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c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchSelect treatment..Select..
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@CovidAnalysis

COVID-19 early treatment: real-time analysis of 5,007 studies

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@CovidAnalysis
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104
COVID-19 treatments
8,165
potential treatments
118
countries with approvals
Recently added (more..)  Amubarvimab/romlusevimab  Quercetin  Nitric Oxide
Leavy
Retrospective 1,888 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the UK showing no significant difference in health-related quality of life or other..
Qu
121 patients amubarvimab ICU PSM: 46% lower mortality (p=0.06) and 4% improved viral clearance (p=0.89)
Tamil Selvan
In Silico study showing that the flavonoid compounds hesperidin, narirutin, and isoquercetin may have potential as antiviral agents against SARS-CoV..
Sánchez-García
In Vitro study showing that nitric oxide (NO) inhibits SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding to ACE2 and reduces ACE2 enzymatic activity. Authors showed..
$0 $1,000 $2,000+ -25+% 0% 25% 50% Treatment cost (US$) Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatments Donidalorsen -151% >$2,000 Glenzocimab -60% >$2,000 Olokizumab -50% >$2,000 PPIs -46% BMS mAbs -36% >$2,000 Acetaminophen -28% Lufotrelvir >$2,000 Trimodulin >$2,000 Losartan Sargramostim >$2,000 Cannabidiol Vitamin B9 Conv. Plasma $5,000 Sarilumab >$2,000 Remdesivir $3,120 Acebilustat >$2,000 Ibuprofen Aspirin Molnupiravir mutagenic/teratogenic Favipiravir Paxlovid Famotidine Vitamin C Amubarvimab/r.. NAC Vilobelimab $6,350 Sotrovimab $2,100 Colchicine Budesonide Probiotics HCQ Zinc Azvudine Metformin Sleep Antiandro.. Nitric Oxide Bebtelovimab Vitamin A Vitamin D Sunlight H. Peroxide Exercise Fluvox. H1RAs Curcumin Tixagevimab/c.. N. Sativa NaHCO₃ Casirivimab/i.. $2,100 Melatonin Ensovibep >$2,000 Bamlanivimab/e.. pH+ Quercetin Diet PVP-I Thermotherapy Ivermectin Regdanvimab $2,100 Lifestyle / free No prescription Prescription required High-cost Lowerrisk Higherrisk c19early.org October 2024 COVID-19 involves the interplay of 50+ host/viral proteins/factors, modulated by many treatments. 0.6% of 8,000+proposed treatments show efficacy with ≥3 studies.Protocols combine treatments, none are 100% effective.c19early analyzes over 5,000 studies for 104 treatments.
$0 $1,000 $2,000+ -20+% 0% 25% 50% Treatment cost (US$) Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatments Donidalorsen -151% Glenzocimab -60% Olokizumab -50% PPIs -46% BMS mAbs -36% Acetaminophen -28% Lufotrelvir -22% Trimodulin Losartan Sargramostim CBD Vit. B9 C. Plasma Sarilumab Remdesivir Acebilustat Ibuprofen Aspirin Molnupiravir mutagenic/teratogenic Favipiravir Paxlovid Famotidine Vitamin C Amubarvimab/r.. NAC Vilobelimab Sotrovimab Colchicine Budesonide Probiotics HCQ Zinc Azvudine Metformin Sleep Antiandro.. Nitric Oxide Bebtelovimab Vitamin A Vitamin D Sunlight H. Peroxide Exercise Fluvox. H1RAs Curcumin Tixagevimab/c.. N. Sativa NaHCO₃ Casirivim.. Melatonin Ensovibep Bamlan.. pH+ Quercetin Diet PVP-I Thermotherapy Ivermectin Regdanvimab Lifestyle / free No prescription Prescription required High-cost Lowerrisk Higherrisk c19early.org October 2024 COVID-19 involves the interplay of50+ host/viral proteins/factors.0.6% of 8,000+ treatments showefficacy. Protocols combinetreatments. c19early analyzes5,000+ studies for 104 treatments.
Azvudine Evusheld Sodium Bicarbonate Paxlovid Regdanvimab Vitamin B12 Sunlight Phthalocyanine Montelukast Alkalinization Fluvoxamine Famotidine Molnupiravir Quercetin Diet Bamlanivimab/e.. Hydrogen Peroxide Budesonide Probiotics Casirivimab/i.. Sleep Curcumin Povidone-Iodine Nigella Sativa Melatonin Antihistamine H1RAs Acetaminophen ↑risk Exercise Vitamin D Antiandrogens Vitamin C PPIs ↑risk Colchicine Ivermectin Metformin Zinc HCQ 2020 2021 2023 2024 Pooled outcomes Specific outcome RCT pooled RCT specific Statistically significant ≥10% improvement ≥3 studies c19early.org October 2024 Time when COVID-19 studies showed efficacy
Azvudine Evusheld Sodium Bicarb.. Paxlovid Regdanvimab Vitamin B12 Sunlight Phthalocyanine Montelukast Alkalinization Fluvoxamine Famotidine Molnupiravir Quercetin Diet Bamlanivimab/e.. Hydrogen Peroxide Budesonide Probiotics Casirivimab/i.. Sleep Curcumin Povidone-Iodine Nigella Sativa Melatonin H1RAs Acetaminophen ↑risk Exercise Vitamin D Antiandrogens Vitamin C PPIs ↑risk Colchicine Ivermectin Metformin Zinc HCQ 2020 2021 2023 2024 Pooled outcomes Specific outcome RCT pooled RCT specific Statistically significant ≥10% improvement ≥3 studies c19early.org October 2024 Time when COVID-19 studies showed efficacy
Timeline for when studies showed efficacy - details and limitations. 0.6% of treatments show efficacy.
Top journals that accept positive studies for low cost treatments: PLOS ONE, Nutrients, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, Scientific Reports, Journal of Clinical Medicine, Cureus, more...
October 2024
c19early.org
Cost per life saved from NNT in
studies to date
Melatonin
9
48%
  $8
Vitamin D
69
36%
  $11
Alkalinization
8
46%
  $11
Zinc
21
30%
  $15
Vitamin C
43
19%
  $18
Colchicine
43
28%
  $26
HCQ
249
26%
  $26
Ivermectin
53
47%
  $26
Aspirin
65
10%
  $41
Vitamin A
5
30%
  $45
Curcumin
8
63%
  $59
Famotidine
21
18%
  $94
Quercetin
5
61%
  $127
Metformin
67
35%
  $133
Probiotics
10
59%
  $172
Antiandrogens
32
37%
  $179
Nigella Sativa
5
57%
  $187
Fluvoxamine
10
44%
  $411
Budesonide
12
26%
  $574
Azvudine
17
33%
  $1,259
Favipiravir
40
11%
  $1,935
Tixagev../c..
10
42%
  $74,506
Regdanvimab
7
63%
  $139,860
Paxlovid
37
25%
  $206,705
Bamlaniv../e..
13
54%
  $301,549
Sotrovimab
12
51%
  $355,740
Casirivimab/..
10
26%
  $452,469
Bebtelovimab
4
60%
  $737,601
Remdesivir
65
2%
  $1,558,440
Molnupiravir
24
15%
  $2,400,867
Conv. Plasma
51
-1%
N/A
Acetaminophen
14
-24%
N/A
PPIs
20
-40%
N/A
Brensocatib
1
-41%
N/A
Treatment cost times median NNT - details and limitations. 0.6% of treatments show efficacy.
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All clinical results for selected treatments. 0.6% of treatments show efficacy.
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0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Iota-carragee.. 80% [22-95%] 1 $1 394 very limited data Cost Studies Patients Improvement Relative Risk Chlorhexidine 79% [66-87%] 3 $1 509 limited data Proxalutamide 78% [70-83%] 4 $500 1,953 limited data Indomethacin 74% [-20-94%] 4 $5 605 limited data Cetylpyridin.. 68% [-620-99%] 1 $1 23 very limited data Regdanvimab 63% [51-71%] 11 $2,100 7,430 Ivermectin 60% [52-67%] 105 $1 220,423 Chlorpheniram.. 56% [46-64%] 3 $5 806 very limited data Thermotherapy 56% [9-78%] 4 $0 217 very limited data Povidone-Iod.. 51% [38-61%] 21 $1 3,249 Diet 50% [41-58%] 28 $0 693,236 Quercetin 49% [21-68%] 11 $5 1,436 Alkalinization 49% [36-59%] 14 $1 6,383 HH-120 49% [-60-84%] 2 $500 345 very limited data Bemnifosbuvir 47% [-57-82%] 3 $500 359 very limited data Bamlaniv../e.. 47% [25-62%] 21 $1,250 35,320 variant dependent Ensovibep 46% [-173-89%] 2 $2,100 885 limited data Adintrevimab 43% [-169-88%] 2 $2,100 2,483 intramuscular Melatonin 43% [30-54%] 18 $1 14,301 Bromhexine 43% [-5-69%] 7 $5 875 very limited data Casirivimab/i.. 43% [24-57%] 31 $2,100 59,449 variant dependent Sodium Bicarb.. 43% [24-57%] 7 $1 1,092 Nigella Sativa 43% [24-57%] 14 $5 3,333 Tixagev../c.. 43% [26-56%] 17 $855 29,530 variant dependent Propolis 41% [-13-69%] 3 $1 410 very limited data Curcumin 41% [30-51%] 27 $5 14,886 H1RAs 39% [23-52%] 15 $5 71,705 Fluvoxamine 39% [21-52%] 21 $4 38,283 Montelukast 39% [14-56%] 9 $2 2,943 limited data Exercise 39% [33-44%] 67 $0 1,938,965 Hydrogen Per.. 38% [5-59%] 7 $1 835 very limited data Phthalocyanine 38% [20-51%] 4 $5 5,245 Xiannuoxin 38% [-46-73%] 2 $106 1,027 very limited data Sunlight 37% [22-50%] 5 $0 19,665 Vitamin D 37% [31-42%] 122 $1 195,710 Vitamin A 36% [6-56%] 14 $2 22,297 Nitazoxanide 35% [-8-61%] 14 $4 3,632 Selenium 34% [-40-69%] 4 $1 21,452 Bebtelovimab 34% [-24-65%] 6 $1,200 13,329 intravenous Spironolactone 31% [15-44%] 12 $5 28,019 Nitric Oxide 31% [-1-52%] 12 $11 2,236 Antiandrogens 30% [21-38%] 49 $5 120,172 Sleep 30% [22-38%] 15 $0 429,001 Vitamin B12 30% [5-48%] 4 $1 11,407 Metformin 30% [26-33%] 96 $10 292,491 Azvudine 29% [15-41%] 23 $25 13,258 Zinc 28% [18-36%] 46 $1 55,762 Hydroxychlor.. 28% [24-31%] 418 $1 538,895 Probiotics 28% [18-36%] 28 $5 19,646 Budesonide 28% [18-36%] 15 $4 28,194 Colchicine 27% [18-36%] 56 $1 33,066 Ibuzatrelvir 27% [15-38%] 1 $1,390 126 very limited data Sotrovimab 27% [11-40%] 25 $2,100 54,533 variant dependent Andrographol.. 27% [-8-50%] 7 $5 1,245 Ensitrelvir 26% [-14-52%] 3 $500 1,450 very limited data Vilobelimab 26% [-4-48%] 1 $6,350 368 intravenous N-acetylcys.. 25% [14-35%] 24 $1 26,243 Amubarv../r.. 25% [-70-66%] 4 $1,380 1,568 intravenous Lactoferrin 24% [-24-53%] 8 $5 1,419 Vitamin C 21% [14-27%] 72 $1 88,913 Niclosamide 21% [-47-57%] 6 $50 2,091 very limited data Leritrelvir 21% [3-35%] 2 $1,000 1,399 very limited data UDCA 20% [-2-38%] 19 $15 43,512 Camostat 17% [-3-34%] 15 $1 1,920 Famotidine 17% [8-24%] 30 $5 114,119 Paxlovid 16% [12-19%] 72 $1,390 161,182 independent trials refused Favipiravir 15% [5-24%] 70 $20 34,275 worse w/longer followup Vitamin K 14% [0-25%] 2 $1 7,806 very limited data Molnupiravir 11% [3-19%] 46 $707 151,398 mutagenic/teratogenic Deuremidevir 11% [-1-21%] 2 $112 1,432 very limited data Aspirin 9% [3-15%] 76 $1 187,919 Peg.. Lambda 7% [-138-63%] 4 $500 2,143 subcutaneous Ibuprofen 0% [-9-9%] 13 $1 54,707 Acebilustat 0% [-1462-94%] 1 $2,000 120 very limited data Levilimab 0% [-289-74%] 1 $2,000 206 subcutaneous Remdesivir -0% [-9-8%] 77 $3,120 202,729 worse w/longer followup Sarilumab -0% [-21-17%] 11 $2,000 2,231 intravenous/subcutaneous Apremilast -1% [-56-35%] 1 $2,000 384 very limited data Conv. Plasma -1% [-5-3%] 53 $5,000 30,630 intravenous Ravulizumab -5% [-45-24%] 2 $2,000 481 intravenous Lanadelumab -7% [-135-52%] 1 $10,000 55 very limited data Plasma-activ.. -9% [-234-64%] 1 $100 23 very limited data Vitamin B9 -11% [-47-15%] 11 $1 54,354 Cannabidiol -12% [-86-33%] 8 $25 16,883 Sargramostim -13% [-85-31%] 4 $2,000 870 very limited data Brexanolone -14% [-129-43%] 1 $34,000 28 very limited data Losartan -15% [-127-42%] 5 $5 665 very limited data Trimodulin -17% [-116-37%] 1 $2,000 166 intravenous Lufotrelvir -22% [-198-50%] 1 $2,000 58 intravenous Pacritinib -28% [-210-47%] 1 $2,000 200 very limited data Acetaminoph.. -28% [-41--17%] 27 $1 543,459 BMS mAbs -36% [-492-69%] 1 $2,100 210 subcutaneous Brensocatib -41% [-88--6%] 1 $2,000 404 very limited data PPIs -46% [-68--27%] 38 $5 221,601 Olokizumab -50% [-309-45%] 1 $2,000 248 subcutaneous Glenzocimab -60% [-236-24%] 1 $2,000 62 intravenous Siltuximab -64% [-252-23%] 1 $2,000 149 intravenous rNAPc2 -65% [-304-32%] 1 $2,000 156 very limited data Emvododstat -132% [-628-26%] 1 $2,000 187 very limited data Goflikicept -135% [-492-7%] 1 $2,000 247 subcutaneous Donidalorsen -151% [-602-11%] 1 $2,000 103 intravenous/subcutaneous Astodrimer So.. -205% [-7302-87%] 1 $10 197 very limited data All studies (pooled effects, all stages) c19early.org October 2024 Favors treatment Favors control
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Iota-carragee.. 80% 1 very limited data Studies, Improvement Relative Risk Chlorhexidine 79% 3 limited data Proxalutamide 78% 4 limited data Indomethacin 74% 4 limited data Cetylpyridin.. 68% 1 very limited data Regdanvimab 63% 11 Ivermectin 60% 105 Chlorphenira.. 56% 3 very limited data Thermotherapy 56% 4 very limited data Povidone-Iod.. 51% 21 Diet 50% 28 Quercetin 49% 11 Alkalinization 49% 14 HH-120 49% 2 very limited data Bemnifosbuvir 47% 3 very limited data Bamlaniv../e.. 47% 21 variant dependent Ensovibep 46% 2 limited data Adintrevimab 43% 2 intramuscular Melatonin 43% 18 Bromhexine 43% 7 very limited data Casirivimab/.. 43% 31 variant dependent Sodium Bicar.. 43% 7 Nigella Sativa 43% 14 Tixagev../c.. 43% 17 variant dependent Propolis 41% 3 very limited data Curcumin 41% 27 H1RAs 39% 15 Fluvoxamine 39% 21 Montelukast 39% 9 limited data Exercise 39% 67 Hydrogen Per.. 38% 7 very limited data Phthalocyanine 38% 4 Xiannuoxin 38% 2 very limited data Sunlight 37% 5 Vitamin D 37% 122 Vitamin A 36% 14 Nitazoxanide 35% 14 Selenium 34% 4 Bebtelovimab 34% 6 intravenous Spironolactone 31% 12 Nitric Oxide 31% 12 Antiandrogens 30% 49 Sleep 30% 15 Vitamin B12 30% 4 Metformin 30% 96 Azvudine 29% 23 Zinc 28% 46 Hydroxychlor.. 28% 418 Probiotics 28% 28 Budesonide 28% 15 Colchicine 27% 56 Ibuzatrelvir 27% 1 very limited data Sotrovimab 27% 25 variant dependent Andrographol.. 27% 7 Ensitrelvir 26% 3 very limited data Vilobelimab 26% 1 intravenous N-acetylcys.. 25% 24 Amubarv../r.. 25% 4 intravenous Lactoferrin 24% 8 Vitamin C 21% 72 Niclosamide 21% 6 very limited data Leritrelvir 21% 2 very limited data UDCA 20% 19 Camostat 17% 15 Famotidine 17% 30 Paxlovid 16% 72 independent trials refused Favipiravir 15% 70 worse w/longer followup Vitamin K 14% 2 very limited data Molnupiravir 11% 46 mutagenic/teratogenic Deuremidevir 11% 2 very limited data Aspirin 9% 76 Peg.. Lambda 7% 4 subcutaneous Ibuprofen 0% 13 Acebilustat 0% 1 very limited data Levilimab 0% 1 subcutaneous Remdesivir -0% 77 worse w/longer followup Sarilumab -0% 11 intravenous/subcutaneous Apremilast -1% 1 very limited data Conv. Plasma -1% 53 intravenous Ravulizumab -5% 2 intravenous Lanadelumab -7% 1 very limited data Plasma-activ.. -9% 1 very limited data Vitamin B9 -11% 11 Cannabidiol -12% 8 Sargramostim -13% 4 very limited data Brexanolone -14% 1 very limited data Losartan -15% 5 very limited data Trimodulin -17% 1 intravenous Lufotrelvir -22% 1 intravenous Pacritinib -28% 1 very limited data Acetaminoph.. -28% 27 BMS mAbs -36% 1 subcutaneous Brensocatib -41% 1 very limited data PPIs -46% 38 Olokizumab -50% 1 subcutaneous Glenzocimab -60% 1 intravenous Siltuximab -64% 1 intravenous rNAPc2 -65% 1 very limited data Emvododstat -132% 1 very limited data Goflikicept -135% 1 subcutaneous Donidalorsen -151% 1 intravenous/subcutaneous Astodrimer S.. -205% 1 very limited data All studies (pooled effects, all stages) c19early.org October 2024 Rotate device for details Favors treatment Favors control
Random effects meta-analysis of all studies (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of all mortality results (all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages depend on the distribution of stages tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of long covid results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
LATE TREATMENT
Physician / TeamLocationPatients HospitalizationHosp. MortalityDeath
Dr. David Uip (*) Brazil 2,200 38.6% (850) Ref. 2.5% (54) Ref.
EARLY TREATMENT - 40 physicians/teams
Physician / TeamLocationPatients HospitalizationHosp. ImprovementImp. MortalityDeath ImprovementImp.
Dr. Roberto Alfonso Accinelli
0/360 deaths for treatment within 3 days		 Peru 1,265 0.6% (7) 77.5%
Dr. Mohammed Tarek Alam
patients up to 84 years old		 Bangladesh 100 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Oluwagbenga Alonge Nigeria 310 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Raja Bhattacharya
up to 88yo, 81% comorbidities		 India 148 1.4% (2) 44.9%
Dr. Flavio Cadegiani Brazil 3,450 0.1% (4) 99.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Alessandro Capucci Italy 350 4.6% (16) 88.2%
Dr. Shankara Chetty South Africa 8,000 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Deborah Chisholm USA 100 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Ryan Cole USA 400 0.0% (0) 100.0% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Marco Cosentino
vs. 3-3.8% mortality during period; earlier treatment better		 Italy 392 6.4% (25) 83.5% 0.3% (1) 89.6%
Dr. Jeff Davis USA 6,000 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Dhanajay India 500 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Bryan Tyson & Dr. George Fareed USA 20,000 0.0% (6) 99.9% 0.0% (4) 99.2%
Dr. Raphael Furtado Brazil 170 0.6% (1) 98.5% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Rabbi Yehoshua Gerzi Israel 860 0.1% (1) 99.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Heather Gessling USA 1,500 0.1% (1) 97.3%
Dr. Ellen Guimarães Brazil 500 1.6% (8) 95.9% 0.4% (2) 83.7%
Dr. Syed Haider USA 4,000 0.1% (5) 99.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Mark Hancock USA 24 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Sabine Hazan USA 1,000 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Mollie James USA 3,500 1.1% (40) 97.0% 0.0% (1) 98.8%
Dr. Roberta Lacerda Brazil 550 1.5% (8) 96.2% 0.4% (2) 85.2%
Dr. Katarina Lindley USA 100 5.0% (5) 87.1% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Ben Marble USA 150,000 0.0% (4) 99.9%
Dr. Edimilson Migowski Brazil 2,000 0.3% (7) 99.1% 0.1% (2) 95.9%
Dr. Abdulrahman Mohana Saudi Arabia 2,733 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Carlos Nigro Brazil 5,000 0.9% (45) 97.7% 0.5% (23) 81.3%
Dr. Benoit Ochs Luxembourg 800 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Ortore Italy 240 1.2% (3) 96.8% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Valerio Pascua
one death for a patient presenting on the 5th day in need of supplemental oxygen		 Honduras 415 6.3% (26) 83.8% 0.2% (1) 90.2%
Dr. Sebastian Pop Romania 300 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Brian Proctor USA 869 2.3% (20) 94.0% 0.2% (2) 90.6%
Dr. Anastacio Queiroz Brazil 700 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Didier Raoult France 8,315 2.6% (214) 93.3% 0.1% (5) 97.6%
Dr. Karin Ried
up to 99yo, 73% comorbidities, av. age 63		 Turkey 237 0.4% (1) 82.8%
Dr. Roman Rozencwaig
patients up to 86 years old		 Canada 80 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Vipul Shah India 8,000 0.1% (5) 97.5%
Dr. Silvestre Sobrinho Brazil 116 8.6% (10) 77.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Unknown Brazil 957 1.7% (16) 95.7% 0.2% (2) 91.5%
Dr. Vladimir Zelenko USA 2,200 0.5% (12) 98.6% 0.1% (2) 96.3%
Mean improvement with early treatment protocols 238,381 HospitalizationHosp. 94.4% MortalityDeath 94.9%
Physician results with early treatment protocols compared to no early treatment. These results are subject to selection and ascertainment bias and more accurate analysis requires details of the patient populations and followup, however results are consistently better across many teams, and consistent with the extensive controlled trial evidence that shows a significant reduction in risk with many early treatments, and improved results with the use of multiple treatments in combination.
Miscellaneous
Leavy
Retrospective 1,888 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the UK showing no significant difference in health-related quality of life or other..
Amubarvimab/romlusevimab
Qu
121 patients ICU PSM: 46% lower mortality (p=0.06) and 4% improved viral clearance (p=0.89)
Quercetin
Tamil Selvan
In Silico study showing that the flavonoid compounds hesperidin, narirutin, and isoquercetin may have potential as antiviral agents against SARS-CoV..
Nitric Oxide
Sánchez-García
In Vitro study showing that nitric oxide (NO) inhibits SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding to ACE2 and reduces ACE2 enzymatic activity. Authors showed..
Bromhexine
Mitev
Retrospective 125 outpatients showing reduced COVID-19 infection rates with prophylactic bromhexine hydrochloride (BRH) use during 2021-2022 COVID..
Recent studies (see the individual treatment pages for all studies):
Oct 26
 Sánchez-García et al., Antioxidants, doi:10.3390/antiox13111301 Potential Beneficial Role of Nitric Oxide in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Beyond Spike-Binding Inhibition
In Vitro study showing that nitric oxide (NO) inhibits SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding to ACE2 and reduces ACE2 enzymatic activity. Authors showed that NO donors DETA-NONOate (DETA-NO) and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) significantly decrea..
Oct 25
 Mitev et al., Preprints.org, doi:10.20944/preprints202410.1998.v1 COVID-19 Prophylactic Effect of Bromhexine Hydrochloride
Retrospective 125 outpatients showing reduced COVID-19 infection rates with prophylactic bromhexine hydrochloride (BRH) use during 2021-2022 COVID waves in Bulgaria. Prior to BRH prophylaxis, 62% of participants reported confirmed COVID-1..
Oct 25
 Pinto et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.72385 Association Between the Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Severe Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Observational Study
57% higher hospitalization (p=0.15). Retrospective 506 outpatients in Oman showing no significant association between proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and COVID-19 hospitalization in unadjusted results.
Oct 20
 Chan et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.71952 Short-Term Outcomes in Patients With Coexistence of COVID-19 Infection and Vitamin D Deficiency: A Large Cohort Study
6% lower mortality (p=0.42), 5% lower progression (p=0.02), and 1% lower hospitalization (p=0.8). PSM retrospective 68,814 COVID-19 patients showing vitamin D deficiency associated with significantly increased risk of requiring critical care services, and non-significant higher all-cause mortality. Mortality for COVID-19 was less like..
Oct 19
 Thomas et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2024.10.18.619137 Nirmatrelvir-Resistant Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Mpro Enhance Host Immune Evasion via Cleavage of NF-κB Essential Modulator
In Vitro study showing that paxlovid use may promote the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that can weaken host immunity and potentially contribute to long COVID. Authors show that SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) mutations that confer resi..
Oct 17
 Stoiber et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4973191/v1 A descriptive analysis of drug related problems identified when prescribing the COVID-19 antiviral drug Paxlovid®
Retrospective 140 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Austria showing that pharmacist review identified a high rate of drug-related problems (DRPs) with paxlovid prescribing, including drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and inappropriate dosing ..
Oct 17
 Silva et al., Frontiers in Immunology, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1456634 Immunomodulatory effect of bovine lactoferrin during SARS-CoV-2 infection
In Silico, In Vitro, and mouse study showing immunomodulatory effects of bovine lactoferrin (bLf) during SARS-CoV-2 infection. In Silico analysis showed bLf strongly binds to TLR4 and NF-kB. In Vitro, bLf modulated frequencies of NK and T..
Oct 16
 Matsumoto et al., International Journal of General Medicine, doi:10.2147/IJGM.S476578 Association Between Serum Zinc Concentration Levels And Severity Of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) In Japanese Inpatients
72% lower severe cases (p=0.002). Retrospective 467 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Japan showing significantly higher risk of severe cases with zinc deficiency.
Oct 16
 Hung et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.71609 Zinc Deficiency and Post-acute Outcomes in Patients With COVID-19: A Six-Month Retrospective Cohort Analysis of 3,726 Patients
42% lower mortality (p=0.05) and 24% lower hospitalization (p<0.0001). TriNetX PSM retrospective 3,726 post-acute COVID-19 patients showing significantly higher 6-month all-cause hospitalization and mortality with zinc deficiency. Zinc levels were measured in the three months before COVID-19 diagnosis.
Oct 16
 Kurosaki et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-75338-9 SARS-CoV-2 infection causes a decline in renal megalin expression and affects vitamin D metabolism in the kidney of K18-hACE2 mice
Mouse study showing that SARS-CoV-2 infection decreases renal megalin expression and affects vitamin D metabolism in K18-hACE2 mice. Authors found that infected mice experienced acute kidney injury, suppressed megalin protein levels in pr..
Oct 16
 Wimalawansa, S., Biology, doi:10.3390/biology13100831 Unveiling the Interplay—Vitamin D and ACE-2 Molecular Interactions in Mitigating Complications and Deaths from SARS-CoV-2
Review of the interplay between vitamin D and angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) in mitigating complications and deaths from SARS-CoV-2. Author reports that over 300 clinical studies have shown that proper doses of vitamin D effective..
Oct 11
 Pan et al., Heliyon, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39167 Decoding the mechanism of Qingjie formula in the prevention of COVID-19 based on network pharmacology and molecular docking
In Silico study showing potential benefits of quercetin for COVID-19 prevention through network pharmacology and molecular docking. Authors identified quercetin as one of the key active ingredients in Qingjie formula (QJF). Quercetin was ..
Oct 10
 Ashoor et al., JMIR Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, doi:10.2196/58018 Comparison of the Neutralization Power of Sotrovimab Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Development of a Rapid Computational Method
In Silico computational method developed to predict the neutralization power of monoclonal antibodies against new SARS-CoV-2 variants. The method evaluates binding affinity of antibodies based on molecular interactions and Gibbs free ener..
Oct 8
 Pfizer, NCT05567952 A Study to Learn About a Repeat 5-Day Treatment With the Study Medicines (Called Nirmatrelvir/​Ritonavir) in People 12 Years Old or Older With Return of COVID-19 Symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 Positivity After Finishing Treatment With Nirmatrelvir/​Ritonavir
8% improved recovery (p=0.52) and 18% improved viral clearance (p=0.0004). RCT 436 patients with post-paxlovid rebound showing improved viral load at day 5 but no significant difference in recovery time or viral clearance with repeated paxlovid treatment vs. placebo/ritonavir.
Oct 7
 Zhang et al., Infection and Drug Resistance, doi:10.2147/IDR.S481591 Efficacy of Azvudine Therapy in Patients with Severe and Non-Severe COVID‐19: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis
32% higher mortality (p=0.2), 62% higher ventilation (p=0.22), 7% higher ICU admission (p=0.89), and 9% shorter hospitalization (p=0.05). PSM retrospective 303 hospitalized patients treated with azvudine and 303 matched controls in China, showing shorter hospital stay and higher lymphocyte improvement rate, particularly for non-severe patients, however there were no signifi..
Oct 7
 Zhang et al., Natural Product Communications, doi:10.1177/1934578X241288428 Effects and Mechanisms of Andrographolide for COVID-19: A Network Pharmacology-Based and Experimentally Validated Study
In Silico and In Vitro study showing that andrographolide inhibits SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus entry and replication and suppresses proinflammatory cytokine expression in BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells. Network pharmacology analysis identi..
Oct 6
 Santa et al., Frontiers in Nutrition, doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1465324 Comparative analysis of COVID-19 responses in Japan and Africa: diet, phytochemicals, vitamin D, and gut microbiota in reducing mortality—A systematic review and meta-analysis
Comparative analysis of COVID-19 responses in Japan and Africa, focusing on diet, phytochemicals, vitamin D, and gut microbiota in reducing mortality. Authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the unexpectedly..
Oct 4
 Maria et al., European Journal of Medical Research, doi:10.1186/s40001-024-02062-5 Does early combination vs. Monotherapy improve clinical outcomes of clinically extremely vulnerable patients with COVID-19? Results from a retrospective propensity-weighted analysis
72% lower mortality (p=0.15) and 77% lower progression (p=0.03). Retrospective 81 severely immunocompromised COVID-19 outpatients in Italy showing improved composite outcome of death, hospitalization, and emergency department encounters with early combination therapy of an antiviral plus sotrovimab com..
Oct 1
 Gkioulekas et al., Tasman Medical Journal, 6:4 Use of hydroxychloroquine in multidrug protocols for SARS-CoV-2
Review of the use of HCQ in multidrug protocols for SARS-CoV-2 treatment. Authors report that HCQ played an important role in preventing hospitalizations and deaths due to COVID-19, particularly in 2020 with more virulent strains. They di..
Sep 30
 Planas et al., Pathogens and Immunity, doi:10.20411/pai.v10i1.752 Escape of SARS-CoV-2 Variants KP.1.1, LB.1, and KP.3.3 From Approved Monoclonal Antibodies
In Vitro study showing significant escape of SARS-CoV-2 variants KP.1.1, LB.1, and KP.3.3 with monoclonal antibodies pemivibart (VYD222) and sipavibart (AZD3152). Sipavibart lost antiviral efficacy, while pemivibart maintained reduced act..
Sep 30
 Tramontozzi et al., Journal of Virus Eradication, doi:10.1016/j.jve.2024.100387 Indomethacin inhibits human seasonal coronaviruses at late stages of viral replication in lung cells: Impact on virus-induced COX-2 expression
In Vitro study showing that indomethacin inhibits the replication of human seasonal coronaviruses HCoV-229E (alpha-coronavirus) and HCoV-OC43 (beta-coronavirus) in lung-derived MRC-5 cells. Indomethacin acts at late stages of the viral li..
Sep 30
 Qu et al., Heliyon, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37663 Effect of amubarvimab-romlusevimab for treatment of severe COVID-19 in intensive care units: A retrospective cohort study
46% lower mortality (p=0.06) and 4% improved viral clearance (p=0.89). Retrospective 121 severe ICU COVID-19 patients in China showing lower 28-day mortality and ICU mortality with amubarvimab-romlusevimab treatment compared to no antiviral treatment. No significant differences were found in viral conversion..
We aim to cover the most promising early treatments for COVID-19. We use pre-specified effect extraction criteria that prioritizes more serious outcomes, for details see methods. For specific outcomes and different treatment stages see the individual pages. Not all treatments are covered here, effectiveness has been reported for many other treatments in studies. Of the 5,007 studies, 2,449 present results comparing with a control group, 2,242 are treatment studies, and 207 analyze outcomes based on serum levels. There are 92 animal studies, 174 in silico studies, 326 in vitro studies, 373 reviews, and 226 meta analyses.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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