1% higher mortality (p=0.98), 4% higher ventilation (p=0.87), and 8% lower ICU admission (p=0.72). Retrospective 529 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes, showing no significant difference in outcomes with metformin use. This does not account for the different risk of being hospitalized based on metformin use. Authors no.. | ||
Jun 6 2023 |
et al., Obesity and metabolism, doi:10.14341/omet12801 | Factors influencing the severity of COVID-19 course for patients with diabetes mellitus in tashkent: a retrospective cohort study |
| 15% lower hospitalization (p=0.56). Retrospective 763 COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes in Uzbekistan, showing lower hospitalization with metformin use in unadjusted results, without statistical significance. | ||
May 27 2023 |
et al., Microorganisms, doi:10.3390/microorganisms11061416 | COVID-19 Outcomes and Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study |
| 37% lower mortality (p=0.12), 39% higher ICU admission (p=0.26), and 3% higher ARDS (p=0.92). Prospective multicenter study of 354 hospitalized type 2 diabetes patients with COVID-19 in Greece showing increased risk with DPP4 inhibitor use as part of chronic diabetes treatment. There was no significant difference with metformin us.. | ||
May 19 2023 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.05.19.23290214 | Effects of antidiabetic drugs on mortality risks in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study of UK Biobank participants |
| 60% lower mortality (p<0.0001). UK Biobank retrospective including 43,610 type 2 diabetes patients, showing lower mortality with metformin use within matched type 2 diabetes patients. | ||
May 19 2023 |
et al., Diabetologia, doi:10.1007/s00125-023-05928-1 | Risk phenotypes of diabetes and association with COVID-19 severity and death: an update of a living systematic review and meta-analysis |
| 31% lower mortality (p<0.0001) and 22% lower severe cases (p<0.0001). Systematic review and meta analysis showing significantly lower COVID-19 mortality and severity with metformin use. Authors analyze 169 studies of diabetes patients, with 23 reporting mortality results and 34 reporting severity results fo.. | ||
May 15 2023 |
et al., Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114892 | The F/B ratio as a biomarker for inflammation in COVID-19 and T2D: Impact of metformin |
| Analysis of 115 pateints in Ukraine, providing evidence that the gut microbiome may play a role in the inflammatory response of COVID-19 patients, that the firmicutes/bacteroidetes ratio may be a potential biomarker for inflammation, and .. | ||
May 6 2023 |
et al., Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110692 | Metformin use before COVID-19 vaccination and the risks of COVID-19 incidence, medical utilization, and all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus |
| 25% lower mortality (p=0.001), 25% lower ventilation (p=0.01), 19% lower ICU admission (p=0.005), and 15% lower hospitalization (p<0.0001). TriNetX retrospective 123,709 vaccinated patients with type 2 diabetes, showing significantly lower risk of COVID-19 mortality, mechanical ventilation, and hospitalization with metformin use. There was no significant difference for cases... | ||
Apr 28 2023 |
et al., Preprints, doi:10.20944/preprints202304.1127.v1 | Metformin Therapy Changes Gut Microbiota Alpha-Diversity in COVID-19 Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: The Role of SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Antibiotic Treatment |
| Retrospective 120 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing lower alpha diversity of gut microbiota associated with antibiotic use, type 2 diabetes, longer hospital stays, higher CRP levels, and higher NLR. Metformin therapy was associated w.. | ||
Mar 31 2023 |
et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282961 | Outpatient medications associated with protection from COVID-19 hospitalization |
| 3% lower hospitalization (p=0.004). Retrospective 3,974,272 COVID-19 patients in the USA, showing 3% lower risk of hospitalization with pre-existing metformin use. | ||
Feb 23 2023 |
et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282210 | Is metformin use associated with low mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus hospitalized for COVID-19? a multivariable and propensity score-adjusted meta-analysis |
| Meta analysis of 22 metformin studies, showing significantly lower mortality with metformin use prior to hospitalization. | ||
Jan 31 2023 |
et al., Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India), doi:10.1055/s-0042-1760353 | Association of Metformin with Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| 37% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Systematic review and meta analysis showing significantly lower mortality with metformin. | ||
Jan 23 2023 |
et al., Journal of Diabetes, doi:10.1111/1753-0407.13359 | Noninsulin‐based antihyperglycemic medications in patients with diabetes and COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis |
| 40% lower mortality (p<0.0001) and 4% improvement (p=0.86). Meta analysis of 26 studies showing lower mortality with metformin and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), higher hospitalization and ICU admission with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i), and lower hospitalizatio.. | ||
Jan 20 2023 |
et al., Medicine, doi:10.1097/md.0000000000032650 | Blood glucose control with different treatment regimens in type 2 diabetes patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection: A retrospective study |
| 45% lower mortality (p=0.0001) and 7% shorter hospitalization (p=0.5). Retrospective 359 COVID-19 patients with diabetes in Israel, showing lower mortality in the other treatments group compared to the insulin group, with 80% of the other treatments group receiving metformin. Groups refer to use during hospi.. | ||
Jan 6 2023 |
et al., Microorganisms, doi:10.3390/microorganisms11010145 | Diabetes and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: The Potential Role of Antidiabetic Therapy in the Evolution of COVID-19 |
| 15% lower severe cases (p=0.05). Retrospective 43 diabetes patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in Italy, showing lower risk of severe cases with metformin vs. insulin. | ||
Dec 31 2022 |
et al., Current Research in Medical Sciences, doi:10.22088/crms.6.2.32 | Comparison of clinical and laboratory parameters of COVID-19 in diabetic patients using different glucose-lowering drugs: a retrospective study |
| Retrospective 157 diabetic patients in Iran reporting shorter hospitalization with metformin, however numbers in this paper are inconsistent. The counts and percentages for death in Table 1 are not possible - 11 (13.92%) for metformin cou.. | ||
Dec 24 2022 |
et al., The Lancet Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00299-2 | Outpatient treatment of COVID-19 and incidence of post-COVID-19 condition over 10 months (COVID-OUT): a multicentre, randomised, quadruple-blind, parallel-group, phase 3 trial |
| 41% lower PASC (p=0.01). Long-term 10 month followup for NCT04510194, showing significantly lower incidence of PASC with metformin treatment. Adjusted results are provided for metformin but not for ivermectin or fluvoxamine. For many issues with this trial, see [.. | ||
Dec 7 2022 |
et al., Annals of Endocrinology, doi:10.1016/j.ando.2023.08.002 | Mortality-related risk factors of inpatients with diabetes and COVID-19: a multicenter retrospective study in Belgium |
| 49% lower mortality (p=0.002). Retrospective 375 hospitalized diabetes patients in Belgium, showing lower risk of COVID-19 mortality with metformin use. | ||
Nov 9 2022 |
et al., Frontiers in Endocrinology, doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1002834 | Metformin use and mortality and length of stay among hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes and COVID-19: A multiracial, multiethnic, urban observational study |
| 1% lower mortality (p=0.91) and 5% shorter hospitalization (p=0.23). Retrospective 4,462 COVID+ diabetes patients in the USA, showing no significant difference in outcomes with metformin use. | ||
Nov 9 2022 |
et al., Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, doi:10.55729/2000-9666.1127 | Evaluation of Glycemic Control and Predictors of Severe Illness and Death in Patients With Diabetes Hospitalized With COVID-19 |
| 33% lower severe cases (p=0.03). Retrospective 733 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with diabetes in the USA, showing lower risk of severity with metformin use. | ||
Oct 31 2022 |
et al., Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, doi:10.2147/DMSO.S385646 | Infection Rates and Impact of Glucose Lowering Medications on the Clinical Course of COVID-19 in People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Observational Study |
| 38% lower mortality (p=0.02) and 15% lower hospitalization (p=0.25). Retrospective 54,009 diabetes patients in Italy, showing lower mortality with metformin use. | ||
Oct 29 2022 |
et al., Annals of Pharmacotherapy, doi:10.1177/10600280221133577 | Effect of Antidiabetic Therapy on Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| 34% lower mortality (p<0.0001), 65% lower ventilation (p=0.57), and 1% lower ICU admission (p=0.92). Meta analysis of 54 studies (34 for metformin) with a total of over 314,000 patients showing lower mortality with metformin, SGLT-2 inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists in COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes. Metformin, SGLT-2i, and.. | ||
Oct 10 2022 |
et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0275787 | COVID-19 outcomes in patients taking cardioprotective medications |
| 41% lower mortality (p=0.003), 16% higher ventilation (p=0.49), 3% lower ICU admission (p=0.85), and 4% higher hospitalization (p=0.72). Retrospective 13,585 COVID+ patients in the USA, showing lower mortality with metformin use, but no significant difference for ventilation, ICU admission, and hospitalization. | ||
Oct 4 2022 |
et al., Primary Care Diabetes, doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2022.10.001 | Antidiabetic treatment and COVID-19 Outcomes: A population-based cohort study in primary health care in Catalonia during the first wave of the pandemic |
| 10% lower mortality (p=0.19) and 8% lower combined mortality/hospitalization (p=0.12). Retrospective 31,006 diabetic COVID-19 patients in Spain, showing lower mortality with metformin treatment, without statistical significance. Authors provide results for metformin compared with untreated patients rather than all non-metfo.. | ||
Oct 1 2022 |
et al., Medical Archives, doi:10.5455/medarh.2022.76.329-332 | Effects of Metformin, Insulin on Hematological Parameters of COVID-19 Patients with Type 2 Diabetes |
| Analysis of hematologic parameters in COVID-19 patients with diabetes in Ukraine, showing significantly lower CRP for patients taking metformin. | ||
Sep 21 2022 |
et al., SSRN Electronic Journal, doi:10.2139/ssrn.4225660 | Metformin Does Not Reduce Hospitalisation for COVID-19 |
| 7% lower combined mortality/hospitalization (p=0.61) and 15% lower progression (p=0.16). Retrospective 12,331 diabetes patients in Hong Kong, showing no significant difference in outcomes with metformin use. | ||
Sep 13 2022 |
et al., Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, doi:10.1111/dom.14872 | Ethnicity and risks of severe COVID-19 outcomes associated with glucose-lowering medications: A cohort study |
| 34% lower mortality (p<0.0001) and 31% lower hospitalization (p<0.0001). Retrospective 624,771 people with type 2 diabetes in the UK, showing lower COVID-19 mortality and hospitalization with metformin use. | ||
Aug 31 2022 |
et al., Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113223 | Treatment with metformin glycinate reduces SARS-CoV-2 viral load: An in vitro model and randomized, double-blind, Phase IIb clinical trial |
| 44% lower need for oxygen therapy (p=0.03), 10% shorter hospitalization (p=0.35), and 41% faster viral clearance (p=0.03). RCT 20 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing faster viral load reduction and lower oxygen use with metformin glycinate 620mg twice daily for 14 days compared to placebo. The in vitro portion demonstrated inhibition of viral replication a.. | ||
Aug 30 2022 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.08.29.22279355 | Metformin is Associated with Reduced COVID-19 Severity in Patients with Prediabetes |
| 59% lower mortality (p=0.66), 54% lower severe cases (p=0.37), and 42% lower progression (p=0.37). Retrospective 3,136 patients with prediabetes and 282 with PCOS, showing metformin associated with reduced COVID-19 severity. | ||
Aug 18 2022 |
et al., NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2201662 | Randomized Trial of Metformin, Ivermectin, and Fluvoxamine for Covid-19 |
| 52% lower combined mortality/hospitalization (p=0.09), 40% lower progression (p=0.03), and 37% improved viral clearance (p=0.0008). COVID-OUT remotely operated RCT, showing lower combined ER/hospitalization/death with metformin. Results for other treatments are listed separately - ivermectin , fluvoxamine . The "control" group includes patients receiving active treatm.. | ||
Aug 16 2022 |
et al., Virology Journal, doi:10.1186/s12985-023-02195-9 (date from preprint) | Real-world evidence with a retrospective cohort of 15,968 COVID-19 hospitalized patients suggests 21 new effective treatments |
| 30% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective 15,968 COVID-19 hospitalized patients in Spain, showing lower mortality with existing use of several medications including metformin, HCQ, azithromycin, aspirin, vitamin D, vitamin C, and budesonide. Since only hospitalized .. | ||
Aug 9 2022 |
et al., Frontiers in Endocrinology, doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.909874 | Risk factors for COVID-19 case fatality rate in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A nationwide retrospective cohort study of 235,248 patients in the Russian Federation |
| 22% lower mortality (p=0.001). Retrospective 224,190 type 2 diabetes patients in Russia, showing lower mortality with metformin use. | ||
Jul 6 2022 |
et al., Cell Reports Methods, doi:10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100503 (date from preprint) | Integrative analysis of functional genomic screening and clinical data identifies a protective role for spironolactone in severe COVID-19 |
| 50% lower ventilation (p=0.01) and 51% lower ICU admission (p<0.0001). PSM retrospective 64,349 COVID-19 patients in the USA, showing metformin associated with lower ICU admission and mechanical ventilation. | ||
Jul 2 2022 |
et al., Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, doi:10.34172/apb.2023.066 | Long and Short-term Metformin Consumption as a Potential Therapy to Prevent Complications of COVID-19 |
| 74% lower mortality (p=0.06), 79% lower ventilation (p=0.05), 63% lower ICU admission (p=0.07), and 5% shorter hospitalization (p=0.52). RCT 189 hospitalized patients showing lower mortality, ICU admission, and intubation with metformin, statistically significant only for intubation. Treatment patients may have also taken metformin prior to admission. Authors note that pat.. | ||
Jun 30 2022 |
et al., Metabolism, doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155196 | Preadmission use of antidiabetic medications and mortality among patients with COVID-19 having type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis |
| 46% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Meta analysis of 61 studies showing lower mortality with preadmission metformin (42 studies), GLP-1RA, and SGLT-2i use in COVID-19 patients with diabetes. DPP-4i and insulin use were associated with increased mortality, while sulfonylurea.. | ||
Jun 29 2022 |
et al., Journal of General Internal Medicine, doi:10.1007/s11606-022-07701-3 | Medications Associated with Lower Mortality in a SARS-CoV-2 Positive Cohort of 26,508 Veterans |
| 67% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective 26,508 consecutive COVID+ veterans in the USA, showing lower mortality with multiple treatments including metformin. Treatment was defined as drugs administered ≥50% of the time within 2 weeks post-COVID+, and may be a cont.. | ||
Jun 9 2022 |
et al., BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2022-002774 | Hospitalization and mortality in patients with COVID-19 with or at risk of type 2 diabetes: data from five health systems in Pennsylvania and Maryland |
| 44% lower progression (p<0.0001) and 37% lower hospitalization (p<0.0001). Retrospective 4,944 COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes in the USA, showing lower risk of hospitalization and combined ICU/intubation/death with metformin use. | ||
May 27 2022 |
et al., Frontiers in Endocrinology, doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.895458 | The Association Between Antidiabetic Agents and Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients With Diabetes: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis |
| 26% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Meta-analysis of 42 studies (25 for metformin) with 7 antidiabetic agents, showing metformin, DPP4i, SGLT2i, and GLP1RA were associated with lower COVID-19 mortality in patients with diabetes compared to non-users, while insulin was assoc.. | ||
Apr 1 2022 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-022-09639-2 | Metformin is associated with favorable outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes mellitus |
| 74% lower mortality (p=0.03) and 25% lower ventilation (p=0.44). PSM/IPTW retrospective 1,356 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes in China, showing lower mortality/hospice with metformin use. | ||
Mar 29 2022 |
et al., Open Forum Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac156 | Screening Large Population Health Databases for Potential COVID-19 Therapeutics: A Pharmacopeia-Wide Association Study (PWAS) of Commonly Prescribed Medications |
| 1% fewer cases (p=0.45). Retrospective 26,121 cases and 2,369,020 controls ≥65yo in Canada, showing no significant difference in cases with chronic use of metformin. | ||
Mar 7 2022 |
et al., Frontiers in Endocrinology, doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.810914 | Metformin Use in Relation to Clinical Outcomes and Hyperinflammatory Syndrome Among COVID-19 Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Propensity Score Analysis of a Territory-Wide Cohort |
| 59% lower mortality (p=0.01), 61% improved recovery (p=0.005), 64% greater improvement (p=0.009), and 56% higher hospital discharge (p=0.009). Retrospective 1,214 COVID+ type 2 diabetes patients in Hong Kong, showing lower mortality and improved recovery with metformin use. | ||
Feb 28 2022 |
et al., Archives of Medical Research, doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002 | Association Between Anti-diabetic Agents and Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 in Patients with Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| 27% lower mortality (p=0.001). Meta analysis of 31 studies (23 for metformin) showing metformin was associated with significantly lower mortality and poor composite outcomes in diabetic COVID-19 patients. DPP-4 inhibitors, sulfonylurea/glinides, SGLT-2 inhibitors, and .. | ||
Feb 24 2022 |
et al., Diabetes Care, doi:10.2337/dc21-2186 | Glycemic Control and Clinical Outcomes in U.S. Patients With COVID-19: Data From the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) Database |
| 51% lower mortality (p<0.0001), 41% lower ventilation (p<0.0001), and 40% lower hospitalization (p<0.0001). N3C retrospective 39,616 COVID-19 patients with diabetes in the USA, showing lower mortality, ventilation, and hospitalization with metformin use. | ||
Feb 23 2022 |
et al., British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, doi:10.1111/bcp.15258 | Does metformin affect outcomes in COVID‐19 patients with new or pre‐existing diabetes mellitus? A systematic review and meta‐analysis |
| 22% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Meta analysis of 32 cohort studies with 2,916,231 patients showing significantly lower mortality with metformin treatment in COVID-19 patients with diabetes, with an unadjusted odds ratio of 0.61 (95% CI: 0.53-0.71) and an adjusted odds r.. | ||
Jan 18 2022 |
et al., Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis, doi:10.1007/s11239-022-02631-7 | Metformin use in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: lower inflammation, oxidative stress, and thrombotic risk markers and better clinical outcomes |
| 60% lower mortality (p=0.21), 76% lower ventilation (p=0.05), and 34% shorter hospitalization (p=0.13). Retrospective 75 diabetes patients, 34 on metformin, showing improved clinical outcomes with treatment, without statistical significance. | ||
Jan 17 2022 |
et al., International Journal of Endocrinology, doi:10.1155/2022/9322332 | Prognostic Factors for COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients with Preexisting Type 2 Diabetes |
| 72% improved recovery (p=0.03). Retrospective 108 T2D patients hospitalized with COVID-19, showing lower risk of unfavorable outcomes with metformin use vs. other diabetic medications. | ||
Jan 10 2022 |
et al., Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, doi:10.1111/dom.14648 | Metformin use is associated with a decrease in risk of hospitalization and mortality in COVID-19 diabetic patients: a population-based study in Lombardy |
| 16% lower mortality (p<0.0001), 22% lower ICU admission (p=0.01), and 3% lower hospitalization (p=0.11). Retrospective 31,966 COVID+ patients using anti-hyperglycemic drugs in Italy, showing lower mortality and ICU admission with metformin use. | ||
Dec 31 2021 |
et al., BMJ Open, doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050051 | Association of the patterns of use of medications with mortality of COVID-19 infection: a hospital-based observational study |
| 72% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective 9,532 hospitalized COVID+ veterans in the USA, showing lower mortality with metformin use. The study provides results for use before, after, and before+after. Before+after should more accurately represent prophylaxis up to C.. | ||
Nov 30 2021 |
et al., Diabetes & Metabolism, doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2021.101297 | The association between metformin treatment and COVID-19 outcomes according to metformin continuation during hospitalisation |
| 55% lower combined mortality/ICU admission (p=0.04). Retrospective 140 diabetic patients in France, showing lower mortality for patients where metformin use was continued after hospitalization. | ||
Nov 19 2021 |
et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.11.18.469078 | Metformin Suppresses SARS-CoV-2 in Cell Culture |
| In Vitro study showing metformin inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in Caco2 cells. Metformin reduced viral titers by nearly 99%, and by about 90% when cells were treated prior to infection. | ||
Nov 8 2021 |
et al., Circulation, 144:A12228 | Metformin Use in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19: Lower Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Thrombotic Risk Markers and Better Clinical Outcomes |
| 60% lower mortality (p=0.21) and 76% lower ventilation (p=0.05). Retrospective 75 diabetes patients, 34 on metformin, showing lower mortality with treatment in unadjusted results with minimal group details. | ||
Oct 30 2021 |
et al., Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies, doi:10.15605/jafes.036.02.20 | Association Between Metformin Use and Mortality Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Hospitalized for COVID-19 Infection |
| 47% lower mortality (p=0.02). Retrospective 355 diabetic hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the Philippines, showing lower mortality with metformin use. | ||
Oct 29 2021 |
et al., Irish Journal of Medical Science, doi:10.1007/s11845-021-02823-9 | Preadmission usage of metformin and mortality in COVID-19 patients including the post-discharge period |
| 42% lower mortality (p=0.02). Retrospective 586 diabetic hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Turkey, showing lower mortality with existing metformin use. | ||
Oct 6 2021 |
et al., Diabetes Care, doi:10.2337/dc21-1351 | Prior Glucose-Lowering Medication Use and 30-Day Outcomes Among 64,892 Veterans With Diabetes and COVID-19 |
| 15% lower mortality (p<0.0001), 2% lower ICU admission (p=0.62), and 3% lower hospitalization (p=0.09). Retrospective 64,892 veterans with diabetes in the USA, showing lower mortality with existing metformin use. | ||
Sep 29 2021 |
et al., Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, doi:10.1002/edm2.301 | Inpatient use of metformin and acarbose is associated with reduced mortality of COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus |
| 76% lower mortality (p=0.02). Retrospective 131 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes, showing lower mortality with metformin treatment and acarbose treatment. | ||
Sep 16 2021 |
et al., Frontiers in Endocrinology, doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.708494 | Mortality Risk of Antidiabetic Agents for Type 2 Diabetes With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| 31% lower mortality (p=0.001). Meta analysis of 14 studies showing significantly lower COVID-19 mortality with metformin use. | ||
Sep 9 2021 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-96720-x | Impact of overlapping risks of type 2 diabetes and obesity on coronavirus disease severity in the United States |
| 39% lower hospitalization (p=0.04). Retrospective 28,093 COVID+ patients in the USA, showing lower risk of hospitalization with metformin use. | ||
Sep 7 2021 |
et al., BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002299 | Evaluation and management of COVID-19-related severity in people with type 2 diabetes |
| 12% lower ICU admission (p=0.005). Retrospective 16,504 COVID-19 type 2 diabetes patients, showing lower risk of ICU admission with existing metformin use. | ||
Aug 31 2021 |
et al., Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108977 | The effect of metformin on mortality and severity in COVID-19 patients with diabetes mellitus |
| 36% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Meta analysis of 17 studies including 20,719 COVID-19 patients with diabetes, showing lower risk of mortality and severity with metformin. | ||
Aug 31 2021 |
et al., The Lancet Regional Health - Americas, doi:10.1016/j.lana.2021.100142 (date from preprint) | Effect of early treatment with metformin on risk of emergency care and hospitalization among patients with COVID-19: The TOGETHER randomized platform clinical trial |
| 27% lower mortality (p=0.53), 6% lower hospitalization (p=0.88), 14% more combined hospitalization/ER visits (p=0.58), and 31% lower progression (p=0.48). Data for the primary outcome in this trial appears to be impossible [doyourownresearch.substack.com]. For example, considering the metformin arm and the ITT population: 24 were hospitalized and 8 had an ER visit (tables S2/S3), therefore .. | ||
Aug 20 2021 |
et al., Cell Metabolism, doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2020.08.013 | Metformin Is Associated with Higher Incidence of Acidosis, but Not Mortality, in Individuals with COVID-19 and Pre-existing Type 2 Diabetes |
| 65% higher mortality (p=0.25). Retrospective 1,213 hospitalized diabetic COVID-19 patients in China, showing no significant difference in mortality with pre-existing metformin use. | ||
Aug 19 2021 |
et al., Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.704666 | Metformin in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| 34% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Meta analysis of 19 studies showing metformin use associated with lower COVID-19 mortality and hospitalization. | ||
Aug 9 2021 |
et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm10163507 | Metformin Use Is Associated with Decreased Mortality in COVID-19 Patients with Diabetes: Evidence from Retrospective Studies and Biological Mechanism |
| 34% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Meta analysis of 16 studies of diabetic patients showing significantly lower COVID-19 mortality with metformin use. | ||
Jul 18 2021 |
et al., Diabetes Therapy, doi:10.1007/s13300-021-01110-1 | Risk Factors Associated with COVID-19 Hospitalization and Mortality: A Large Claims-Based Analysis Among People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the United States |
| 10% lower hospitalization (p<0.0001). Retrospective 9531 COVID+ diabetes patients in the USA, showing lower risk of hospitalization with existing biguanides treatment (defined as mainly metformin in the abstract and entirely metformin in the text). | ||
Jul 17 2021 |
et al., GeroScience, doi:10.1007/s11357-021-00397-z | Therapeutic prevention of COVID-19 in elderly: a case–control study |
| 79% lower mortality (p=0.06) and 44% more cases (p=0.12). Retrospective 179 patients in France exposed to COVID-19 showing, without statistical significance, a higher risk of cases, and a lower risk of mortality among cases with existing metformin treatment. | ||
Jul 13 2021 |
et al., Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, doi:10.1186/s13098-021-00695-8 | Outcome and death risk of diabetes patients with Covid-19 receiving pre-hospital and in-hospital metformin therapies |
| 97% lower mortality (p=0.02). Retrospective 188 hospitalized patients in Brazil, showing lower risk of mortality with metformin use. Authors note that, although pre-hospital metformin use improved clinical parameters at admission, continuous use during hospitalization.. | ||
May 24 2021 |
et al., Clinical Diabetology, doi:10.5603/DK.a2021.0035 | Metformin therapy and severity and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a meta-analysis |
| 44% lower mortality (p<0.0001) and 15% lower severe cases (p=0.08). Meta analysis of 32 studies showing significantly lower COVID-19 mortality with metformin use. | ||
May 5 2021 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.21255792 | Retrospective Assessment of Treatments of Hospitalized Covid-19 Patients |
| 30% lower mortality (p=0.42). Retrospective 1,035 hospitalized patients in India. Of 366 diabetic patients, there was lower mortality for the 53 that were on metformin. | ||
May 1 2021 |
et al., Journal of the Endocrine Society, doi:10.1210/jendso/bvab048.709 | Is Metformin Use Associated With a Decreased Mortality for COVID-19 Diabetic Patients? A Meta-Analysis |
| 47% lower mortality (p=0.005). Meta analysis of 8 studies with 11,169 participants showing lower mortality with metformin use. | ||
Apr 14 2021 |
et al., Gerontology, doi:10.1159/000515159 | COVID-19: Clinical Presentation and Prognostic Factors of Severe Disease and Mortality in the Oldest-Old Population: A Cohort Study |
| 16% higher mortality (p=0.46) and 16% higher severe cases (p=0.46). Analysis of 103 elderly hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Spain, showing higher mortality with metformin, without statistical significance. | ||
Apr 6 2021 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.21254110 | Drug repositioning candidates identified using in-silico quasi-quantum molecular simulation demonstrate reduced COVID-19 mortality in 1.5M patient records |
| 27% lower mortality (p<0.0001). In Silico study followed by PSM analysis of the National COVID Cohort Collaborative data in the USA, showing 27% lower mortality with metformin use. | ||
Mar 31 2021 |
et al., Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2021.02.022 | Metformin is associated with lower hospitalizations, mortality and severe coronavirus infection among elderly medicare minority patients in 8 states in USA |
| 66% lower mortality (p=0.0002), 29% lower hospitalization (p=0.008), and 68% lower ARDS (p<0.0001). Retrospective 1,139 elderly COVID+ patients in the USA, 392 with pre-existing metformin use, showing significantly lower mortality, hospitalization, and ARDS with treatment. | ||
Mar 31 2021 |
et al., Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108619 | Association of metformin with mortality or ARDS in patients with COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study |
| 46% lower mortality (p=0.4) and 80% lower progression (p=0.02). Retrospective 328 COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes in China, showing significantly lower risk of ARDS with existing metformin use. | ||
Mar 30 2021 |
et al., The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00050-4 | Prescription of glucose-lowering therapies and risk of COVID-19 mortality in people with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide observational study in England |
| 23% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective 2,851,465 people with type 2 diabetes in the UK, showing lower mortality with existing metformin use. Results are subject to confounding by indication because metformin is typically used early in the progression of type 2 di.. | ||
Mar 30 2021 |
et al., Thorax, doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-217487 | Risk factors for developing COVID-19: a population-based longitudinal study (COVIDENCE UK) |
| 27% more cases (p=0.42). Prospective survey-based study with 15,227 people in the UK, showing lower risk of COVID-19 cases with vitamin A, vitamin D, zinc, selenium, probiotics, and inhaled corticosteroids; and higher risk with metformin and vitamin C. Statistica.. | ||
Mar 23 2021 |
et al., Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.26873 | Outpatient metformin use is associated with reduced severity of COVID‐19 disease in adults with overweight or obesity |
| 62% lower mortality (p=0.03), 9% higher ICU admission (p=0.78), and 22% lower hospitalization (p=0.1). Retrospective 17,396 PCR+ patients in the USA, showing lower mortality with metformin use. | ||
Feb 17 2021 |
et al., Diabetologia, doi:10.1007/s00125-020-05351-w | Predictors of hospital discharge and mortality in patients with diabetes and COVID-19: updated results from the nationwide CORONADO study |
| 28% lower mortality (p=0.03) and 15% higher hospital discharge (p=0.02). Retrospective 2,796 hospitalized diabetes patients with COVID-19 in France, showing lower mortality with metformin use. | ||
Feb 13 2021 |
et al., Acta Diabetologica, doi:10.1007/s00592-020-01666-7 | Metformin use and risk of COVID-19 among patients with type II diabetes mellitus: an NHIS-COVID-19 database cohort study |
| 26% higher mortality (p=0.3) and 28% fewer cases (p<0.0001). Retrospective 27,493 type II diabetes patients in the USA, 7,204 on metformin, showing significantly lower COVID-19 cases, but no significant difference in mortality. | ||
Jan 31 2021 |
et al., Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2020.10.031 | Metformin is Associated with Decreased 30-Day Mortality Among Nursing Home Residents Infected with SARS-CoV2 |
| 52% lower mortality (p=0.009). Retrospective 775 nursing home residents in the USA, showing lower mortality with existing metformin use. | ||
Jan 13 2021 |
et al., Frontiers in Endocrinology, doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.600439 | Metformin Use Is Associated With Reduced Mortality in a Diverse Population With COVID-19 and Diabetes |
| 61% lower mortality (p=0.02). Retrospective 219 COVID-19+ diabetes patients in the USA, showing lower mortality with existing metformin treatment. | ||
Dec 28 2020 |
et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-133358/v1 | Association between prior cardiometabolic therapy and in-hospital mortality in very old patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus hospitalized due to COVID-19. A nationwide observational study in Spain |
| 1% lower mortality (p=0.78). Retrospective 790 hospitalized type 2 diabetes patients ≥80 years old in Spain, showing no significant difference in mortality with existing metformin use. | ||
Dec 19 2020 |
et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.041 | Association of prescribed medications with the risk of COVID-19 infection and severity among adults in South Korea |
| 1% higher progression (p=0.11) and 4% fewer cases (p=0.82). Retrospective database analysis showing no significant differences with pre-existing metformin use. | ||
Dec 10 2020 |
et al., Diabetes & Metabolism, doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2020.101216 | Metformin use is associated with a reduced risk of mortality in patients with diabetes hospitalised for COVID-19 |
| 22% lower mortality (p=0.16), 18% lower combined mortality/intubation (p=0.21), and 7% lower ventilation (p=0.72). Retrospective 2,449 hospitalized COVID-19 diabetes patients in France, 1,496 with existing metformin use, showing lower mortality with treatment. Statistical significance was reached in model 1 but not in models 2-4 which also adjust for .. | ||
Dec 4 2020 |
et al., Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, doi:10.1111/dom.14256 | COVID‐19 fatality prediction in people with diabetes and prediabetes using a simple score upon hospital admission |
| 37% lower mortality (p=0.13). Retrospective 247 hospitalized COVID-19 diabetes patients, showing lower mortality with metformin use in unadjusted results. | ||
Dec 3 2020 |
et al., The Lancet Healthy Longevity, doi:10.1016/S2666-7568(20)30033-7 | Metformin and risk of mortality in patients hospitalised with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort analysis |
| 12% lower mortality (p=0.65). Retrospective 6,256 COVID-19+ diabetes patients in the USA, showing lower mortality with existing metformin treatment, statistically significant only for women. | ||
Nov 30 2020 |
, A., Diabetes & Metabolism, doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2020.07.006 | Metformin and COVID-19: From cellular mechanisms to reduced mortality |
| 25% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Meta analysis of 4 observational studies with a total of 10,508 patients showing 25% lower mortality with metformin treatment in type 2 diabetes patients hospitalized for COVID-19. | ||
Nov 17 2020 |
et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241264 | Clinical, regional, and genetic characteristics of Covid-19 patients from UK Biobank |
| 30% more cases (p=0.08). 397,064 patient UK Biobank retrospective showing higher risk of COVID-19 with metformin use, without statistical significance. Metformin is typically prescribed for diabetes, diabetes patients have significantly higher COVID-19 risk, and .. | ||
Nov 16 2020 |
et al., BMC Medicine, doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01832-2 | Mortality and other adverse outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus admitted for COVID-19 in association with glucose-lowering drugs: a nationwide cohort study |
| 10% higher mortality (p=0.48). Retrospective 2,666 type 2 diabetes COVID-19 patients in Spain, showing higher mortality with existing metformin use (not statistically significant). | ||
Nov 11 2020 |
et al., Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.11.006 | The Effect of Metformin Consumption on Mortality in Hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
| 36% lower mortality (p=0.03). Meta analysis of 9 studies showing lower mortality with metformin use. | ||
Oct 19 2020 |
et al., Clinical and Translational Science, doi:10.1111/cts.12897 | Risk of Metformin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes With COVID-19: A Preliminary Retrospective Report |
| 225% higher progression (p=0.05). Retrospective 110 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with diabetes in China, showing increased risk of severity with metformin. | ||
Oct 13 2020 |
et al., Epidemiology and Infection, doi:10.1017/S0950268820002472 | Risk factors for severe disease in patients admitted with COVID-19 to a hospital in London, England: a retrospective cohort study |
| 3% lower mortality (p=0.81). Retrospective 981 hospitalized patients in the UK, showing no significant difference with metformin use. | ||
Oct 6 2020 |
et al., Diabetes Care, doi:10.2337/dc20-1340 | Impact of Comorbidities and Glycemia at Admission and Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes With COVID-19: A Case Series From an Academic Hospital in Lombardy, Italy |
| 45% lower mortality (p=0.1). Retrospective 90 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with diabetes in Italy, showing lower mortality with metformin use, without statistical significance. | ||
Oct 1 2020 |
et al., Endocrine Practice, doi:10.4158/EP-2020-0466 | Metformin Use in Diabetes Prior to Hospitalization: Effects on Mortality in Covid-19 |
| 78% lower mortality (p=0.02). Retrospective 131 type II diabetes patients with COVID pneumonia, showing lower mortality with existing metformin use. Acarbose (commonly used in China as an initial therapy for diabetes) did not have a similar association with mortality,.. | ||
Sep 30 2020 |
et al., Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.26498 | Mortality risk with preadmission metformin use in patients with COVID-19 and diabetes: A meta-analysis |
| Meta analysis of 5 studies showing lower mortality with metformin use. | ||
Aug 23 2020 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.08.20.20174169 | Associations of comorbidities and medications with COVID-19 outcome: A retrospective analysis of real-world evidence data |
| 65% lower mortality (p=0.04). Retrospective diabetes patients in the UK, showing lower mortality for metformin treatment (administered within 21 days after a positive PCR test). | ||
Aug 18 2020 |
et al., Obesity Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100290 | Metformin use is associated with reduced mortality rate from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection |
| Meta analysis of 5 studies showing lower mortality with metformin use. | ||
Aug 12 2020 |
et al., Diabetes & Metabolism Journal, doi:10.4093/dmj.2020.0146 | The Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection and Diabetes in Daegu, South Korea |
| 64% lower mortality (p=0.1) and 52% lower progression (p=0.13). Retrospective 235 hospitalized diabetes patients in South Korea, showing lower mortality and lower progression to severe disease with metformin. | ||
Jul 31 2020 |
et al., Diabetes Care, doi:10.2337/dc20-0660 | Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Diabetes and COVID-19 in Association With Glucose-Lowering Medication |
| 33% lower mortality (p=0.46). Retrospective 120 COVID-19 diabetes patients, showing non-statistically significantly lower mortality with existing metformin treatment. | ||
Jul 14 2020 |
et al., Journal of Hematology & Oncology, doi:10.1186/s13045-020-00934-x | A tertiary center experience of multiple myeloma patients with COVID-19: lessons learned and the path forward |
| 58% lower mortality (p=0.43). Retrospective 58 multiple myeloma COVID-19 patients in the USA, showing non-statistically significant lower mortality with metformin treatment. | ||
Jun 23 2020 |
et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm9061959 | Clinical Characteristics and Disease Progression in Early-Stage COVID-19 Patients in South Korea |
| 120% higher progression (p=0.26). Retrospective 293 patients in South Korea, showing higher risk of progression with metformin use, without statistical significance. | ||
May 29 2020 |
et al., Diabetologia, doi:10.1007/s00125-020-05180-x | Phenotypic characteristics and prognosis of inpatients with COVID-19 and diabetes: the CORONADO study |
| 20% lower mortality (p=0.46). Analysis of 1,317 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with diabetes showing lower mortality with metformin use, without statistical significance. | ||
May 21 2020 |
et al., The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-0375 | Metformin Treatment Was Associated with Decreased Mortality in COVID-19 Patients with Diabetes in a Retrospective Analysis |
| 75% lower mortality (p=0.02). Retrospective 283 COVID-19+ diabetes patients in China, showing lower mortality with existing metformin treatment. | ||
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