Metformin on Time to Sustained Recovery in Adults with COVID-19: The ACTIV-6 Randomized Clinical Trial
MD, MPH Carolyn T Bramante, PhD Thomas G Stewart, MD, MPH David R Boulware, MD Matthew W Mccarthy, MS, Med Yue Gao, MD, MPP Russell L Rothman, MD Ahmad Mourad, Florence Thicklin, MD Jonathan B Cohen, Idania T Garcia Del Sol, MD Juan Ruiz-Unger, MD, MPH Nirav S Shah, DPM Manisha Mehta, MD Orlando Quintero Cardona, MD Jake Scott, MD, MPH Adit A Ginde, MD, MPH Mario Castro, MD Dushyantha Jayaweera, MD Mark Sulkowski, MD Nina Gentile, MD Kathleen Mctigue, MD G Michael Felker, MD, MSci Sean Collins, PhD Sarah E Dunsmore, PhD Stacey J Adam, PhD Christopher J Lindsell, MD, MHS Adrian F Hernandez, MD, MHS Susanna Naggie
doi:10.1101/2025.01.13.25320485
Importance: The effect of metformin on reducing symptom duration among outpatient adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not been studied. Objective: Assess metformin compared with placebo for symptom resolution during acute infection with SARS-CoV-2.
Design , Setting, and Participants: The ACTIV-6 platform evaluated repurposed medications for mild to moderate COVID-19. Between September 19, 2023, and May 1, 2024, 2991 participants age ≥30 years with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and ≥2 COVID-19 symptoms for ≤7 days, were included at 90 US sites. Interventions: Participants were randomized to receive metformin (titrated to 1500 mg daily) or placebo for 14 days. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was time to sustained recovery (3 consecutive days without COVID-19 symptoms) within 28 days of receiving study drug. Secondary outcomes included time to hospitalization or death; time to healthcare utilization (clinic visit, emergency department visit, hospitalization, or death). Safety events of special interest were hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis. Results: Among 2991 participants who were randomized and received study drug, the median age was 47 years (IQR 38-58); 63.4% were female, 46.5% identified as Hispanic/Latino, and 68.3% reported ≥2 doses of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Among 1443 participants who received metformin and 1548 who received placebo, differences in time to sustained recovery were not observed (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.96; 95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89-1.03; P(efficacy)=0.11). For participants enrolled during current variants, the aHR was 1.19 (95% CrI 1.05-1.34). The median time to sustained recovery was 9 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 9-10) for metformin and 10 days (95% CI 9-10) for placebo. No deaths were reported; 111 participants reported healthcare utilization: 58 in the metformin group and 53 in the placebo group (HR 1.24; 95% CrI 0.81-1.75; P(efficacy)=0.135). Seven participants who received metformin and 3 who received placebo experienced a serious adverse event over 180 days. Five participants in each group reported having hypoglycemia.
Author Contributions Drs Naggie, Hernandez, and Lindsell had full access to all the blinded data in the study. Dr Stewart was provided curated study data and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data analysis. All authors contributed to the drafting and review of the manuscript and agreed to submit for publication.
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{
"DOI": "10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.2570",
"ISSN": [
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"URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.2570",
"abstract": "<jats:sec><jats:title>Importance</jats:title><jats:p>The effect of metformin on reducing symptom duration among outpatient adults with COVID-19 has not been studied.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective</jats:title><jats:p>To assess metformin compared with placebo for symptom resolution during acute infection with SARS-CoV-2.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants</jats:title><jats:p>The Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines platform evaluated repurposed medications for mild to moderate COVID-19. Between September 19, 2023, and May 1, 2024, participants 30 years or older with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and 2 or more COVID-19 symptoms for 7 days or less were included at 90 US sites.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interventions</jats:title><jats:p>Participants were randomized to receive metformin (titrated to 1500 mg, daily) or placebo for 14 days.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures</jats:title><jats:p>The primary outcome was time to sustained recovery (3 consecutive days without COVID-19 symptoms) within 28 days of receiving the study drug. Secondary outcomes included time to clinic visit, emergency department (ED) visit, hospitalization, or death. Safety events of interest were hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Among 2991 participants who were randomized and received study drug, the median age was 47 (IQR, 38-58) years; 1895 (63.4%) were female, 25 (0.8%) were American Indian of Alaska Native, 77 (2.6%) were Asian, 350 (11.7%) were Black, African American, or African, 1392 (46.5%) identified as Hispanic or Latino, 8 (0.3%) were Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 2395 (80.1%) were White, and 2044 (68.3%) reported 2 or more doses of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Among 1443 (48.2%) participants who received metformin and 1548 (51.8%) who received placebo, differences in time to sustained recovery were not observed (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.96; 95% credible interval [CrI], 0.89-1.03; <jats:italic>P for efficacy</jats:italic> = .11). The median time to sustained recovery was 9 days (95% CI, 9-10) for metformin and 10 days (95% CI, 9-10) for placebo. No deaths were reported; 103 participants reported clinic visits, ED visits, or hospitalization: 54 in the metformin group and 49 in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 1.25; 95% CrI, 0.82-1.78; <jats:italic>P for efficacy</jats:italic> = .13). Overall, 35 (1.2%) reported ED visits or hospitalization (1.1% in the metformin and 1.3% in the placebo group). Seven participants who received metformin and 3 who received placebo experienced a serious adverse event over 180 days. There were 4 episodes of participant-reported hypoglycemia in the placebo group and 2 in the metformin group.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance</jats:title><jats:p>In this randomized clinical trial, metformin was not shown to shorten the time to symptom resolution in low-risk adults with COVID-19. The median days to symptom resolution was numerically but not significantly lower for metformin. Safety was not a limitation in the study population.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Trial Registration</jats:title><jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04885530\">NCT04885530</jats:ext-link></jats:p></jats:sec>",
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