COVID-19 early treatment: real-time analysis of 5,107 studies
Lopez | Review of resistance mutations in SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and nsp12 that could reduce efficacy of antiviral therapies including nirmatrelvir, ensitrelvir,.. |
Metwaly | In Silico study showing potential inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) by 7 FDA-approved drugs including indomethacin. Authors.. |
Wang | In Vitro study showing that a laboratory-synthesized version of the monoclonal antibody pemivibart had reduced neutralization activity against.. |
Kim | FAERS adverse event analysis for remdesivir, bebtelovimab, molnupiravir, and paxlovid. Top 10 signals for serious adverse drug reactions for.. |
Timeline for when studies showed efficacy - details and limitations.
0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
Top journals that accept positive studies for low cost treatments:
PLOS ONE,
Nutrients,
International Journal of Infectious Diseases,
Scientific Reports,
Journal of Clinical Medicine,
Cureus,
more...
Treatment cost times median NNT - details and limitations.
0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
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All clinical results for selected treatments. 0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
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Random effects meta-analysis of all studies (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of all mortality results (all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages depend on the distribution of stages tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of long covid results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. |
LATE TREATMENT | ||||||
Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | MortalityDeath | ||
Dr. David Uip (*) | Brazil | 2,200 | 38.6% (850) | Ref. | 2.5% (54) | Ref. |
EARLY TREATMENT - 40 physicians/teams | ||||||
Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | ImprovementImp. | MortalityDeath | ImprovementImp. |
Dr. Roberto Alfonso Accinelli 0/360 deaths for treatment within 3 days |
Peru | 1,265 | 0.6% (7) | 77.5% | ||
Dr. Mohammed Tarek Alam patients up to 84 years old |
Bangladesh | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Oluwagbenga Alonge | Nigeria | 310 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Raja Bhattacharya up to 88yo, 81% comorbidities |
India | 148 | 1.4% (2) | 44.9% | ||
Dr. Flavio Cadegiani | Brazil | 3,450 | 0.1% (4) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Alessandro Capucci | Italy | 350 | 4.6% (16) | 88.2% | ||
Dr. Shankara Chetty | South Africa | 8,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Deborah Chisholm | USA | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Ryan Cole | USA | 400 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Marco Cosentino vs. 3-3.8% mortality during period; earlier treatment better |
Italy | 392 | 6.4% (25) | 83.5% | 0.3% (1) | 89.6% |
Dr. Jeff Davis | USA | 6,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Dhanajay | India | 500 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Bryan Tyson & Dr. George Fareed | USA | 20,000 | 0.0% (6) | 99.9% | 0.0% (4) | 99.2% |
Dr. Raphael Furtado | Brazil | 170 | 0.6% (1) | 98.5% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Rabbi Yehoshua Gerzi | Israel | 860 | 0.1% (1) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Heather Gessling | USA | 1,500 | 0.1% (1) | 97.3% | ||
Dr. Ellen Guimarães | Brazil | 500 | 1.6% (8) | 95.9% | 0.4% (2) | 83.7% |
Dr. Syed Haider | USA | 4,000 | 0.1% (5) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Mark Hancock | USA | 24 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Sabine Hazan | USA | 1,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Mollie James | USA | 3,500 | 1.1% (40) | 97.0% | 0.0% (1) | 98.8% |
Dr. Roberta Lacerda | Brazil | 550 | 1.5% (8) | 96.2% | 0.4% (2) | 85.2% |
Dr. Katarina Lindley | USA | 100 | 5.0% (5) | 87.1% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Ben Marble | USA | 150,000 | 0.0% (4) | 99.9% | ||
Dr. Edimilson Migowski | Brazil | 2,000 | 0.3% (7) | 99.1% | 0.1% (2) | 95.9% |
Dr. Abdulrahman Mohana | Saudi Arabia | 2,733 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Carlos Nigro | Brazil | 5,000 | 0.9% (45) | 97.7% | 0.5% (23) | 81.3% |
Dr. Benoit Ochs | Luxembourg | 800 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Ortore | Italy | 240 | 1.2% (3) | 96.8% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Valerio Pascua one death for a patient presenting on the 5th day in need of supplemental oxygen |
Honduras | 415 | 6.3% (26) | 83.8% | 0.2% (1) | 90.2% |
Dr. Sebastian Pop | Romania | 300 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Brian Proctor | USA | 869 | 2.3% (20) | 94.0% | 0.2% (2) | 90.6% |
Dr. Anastacio Queiroz | Brazil | 700 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Didier Raoult | France | 8,315 | 2.6% (214) | 93.3% | 0.1% (5) | 97.6% |
Dr. Karin Ried up to 99yo, 73% comorbidities, av. age 63 |
Turkey | 237 | 0.4% (1) | 82.8% | ||
Dr. Roman Rozencwaig patients up to 86 years old |
Canada | 80 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Vipul Shah | India | 8,000 | 0.1% (5) | 97.5% | ||
Dr. Silvestre Sobrinho | Brazil | 116 | 8.6% (10) | 77.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Unknown | Brazil | 957 | 1.7% (16) | 95.7% | 0.2% (2) | 91.5% |
Dr. Vladimir Zelenko | USA | 2,200 | 0.5% (12) | 98.6% | 0.1% (2) | 96.3% |
Mean improvement with early treatment protocols | 238,381 | HospitalizationHosp. | 94.4% | MortalityDeath | 94.9% |
Physician results with early treatment protocols compared to
no early treatment. These results are subject to selection and ascertainment
bias and more accurate analysis requires details of the patient populations
and followup, however results are consistently better across many teams, and consistent
with the extensive controlled trial evidence that shows a significant
reduction in risk with many early treatments, and improved results with the
use of multiple treatments in combination.
Lopez | Review of resistance mutations in SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and nsp12 that could reduce efficacy of antiviral therapies including nirmatrelvir, ensitrelvir,.. |
Kim | FAERS adverse event analysis for remdesivir, bebtelovimab, molnupiravir, and paxlovid. Top 10 signals for serious adverse drug reactions for.. |
Lopez | Review of resistance mutations in SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and nsp12 that could reduce efficacy of antiviral therapies including nirmatrelvir, ensitrelvir,.. |
Lopez | Review of resistance mutations in SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and nsp12 that could reduce efficacy of antiviral therapies including nirmatrelvir, ensitrelvir,.. |
Lopez | Review of resistance mutations in SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and nsp12 that could reduce efficacy of antiviral therapies including nirmatrelvir, ensitrelvir,.. |
Kim | FAERS adverse event analysis for remdesivir, bebtelovimab, molnupiravir, and paxlovid. Top 10 signals for serious adverse drug reactions for.. |
Patrick-Brown | Long-term results for the NOR-Solidarity RCT showing worse long-term outcomes at 3 months with remdesivir compared to SoC with or without HCQ. The.. |
Metwaly | In Silico study showing potential inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) by 7 FDA-approved drugs including indomethacin. Authors.. |
Wang | In Vitro study showing that a laboratory-synthesized version of the monoclonal antibody pemivibart had reduced neutralization activity against.. |
Powers | In Vitro study showing continued activity of pemivibart and 15 pemivibart-like monoclonal antibodies against recent SARS-CoV-2 variants KP.3, KP.3.1.. |
Wolfe | 477 patient prophylaxis RCT: 75% lower hospitalization (p=0.34), 74% lower progression (p<0.0001), and 76% fewer symptomatic cases (p<0.0001) |
Schmidt | Discussion of immunobridging data for the monoclonal antibody pemivibart for prevention of COVID-19 in immunocompromised individuals. Pemivibart.. |
Kim | FAERS adverse event analysis for remdesivir, bebtelovimab, molnupiravir, and paxlovid. Top 10 signals for serious adverse drug reactions for.. |
Focosi | Analysis of GISAID SARS-CoV-2 sequences showing a strong correlation between molnupiravir prescriptions and putative molnupiravir-generated variants.. |
Kim | FAERS adverse event analysis for remdesivir, bebtelovimab, molnupiravir, and paxlovid. Top 10 signals for serious adverse drug reactions for.. |
Lee | Mouse study showing that zinc sulfate protects K18-hACE2 transgenic mice from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection by preventing viral transmission to the.. |
Qin | Meta analysis: 36% lower mortality (p=0.0001) and 41% lower severe cases (p=0.0006) |
Xie | Review of the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on cell death pathways in SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 induces oxidative stress and ROS.. |
Xie | Review of the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on cell death pathways in SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 induces oxidative stress and ROS.. |
Xie | Review of the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on cell death pathways in SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 induces oxidative stress and ROS.. |
Xie | Review of the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on cell death pathways in SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 induces oxidative stress and ROS.. |
Xie | Review of the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on cell death pathways in SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 induces oxidative stress and ROS.. |
Xie | Review of the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on cell death pathways in SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 induces oxidative stress and ROS.. |
Somasundaram | 421 patients prophylaxis: 89% lower mortality (p<0.0001) |
Recent studies (see the individual treatment pages for all studies):
Dec 31 |
, R., Elsevier BV, doi:10.2139/ssrn.5021494 | Coating of Remdesivir and Ivermectin on Silver Nanoparticles: First Principle Study |
In Silico study showing that silver nanoparticles could be used as a therapeutic drug delivery mechanism for remdesivir and ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2. Using Density Functional Theory calculations, authors find that both drugs bond str.. | ||
Nov 18 |
et al., Microorganisms, doi:10.3390/microorganisms12112353 | In Silico Analysis of Probiotic Bacteria Changes Across COVID-19 Severity Stages |
Reanalysis of publicly available microbiome datasets from 7 studies totaling 581 COVID-19 patients and controls, showing significant differential abundance of beneficial bacterial genera, particularly Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides, acro.. | ||
Nov 15 |
et al., Journal of Chemical Research, doi:10.1177/17475198241298547 | Discovery of potential FDA-approved SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like protease inhibitors: A multi-phase in silico approach |
In Silico study showing potential inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) by 7 FDA-approved drugs including indomethacin. Authors screened 3,009 drugs and identified indomethacin, vismodegib, celecoxib, ketoprofen, naphazoli.. | ||
Nov 14 |
et al., New England Journal of Medicine, doi:10.1056/NEJMc2404555 | Immunobridging for Pemivibart, a Monoclonal Antibody for Prevention of Covid-19 |
Discussion of immunobridging data for the monoclonal antibody pemivibart for prevention of COVID-19 in immunocompromised individuals. Pemivibart received Emergency Use Authorization from the FDA based on safety and immunobridging data fro.. | ||
Nov 14 |
et al., New England Journal of Medicine, doi:10.1056/NEJMc2410203 | Activity of Research-Grade Pemivibart against Recent SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 Sublineages |
In Vitro study showing that a laboratory-synthesized version of the monoclonal antibody pemivibart had reduced neutralization activity against recent SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 sublineages. Pemivibart was authorized for COVID-19 pre-exposure prophyl.. | ||
Nov 13 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-78538-5 | Elimination of olfactory sensory neurons by zinc sulfate inoculation prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection of the brain in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice |
Mouse study showing that zinc sulfate protects K18-hACE2 transgenic mice from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection by preventing viral transmission to the brain via the olfactory nerve pathway. Authors found that mice lacking olfactory sensory neu.. | ||
Nov 13 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.24317127 | Safety and Efficacy of Pemivibart, a Long-Acting Monoclonal Antibody, for Prevention of Symptomatic COVID-19: Interim Results From the CANOPY Clinical Trial |
75% lower hospitalization (p=0.34), 74% lower progression (p<0.0001), and 76% fewer symptomatic cases (p<0.0001). Phase 3 trial of 306 immunocompromised adults and 484 non-immunocompromised adults showing pre-exposure prophylaxis with pemivibart was generally well-tolerated and provided protection against symptomatic COVID-19 through 6 months in.. | ||
Nov 13 |
et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.623127 | Neutralization of recent SARS-CoV-2 variants by genetically and structurally related mAbs of the pemivibart lineage |
In Vitro study showing continued activity of pemivibart and 15 pemivibart-like monoclonal antibodies against recent SARS-CoV-2 variants KP.3, KP.3.1.1, and XEC. Authors found that all 15 antibodies maintained activity against KP.3.1.1, wi.. | ||
Nov 13 |
et al., Inflammopharmacology, doi:10.1007/s10787-024-01597-7 | Role of intravenous vitamin C on outcomes in hospitalized patients with moderate or severe COVID-19: a real life data of Turkish patients |
84% lower mortality (p=0.05). Retrospective 270 moderate/severe hospitalized COVID-19 patients, showing lower mortality with high (25 g/day) or low-dose (2 g/day) intraveneous vitamin C. | ||
Nov 12 |
et al., Communications Medicine, doi:10.1038/s43856-024-00650-4 | The effects of remdesivir on long-term symptoms in patients hospitalised for COVID-19: a pre-specified exploratory analysis |
Long-term results for the NOR-Solidarity RCT showing worse long-term outcomes at 3 months with remdesivir compared to SoC with or without HCQ. The CAT total score was 16.8 vs. 11.4, p = 0.06, close to statistical significance for harm. Se.. | ||
Nov 12 |
et al., Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, doi:10.1002/pds.70043 | Investigating the Safety Profile of Fast‐Track COVID‐19 Drugs Using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System Database: A Comparative Observational Study |
FAERS adverse event analysis for remdesivir, bebtelovimab, molnupiravir, and paxlovid. Top 10 signals for serious adverse drug reactions for remdesivir included death and acute kidney injury, for paxlovid: disease recurrence and rebound, .. | ||
Nov 11 |
et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciae551 | Alleviation of COVID-19 Symptoms and Reduction in Healthcare Utilization Among High-Risk Patients Treated With Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (NMV/R): A phase 3 randomized trial |
Additional analysis of [Hammond]. Results are shown with the main paper [Hammond]. | ||
Nov 11 |
et al., Journal of Medical Bacteriology, 12:4 | Possible Link between Gut Microbiota, Diet, and COVID-19 Infection |
Review of the relationship between gut microbiota, diet, and COVID-19 infection. Authors analyze how SARS-CoV-2 infection affects gut microbiota composition and how dietary factors may influence disease outcomes. Studies show COVID-19 pat.. | ||
Nov 11 |
et al., Nutrition Reviews, doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuae154 | Effects of Vitamin C Supplements on Clinical Outcomes and Hospitalization Duration for Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
36% lower mortality (p=0.0001) and 41% lower severe cases (p=0.0006). Meta analysis of 22 studies with 6,831 patients showing significantly lower COVID-19 mortality and severity with vitamin C treatment. | ||
Nov 10 |
et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2024.11.08.622746 | Neutralizing Activity and Viral Escape of Pemivibart by SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 sublineages |
In Vitro study showing that the monoclonal antibody pemivibart retains broad neutralizing activity against recent SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 sublineages but has reduced potency against KP.3.1.1 and XEC variants, with IC50 values ~22-fold higher than.. | ||
Nov 9 |
et al., Annals of Medicine, doi:10.1080/07853890.2024.2425829 | Metformin use and its association with various outcomes in COVID-19 patients with diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary care facility |
89% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective 421 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes in India, showing significantly lower mortality with metformin use compared to other antidiabetic medications. | ||
Nov 8 |
et al., Journal of Global Health, doi:10.7189/jogh.14.05032 | Low antiviral uptake of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir in adult patients with COVID-19 in Taiwan in 2022 |
Retrospective 96,398 adult COVID-19 patients in Taiwan showing very low use of approved antivirals nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (5.1%) and molnupiravir (1.9%) in 2022, especially in moderate-to-high risk groups eligible for treatment per WHO gu.. | ||
Nov 8 |
et al., Intervirology, doi:10.1159/000540282 | The fitness of molnupiravir-signed SARS-CoV-2 variants: imputation analysis based on prescription counts and GISAID analyses by country |
Analysis of GISAID SARS-CoV-2 sequences showing a strong correlation between molnupiravir prescriptions and putative molnupiravir-generated variants by country. Authors identify 1,094 sequences with a molnupiravir mutational signature, pr.. | ||
Nov 8 |
et al., Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters, doi:10.1186/s11658-024-00659-6 | The role of reactive oxygen species in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) infection-induced cell death |
Review of the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on cell death pathways in SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 induces oxidative stress and ROS generation which can lead to several types of regulated cell death including NETosis, ferro.. | ||
Nov 7 |
et al., Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1453234 | Systematic evaluation of therapeutic effectiveness of Azvudine in treating COVID-19 hospitalized patients: a retrospective cohort study |
75% lower mortality (p=0.02) and 63% lower progression (p=0.02). Retrospective 264 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China showing lower risk of composite disease progression and all-cause mortality with azvudine treatment. | ||
Nov 7 |
et al., Pharmacology Research & Perspectives, doi:10.1002/prp2.1233 | Favipiravir pharmacokinetics in Thai adults with mild COVID‐19: A sub‐study of interpatient variability and ethnic differences in exposure |
Pharmacokinetic study of 8 Thai adults with mild COVID-19 showing higher favipiravir plasma concentrations compared to studies in other populations, suggesting regional/ethnic differences in pharmacokinetics. 7 of 8 adults achieved plasma.. | ||
Nov 6 |
et al., Health Science Reports, doi:10.1002/hsr2.70181 | Clinical and Epidemiological Features of Pediatric COVID‐19: A Retrospective Study |
63% fewer moderate/severe cases (p<0.0001). Retrospective 600 hospitalized pediatric COVID-19 patients, showing vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency associated with COVID-19 severity. | ||
Nov 5 |
et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu16223794 | The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation Post COVID-19 Infection and Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
Meta analysis of 29 studies showing significantly lower ICU admission and intubation rates with vitamin D treatment in COVID-19 patients. Mortality was significantly reduced in observational studies but without statistical significance in.. | ||
Nov 5 |
et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-024-10115-7 | The association between adherence to unhealthy plant-based diet and risk of COVID-19: a cross-sectional study |
37% fewer cases (p=0.03). Analysis of 8,157 adults showing significantly higher risk of COVID-19 with higher adherence to an unhealthy diet, characterized by higher intake of less healthy foods such as fruit juices, refined grains, potatoes, and sugar-sweetened be.. | ||
Nov 5 |
et al., Ophthalmology Journal, doi:10.5603/oj.93780 | Ocular safety of hydroxychloroquine when used as prophylaxis against COVID-19 in healthcare workers at a tertiary care center in India |
Analysis of 61 healthcare workers in India showing no significant correlation between short-term high-dose hydroxychloroquine use for COVID-19 prophylaxis and adverse effects on color vision, contrast sensitivity, macular thickness, retin.. | ||
Nov 5 |
et al., International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms252211872 | Antiviral Effect of Melatonin on Caco-2 Cell Organoid Culture: Trick or Treat? |
In Vitro study showing that melatonin exhibits antiviral properties in gastrointestinal epithelial cells through modulation of type III interferon responses and cellular protection. Authors found that melatonin's effects varied based on t.. | ||
Nov 2 |
et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciae529 | Virologic Response and Safety of Ibuzatrelvir, a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral, in Adults With COVID-19 |
27% improved viral clearance (p=0.0001). RCT 240 outpatients showing significant viral load reduction with ibuzatrelvir (an oral SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitor) compared to placebo. The study enrolled non-hospitalized adults aged 18-65 with symptomatic COVID-19 (≤5 days) and positive.. | ||
Nov 1 |
et al., Medicine, doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000040245 | Vitamin D levels in children and adolescents are associated with coronavirus disease-2019 outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis |
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 9 studies with 1,262 children showing higher risk of COVID-19 infection and severe illness with vitamin D insufficiency. | ||
Oct 30 |
et al., Annals of Medicine, doi:10.1080/07853890.2024.2399761 | Treatment with proton pump inhibitors is associated with secondary bacterial infections and sepsis in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective analysis of their joint impact on in-hospital prognosis |
37% higher combined mortality/ICU admission (p=0.09) and 96% worse results (p=0.0001). Retrospective 1,087 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing significantly increased risk of secondary bacterial infections (SBIs) and secondary bacterial sepsis (SBS) sepsis with pre-admission proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use. Combined ICU.. | ||
Oct 29 |
et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciae435 | 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on the Management of COVID-19: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Pemivibart for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis |
Update to IDSA clinical practice guidelines on the treatment and management of COVID-19, providing a conditional recommendation for pre-exposure prophylaxis with pemivibart, an anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody, in moderately or sever.. | ||
Oct 28 |
et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5314583/v1 | A randomized trial of at-home COVID-19 tests, telemedicine, and rapid prescription delivery for immunocompromised individuals |
RCT 671 immunocompromised or aged 65+ participants in the US showing significantly reduced ICU admissions and cost of COVID care with access to at-home COVID tests, telemedicine, and rapid paxlovid delivery. There was no significant diffe.. | ||
Oct 26 |
et al., Molecular Biology Research Communications, doi:10.22099/mbrc.2024.50245.2001 | Non-spike protein inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 by natural products through the key mediator protein ORF8 |
In Silico study showing that ivermectin, artemisinin, and DEG-168 may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 by targeting the ORF8 protein's binding sites. Ivermectin showed the highest binding affinity. Authors identified two key binding regions on ORF8 - a.. | ||
Oct 26 |
et al., Antioxidants, doi:10.3390/antiox13111301 | Potential Beneficial Role of Nitric Oxide in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Beyond Spike-Binding Inhibition |
In Vitro study showing that nitric oxide (NO) inhibits SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding to ACE2 and reduces ACE2 enzymatic activity. Authors showed that NO donors DETA-NONOate (DETA-NO) and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) significantly decrea.. | ||
Oct 26 |
et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm13216415 | Association of High-Risk Obstructive Sleep Apnea with Artificial Intelligence-Guided, CT-Based Severity Scores in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia |
67% lower severe cases (p=0.01). Retrospective 221 COVID-19 patients showing an association between high-risk obstructive sleep apnea and COVID-19 severity. | ||
Oct 25 |
et al., Preprints.org, doi:10.20944/preprints202410.1998.v1 | COVID-19 Prophylactic Effect of Bromhexine Hydrochloride |
Retrospective 125 outpatients showing reduced COVID-19 infection rates with prophylactic bromhexine hydrochloride (BRH) use during 2021-2022 COVID waves in Bulgaria. Prior to BRH prophylaxis, 62% of participants reported confirmed COVID-1.. | ||
Oct 25 |
et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.72385 | Association Between the Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Severe Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Observational Study |
57% higher hospitalization (p=0.15). Retrospective 506 outpatients in Oman showing no significant association between proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and COVID-19 hospitalization in unadjusted results. | ||
Oct 24 |
et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0309449 | Impact of variable titer COVID-19 convalescent plasma and recipient SARS-CoV2-specific humoral immunity on survival in hospitalized patients |
26% higher mortality (p=0.14), 1% higher ventilation (p=1), and no change in progression (p=1). Retrospective propensity-matched analysis of 290 hospitalized COVID-19 patients who received convalescent plasma (CCP) compared to 290 controls, showing no significant difference in 30-day mortality, ECMO/mechanical ventilation, or hospit.. | ||
Oct 22 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-76871-3 | One-year mortality and associated factors in older hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: a Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea |
15% lower mortality (p=0.62). Retrospective 63,369 hospitalized COVID-19 survivors aged 60 years or older in Korea, showing lower 1-year mortality with macrolides (including azithromycin), higher 1-year mortality with corticosteroids (including dexamethasone and.. | ||
Oct 21 |
et al., Current Research in Microbial Sciences, doi:10.1016/j.crmicr.2024.100293 | Antiseptics: An expeditious third force in the prevention and management of coronavirus diseases |
Review of the use of nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal virucidal agents such as povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, and others for preventing the spread of COVID-19 and other coronavirus diseases. Autho.. | ||
Oct 20 |
et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.71952 | Short-Term Outcomes in Patients With Coexistence of COVID-19 Infection and Vitamin D Deficiency: A Large Cohort Study |
6% lower mortality (p=0.42), 5% lower progression (p=0.02), and 1% lower hospitalization (p=0.8). PSM retrospective 68,814 COVID-19 patients showing vitamin D deficiency associated with significantly increased risk of requiring critical care services, and non-significant higher all-cause mortality. Mortality for COVID-19 was less like.. |
We aim to cover the most promising early treatments for
COVID-19. We use pre-specified effect extraction criteria that prioritizes
more serious outcomes, for details see methods. For specific
outcomes and different treatment stages see the individual pages. Not all
treatments are covered here, effectiveness has been reported for many other treatments in studies.
Of the 5,107 studies,
2,484 present results comparing with a control group,
2,276 are treatment studies, and
208 analyze outcomes based on serum levels. There are
97 animal studies,
177 in silico studies,
338 in vitro studies,
389 reviews,
and 228 meta analyses.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments.
c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from
thousands of papers. Community updates
help ensure high accuracy.
Treatments and other interventions are complementary.
All practical, effective, and safe
means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis.
No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current
and future variants.
We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication,
consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details
of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH
provide treatment protocols.
Thanks for your feedback! Please search before submitting papers and note
that studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may be
the date of an earlier preprint.