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@CovidAnalysis

COVID-19 early treatment: real-time analysis of 5,255 studies

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112
COVID-19 treatments
8,476
potential treatments
118
countries with approvals
Recently added (more..)  Vitamin D  Metformin  Vitamin A
Atieh
RCT 151 long COVID outpatients showing improved long COVID Research Index, number of symptoms, inflammatory markers, and fungal translocation with..
Bramante
2,991 patient metformin late treatment RCT: 24% higher progression (p=0.28) and 4% worse recovery (p=0.28)
Voloudakis
755,346 patients vitamin A prophylaxis: 19% fewer cases (p=0.0008)
$0 $1,000 $2,000+ -25+% 0% 25% 50% Treatment cost (US$) Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatments Donidalorsen -151% >$2,000 Glenzocimab -60% >$2,000 Olokizumab -50% >$2,000 PPIs -46% BMS mAbs -36% >$2,000 Acetaminophen -28% Lufotrelvir >$2,000 Trimodulin >$2,000 Plitidepsin >$2,000 Losartan Sargramostim >$2,000 Cannabidiol Vitamin B9 Conv. Plasma $5,000 Remdesivir $3,120 Sarilumab >$2,000 Acebilustat >$2,000 Ibuprofen Aspirin Molnupiravir mutagenic/teratogenic Favipiravir Paxlovid Famotidine Vitamin C Amubarvimab/r.. NAC Vilobelimab $6,350 Sotrovimab $2,100 Colchicine Budesonide Probiotics Zinc HCQ Azvudine Antiandro.. Nitric Oxide Metformin Sleep Bebtelovimab Vitamin A H1RAs Vitamin D Sunlight H. Peroxide Exercise Fluvox. Curcumin Casirivimab/i.. $2,100 Tixagevimab/c.. N. Sativa NaHCO₃ Melatonin Ensovibep >$2,000 Quercetin Bamlanivimab/e.. pH+ Diet PVP-I Thermotherapy Ivermectin Regdanvimab $2,100 Lifestyle / free No prescription Prescription required High-cost Lowerrisk Higherrisk c19early.org January 2025 COVID-19 involves the interplay of 50+ host/viral proteins/factors, modulated by many treatments. 0.5% of 8,000+proposed treatments show efficacy with ≥3 studies.Protocols combine treatments, none are 100% effective.c19early analyzes over 5,200 studies for 112 treatments.
$0 $1,000 $2,000+ -20+% 0% 25% 50% Treatment cost (US$) Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatments Donidalorsen -151% Glenzocimab -60% Olokizumab -50% PPIs -46% BMS mAbs -36% Acetaminophen -28% Lufotrelvir -22% Trimodulin Plitidepsin Losartan Sargramostim CBD Vit. B9 C. Plasma Remdesivir Sarilumab Acebilustat Ibuprofen Aspirin Molnupiravir mutagenic/teratogenic Favipiravir Paxlovid Famotidine Vitamin C Amubarvimab/r.. NAC Vilobelimab Sotrovimab Colchicine Budesonide Probiotics Zinc HCQ Azvudine Antiandro.. Nitric Oxide Metformin Sleep Bebtelovimab Vitamin A H1RAs Vitamin D Sunlight H. Peroxide Exercise Fluvox. Curcumin Casirivim.. Tixagevimab/c.. N. Sativa NaHCO₃ Melatonin Ensovibep Quercetin Bamlan.. pH+ Diet PVP-I Thermotherapy Ivermectin Regdanvimab Lifestyle / free No prescription Prescription required High-cost Lowerrisk Higherrisk c19early.org January 2025 COVID-19 involves the interplay of50+ host/viral proteins/factors.0.5% of 8,000+ treatments showefficacy. Protocols combinetreatments. c19early analyzes5,200+ studies for 112 treatments.
Azvudine Evusheld Sodium Bicarbonate Paxlovid Regdanvimab Vitamin B12 Sunlight Phthalocyanine Montelukast Alkalinization Fluvoxamine Famotidine Molnupiravir Quercetin Diet Bamlanivimab/e.. Hydrogen Peroxide Budesonide Probiotics Casirivimab/i.. Sleep Curcumin Povidone-Iodine Nigella Sativa Melatonin Antihistamine H1RAs Acetaminophen ↑risk Exercise Vitamin D Antiandrogens Vitamin C PPIs ↑risk Colchicine Ivermectin Metformin Zinc HCQ 2020 2021 2023 2024 Pooled outcomes Specific outcome RCT pooled RCT specific Statistically significant ≥10% improvement ≥3 studies c19early.org January 2025 Time when COVID-19 studies showed efficacy
Azvudine Evusheld Sodium Bicarb.. Paxlovid Regdanvimab Vitamin B12 Sunlight Phthalocyanine Montelukast Alkalinization Fluvoxamine Famotidine Molnupiravir Quercetin Diet Bamlanivimab/e.. Hydrogen Peroxide Budesonide Probiotics Casirivimab/i.. Sleep Curcumin Povidone-Iodine Nigella Sativa Melatonin H1RAs Acetaminophen ↑risk Exercise Vitamin D Antiandrogens Vitamin C PPIs ↑risk Colchicine Ivermectin Metformin Zinc HCQ 2020 2021 2023 2024 Pooled outcomes Specific outcome RCT pooled RCT specific Statistically significant ≥10% improvement ≥3 studies c19early.org January 2025 Time when COVID-19 studies showed efficacy
Timeline for when studies showed efficacy - details and limitations. 0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
Top journals that accept positive studies for low cost treatments: Nutrients, PLOS ONE, Journal of Clinical Medicine, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, Scientific Reports, Cureus, more...
January 2025
c19early.org
Cost per life saved from NNT in
studies to date
Melatonin
9
48%
  $8
Vitamin D
69
36%
  $11
Alkalinization
8
46%
  $11
Zinc
21
30%
  $15
Vitamin C
44
20%
  $18
Colchicine
43
28%
  $26
HCQ
251
27%
  $26
Ivermectin
53
47%
  $26
Aspirin
65
10%
  $33
Vitamin A
5
30%
  $45
Curcumin
8
63%
  $59
Famotidine
21
18%
  $94
Metformin
71
37%
  $121
Quercetin
5
61%
  $127
Probiotics
10
59%
  $172
Antiandrogens
32
37%
  $179
Nigella Sativa
5
57%
  $187
Fluvoxamine
10
44%
  $411
Budesonide
12
26%
  $574
Azvudine
21
31%
  $1,248
Favipiravir
40
11%
  $1,935
Tixagev../c..
10
42%
  $74,506
Regdanvimab
7
63%
  $139,860
Paxlovid
38
25%
  $206,705
Bamlaniv../e..
13
54%
  $301,549
Sotrovimab
13
51%
  $352,800
Casirivimab/..
10
17%
  $700,980
Bebtelovimab
4
60%
  $737,601
Remdesivir
66
1%
  $1,558,440
Molnupiravir
25
15%
  $2,400,867
Conv. Plasma
52
-2%
N/A
Acetaminophen
14
-24%
N/A
PPIs
20
-40%
N/A
Brensocatib
1
-41%
N/A
Treatment cost times median NNT - details and limitations. 0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
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All clinical results for selected treatments. 0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
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0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Iota-carragee.. 80% [22-95%] 1 $1 394 very limited data Cost Studies Patients Improvement Relative Risk Chlorhexidine 79% [66-87%] 3 $1 509 limited data Proxalutamide 78% [70-83%] 4 $500 1,953 limited data Indomethacin 74% [-20-94%] 4 $5 605 limited data Cetylpyridin.. 68% [-620-99%] 1 $1 23 very limited data Regdanvimab 63% [51-71%] 11 $2,100 7,430 Ivermectin 60% [52-67%] 105 $1 220,423 Chlorphenira.. 56% [46-64%] 3 $5 806 very limited data Thermotherapy 56% [9-78%] 4 $0 217 very limited data Povidone-Iod.. 51% [38-61%] 21 $1 3,202 Diet 50% [41-57%] 29 $0 693,504 Alkalinization 49% [36-59%] 13 $1 6,304 HH-120 49% [-60-84%] 2 $500 345 very limited data pHOXWELL 47% [29-62%] 1 $10 556 very limited data Bemnifosbuvir 47% [-57-82%] 3 $500 359 very limited data Bamlaniv../e.. 47% [25-62%] 21 $1,250 35,320 variant dependent Quercetin 46% [20-64%] 12 $5 1,496 Ensovibep 46% [-173-89%] 2 $2,100 885 limited data Adintrevimab 43% [-169-88%] 2 $2,100 2,483 intramuscular Melatonin 43% [30-54%] 18 $1 14,301 Bromhexine 43% [-5-69%] 7 $5 875 very limited data Sodium Bicar.. 43% [23-58%] 6 $1 1,013 Nigella Sativa 43% [24-57%] 14 $5 3,333 Tixagev../c.. 43% [26-56%] 17 $855 29,530 variant dependent Casirivimab/i.. 42% [22-57%] 31 $2,100 59,449 variant dependent Propolis 41% [-13-69%] 3 $1 410 very limited data Curcumin 41% [30-51%] 27 $5 14,886 Fluvoxamine 39% [21-52%] 21 $4 38,283 Montelukast 39% [14-56%] 9 $2 2,943 limited data Exercise 39% [33-44%] 68 $0 1,939,060 Hydrogen Per.. 38% [5-59%] 7 $1 835 very limited data Phthalocyan.. 38% [20-51%] 4 $5 5,245 Xiannuoxin 38% [-46-73%] 2 $106 1,027 very limited data Sunlight 37% [22-50%] 5 $0 19,665 Vitamin D 37% [31-42%] 122 $1 195,710 H1RAs 36% [20-48%] 17 $5 72,015 Nitazoxanide 35% [-8-61%] 14 $4 3,632 Selenium 34% [-40-69%] 4 $1 21,452 Bebtelovimab 34% [-24-65%] 6 $1,200 13,329 intravenous Vitamin A 31% [11-47%] 15 $2 22,297 Sleep 31% [23-39%] 16 $0 429,222 Metformin 31% [27-34%] 102 $10 350,373 Spironolactone 31% [15-44%] 12 $5 28,019 Nitric Oxide 31% [-1-52%] 12 $11 2,236 Antiandrogens 30% [21-38%] 49 $5 120,172 Vitamin B12 30% [5-48%] 4 $1 11,407 Azvudine 29% [19-39%] 28 $25 32,061 Hydroxychlor.. 28% [25-31%] 419 $1 591,536 Zinc 28% [18-36%] 46 $1 55,762 Probiotics 28% [18-36%] 28 $5 19,646 Budesonide 28% [18-36%] 15 $4 28,194 Colchicine 27% [18-36%] 56 $1 33,066 Ibuzatrelvir 27% [15-38%] 1 $1,390 126 very limited data Sotrovimab 27% [11-40%] 26 $2,100 54,628 variant dependent Andrographol.. 27% [-8-50%] 7 $5 1,245 Ensitrelvir 26% [-14-52%] 3 $500 1,450 very limited data Vilobelimab 26% [-4-48%] 1 $6,350 368 intravenous N-acetylcys.. 25% [14-35%] 24 $1 26,243 Amubarv../r.. 25% [-70-66%] 4 $1,380 1,568 intravenous Lactoferrin 24% [-24-53%] 8 $5 1,419 Vitamin C 21% [15-28%] 73 $1 89,000 Niclosamide 21% [-47-57%] 6 $50 2,091 very limited data Leritrelvir 21% [3-35%] 2 $1,000 1,399 very limited data UDCA 20% [-2-38%] 19 $15 43,512 Camostat 18% [-3-34%] 16 $1 2,020 Famotidine 17% [8-24%] 30 $5 114,119 Paxlovid 16% [12-19%] 74 $1,390 164,085 independent trials refused Favipiravir 15% [5-24%] 71 $20 36,281 worse w/longer followup Vitamin K 14% [0-25%] 2 $1 7,806 very limited data Molnupiravir 11% [3-19%] 47 $707 151,467 mutagenic/teratogenic Deuremidevir 11% [-1-21%] 2 $112 1,432 very limited data Aspirin 9% [3-15%] 76 $1 187,919 Peg.. Lambda 7% [-138-63%] 4 $500 2,143 subcutaneous Ibuprofen 0% [-9-9%] 13 $1 54,707 Acebilustat 0% [-1462-94%] 1 $2,000 120 very limited data Levilimab 0% [-289-74%] 1 $2,000 206 subcutaneous Sarilumab -0% [-21-17%] 11 $2,000 2,231 intravenous/subcutaneous Remdesivir -1% [-9-7%] 79 $3,120 202,845 worse w/longer followup Pomotrelvir -1% [-104-50%] 1 $1,390 230 very limited data Conv. Plasma -2% [-6-2%] 54 $5,000 31,210 intravenous Apremilast -3% [-42-25%] 2 $2,000 594 limited data Ravulizumab -5% [-45-24%] 2 $2,000 481 intravenous Lanadelumab -7% [-135-52%] 1 $10,000 55 very limited data Vitamin B9 -8% [-41-18%] 12 $1 54,954 Plasma-activ.. -9% [-234-64%] 1 $100 23 very limited data Razuprotafib -10% [-116-44%] 2 $2,000 134 subcutaneous Sargramostim -13% [-85-31%] 4 $2,000 870 very limited data Brexanolone -14% [-129-43%] 1 $34,000 28 very limited data Losartan -15% [-127-42%] 5 $5 665 very limited data Plitidepsin -16% [-356-71%] 2 $2,000 163 intravenous Trimodulin -17% [-116-37%] 1 $2,000 166 intravenous Cannabidiol -21% [-97-25%] 9 $25 17,978 Lufotrelvir -22% [-198-50%] 1 $2,000 58 intravenous Pacritinib -28% [-210-47%] 1 $2,000 200 very limited data Cenicriviroc -28% [-66-1%] 3 $2,000 1,000 limited data Acetaminoph.. -28% [-41--17%] 27 $1 543,459 Crizanlizumab -29% [-103-18%] 2 $2,500 463 intravenous BMS mAbs -36% [-492-69%] 1 $2,100 210 subcutaneous Brensocatib -41% [-88--6%] 1 $2,000 404 very limited data Danicopan -43% [-168-24%] 1 $2,000 201 very limited data PPIs -46% [-67--27%] 39 $5 222,688 Olokizumab -50% [-309-45%] 1 $2,000 248 subcutaneous TRV027 -54% [-202-22%] 2 $2,000 318 intravenous Glenzocimab -60% [-236-24%] 1 $2,000 62 intravenous Siltuximab -64% [-252-23%] 1 $2,000 149 intravenous rNAPc2 -65% [-304-32%] 1 $2,000 156 very limited data Emvododstat -132% [-628-26%] 1 $2,000 187 very limited data Goflikicept -135% [-492-7%] 1 $2,000 247 subcutaneous Pemivibart -150% [-6014-90%] 1 $5,775 477 intravenous Donidalorsen -151% [-602-11%] 1 $2,000 103 intravenous/subcutaneous Astodrimer So.. -205% [-7302-87%] 1 $10 197 very limited data All studies (pooled effects, all stages) c19early.org January 2025 Favors treatment Favors control
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Iota-carragee.. 80% 1 very limited data Studies, Improvement Relative Risk Chlorhexidine 79% 3 limited data Proxalutamide 78% 4 limited data Indomethacin 74% 4 limited data Cetylpyridin.. 68% 1 very limited data Regdanvimab 63% 11 Ivermectin 60% 105 Chlorphenira.. 56% 3 very limited data Thermotherapy 56% 4 very limited data Povidone-Iod.. 51% 21 Diet 50% 29 Alkalinization 49% 13 HH-120 49% 2 very limited data pHOXWELL 47% 1 very limited data Bemnifosbuvir 47% 3 very limited data Bamlaniv../e.. 47% 21 variant dependent Quercetin 46% 12 Ensovibep 46% 2 limited data Adintrevimab 43% 2 intramuscular Melatonin 43% 18 Bromhexine 43% 7 very limited data Sodium Bicar.. 43% 6 Nigella Sativa 43% 14 Tixagev../c.. 43% 17 variant dependent Casirivimab/.. 42% 31 variant dependent Propolis 41% 3 very limited data Curcumin 41% 27 Fluvoxamine 39% 21 Montelukast 39% 9 limited data Exercise 39% 68 Hydrogen Per.. 38% 7 very limited data Phthalocyan.. 38% 4 Xiannuoxin 38% 2 very limited data Sunlight 37% 5 Vitamin D 37% 122 H1RAs 36% 17 Nitazoxanide 35% 14 Selenium 34% 4 Bebtelovimab 34% 6 intravenous Vitamin A 31% 15 Sleep 31% 16 Metformin 31% 102 Spironolactone 31% 12 Nitric Oxide 31% 12 Antiandrogens 30% 49 Vitamin B12 30% 4 Azvudine 29% 28 Hydroxychlor.. 28% 419 Zinc 28% 46 Probiotics 28% 28 Budesonide 28% 15 Colchicine 27% 56 Ibuzatrelvir 27% 1 very limited data Sotrovimab 27% 26 variant dependent Andrographol.. 27% 7 Ensitrelvir 26% 3 very limited data Vilobelimab 26% 1 intravenous N-acetylcys.. 25% 24 Amubarv../r.. 25% 4 intravenous Lactoferrin 24% 8 Vitamin C 21% 73 Niclosamide 21% 6 very limited data Leritrelvir 21% 2 very limited data UDCA 20% 19 Camostat 18% 16 Famotidine 17% 30 Paxlovid 16% 74 independent trials refused Favipiravir 15% 71 worse w/longer followup Vitamin K 14% 2 very limited data Molnupiravir 11% 47 mutagenic/teratogenic Deuremidevir 11% 2 very limited data Aspirin 9% 76 Peg.. Lambda 7% 4 subcutaneous Ibuprofen 0% 13 Acebilustat 0% 1 very limited data Levilimab 0% 1 subcutaneous Sarilumab -0% 11 intravenous/subcutaneous Remdesivir -1% 79 worse w/longer followup Pomotrelvir -1% 1 very limited data Conv. Plasma -2% 54 intravenous Apremilast -3% 2 limited data Ravulizumab -5% 2 intravenous Lanadelumab -7% 1 very limited data Vitamin B9 -8% 12 Plasma-activ.. -9% 1 very limited data Razuprotafib -10% 2 subcutaneous Sargramostim -13% 4 very limited data Brexanolone -14% 1 very limited data Losartan -15% 5 very limited data Plitidepsin -16% 2 intravenous Trimodulin -17% 1 intravenous Cannabidiol -21% 9 Lufotrelvir -22% 1 intravenous Pacritinib -28% 1 very limited data Cenicriviroc -28% 3 limited data Acetaminoph.. -28% 27 Crizanlizumab -29% 2 intravenous BMS mAbs -36% 1 subcutaneous Brensocatib -41% 1 very limited data Danicopan -43% 1 very limited data PPIs -46% 39 Olokizumab -50% 1 subcutaneous TRV027 -54% 2 intravenous Glenzocimab -60% 1 intravenous Siltuximab -64% 1 intravenous rNAPc2 -65% 1 very limited data Emvododstat -132% 1 very limited data Goflikicept -135% 1 subcutaneous Pemivibart -150% 1 intravenous Donidalorsen -151% 1 intravenous/subcutaneous Astodrimer S.. -205% 1 very limited data All studies (pooled effects, all stages) c19early.org January 2025 Rotate device for details Favors treatment Favors control
Random effects meta-analysis of all studies (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of all mortality results (all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages depend on the distribution of stages tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of long covid results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of transmission results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
LATE TREATMENT
Physician / TeamLocationPatients HospitalizationHosp. MortalityDeath
Dr. David Uip (*) Brazil 2,200 38.6% (850) Ref. 2.5% (54) Ref.
EARLY TREATMENT - 40 physicians/teams
Physician / TeamLocationPatients HospitalizationHosp. ImprovementImp. MortalityDeath ImprovementImp.
Dr. Roberto Alfonso Accinelli
0/360 deaths for treatment within 3 days		 Peru 1,265 0.6% (7) 77.5%
Dr. Mohammed Tarek Alam
patients up to 84 years old		 Bangladesh 100 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Oluwagbenga Alonge Nigeria 310 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Raja Bhattacharya
up to 88yo, 81% comorbidities		 India 148 1.4% (2) 44.9%
Dr. Flavio Cadegiani Brazil 3,450 0.1% (4) 99.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Alessandro Capucci Italy 350 4.6% (16) 88.2%
Dr. Shankara Chetty South Africa 8,000 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Deborah Chisholm USA 100 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Ryan Cole USA 400 0.0% (0) 100.0% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Marco Cosentino
vs. 3-3.8% mortality during period; earlier treatment better		 Italy 392 6.4% (25) 83.5% 0.3% (1) 89.6%
Dr. Jeff Davis USA 6,000 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Dhanajay India 500 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Bryan Tyson & Dr. George Fareed USA 20,000 0.0% (6) 99.9% 0.0% (4) 99.2%
Dr. Raphael Furtado Brazil 170 0.6% (1) 98.5% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Rabbi Yehoshua Gerzi Israel 860 0.1% (1) 99.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Heather Gessling USA 1,500 0.1% (1) 97.3%
Dr. Ellen Guimarães Brazil 500 1.6% (8) 95.9% 0.4% (2) 83.7%
Dr. Syed Haider USA 4,000 0.1% (5) 99.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Mark Hancock USA 24 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Sabine Hazan USA 1,000 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Mollie James USA 3,500 1.1% (40) 97.0% 0.0% (1) 98.8%
Dr. Roberta Lacerda Brazil 550 1.5% (8) 96.2% 0.4% (2) 85.2%
Dr. Katarina Lindley USA 100 5.0% (5) 87.1% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Ben Marble USA 150,000 0.0% (4) 99.9%
Dr. Edimilson Migowski Brazil 2,000 0.3% (7) 99.1% 0.1% (2) 95.9%
Dr. Abdulrahman Mohana Saudi Arabia 2,733 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Carlos Nigro Brazil 5,000 0.9% (45) 97.7% 0.5% (23) 81.3%
Dr. Benoit Ochs Luxembourg 800 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Ortore Italy 240 1.2% (3) 96.8% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Valerio Pascua
one death for a patient presenting on the 5th day in need of supplemental oxygen		 Honduras 415 6.3% (26) 83.8% 0.2% (1) 90.2%
Dr. Sebastian Pop Romania 300 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Brian Proctor USA 869 2.3% (20) 94.0% 0.2% (2) 90.6%
Dr. Anastacio Queiroz Brazil 700 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Didier Raoult France 8,315 2.6% (214) 93.3% 0.1% (5) 97.6%
Dr. Karin Ried
up to 99yo, 73% comorbidities, av. age 63		 Turkey 237 0.4% (1) 82.8%
Dr. Roman Rozencwaig
patients up to 86 years old		 Canada 80 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Vipul Shah India 8,000 0.1% (5) 97.5%
Dr. Silvestre Sobrinho Brazil 116 8.6% (10) 77.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Unknown Brazil 957 1.7% (16) 95.7% 0.2% (2) 91.5%
Dr. Vladimir Zelenko USA 2,200 0.5% (12) 98.6% 0.1% (2) 96.3%
Mean improvement with early treatment protocols 238,381 HospitalizationHosp. 94.4% MortalityDeath 94.9%
Physician results with early treatment protocols compared to no early treatment. These results are subject to selection and ascertainment bias and more accurate analysis requires details of the patient populations and followup, however results are consistently better across many teams, and consistent with the extensive controlled trial evidence that shows a significant reduction in risk with many early treatments, and improved results with the use of multiple treatments in combination.
Vitamin D
Atieh
RCT 151 long COVID outpatients showing improved long COVID Research Index, number of symptoms, inflammatory markers, and fungal translocation with..
Vitamin K
Atieh
RCT 151 long COVID outpatients showing improved long COVID Research Index, number of symptoms, inflammatory markers, and fungal translocation with..
Metformin
Bramante
2,991 patient late treatment RCT: 24% higher progression (p=0.28) and 4% worse recovery (p=0.28)
Benfathallah
115 patients prophylaxis: 54% lower mortality (p=0.04)
Halabitska
Review of metformin as a promising broad-spectrum antiviral agent, focusing on its potential for treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. Authors highlight..
Vitamin A
Voloudakis
755,346 patients prophylaxis: 19% fewer cases (p=0.0008)
Vitamin C
Hemilä
Review of vitamin C for the common cold and pneumonia. Authors conclude that while regular vitamin C supplementation does not prevent common colds..
Montelukast
Hamdan
In Silico study showing that H1RA antihistamines, including bilastine, fexofenadine, mizolastine, rupatadine, terfenadine, and the leukotriene..
Antihistamine H1RA
Hamdan
In Silico study showing that H1RA antihistamines, including bilastine, fexofenadine, mizolastine, rupatadine, terfenadine, and the leukotriene..
Zinc
Raval
Meta-analysis showing significantly higher COVID-19 mortality and symptomatology with zinc deficiency.
Andrographolide
Songvut
Analysis of the pharmacokinetics and safety of high-dose Andrographis paniculata ethanolic extract. Authors observed non-linear oral bioavailability..
Miscellaneous
Hu
Phase 1 dose-escalation trial of 80 healthy volunteers showing favorable safety, tolerability, nasal retention, and neutralizing activity with a..
Curcumin
Duan
Review of how bioactive compounds quercetin, curcumin, and β-glucan regulate innate immunity through the gut-liver-brain axis, with focus on COVID..
Quercetin
Duan
Review of how bioactive compounds quercetin, curcumin, and β-glucan regulate innate immunity through the gut-liver-brain axis, with focus on COVID..
Paxlovid
Yu
Retrospective 5,131 elderly hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China showing lower mortality with azvudine compared to paxlovid. There was no..
Azvudine
Yu
Retrospective 5,131 elderly hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China showing lower mortality with azvudine compared to paxlovid. There was no..
Diet
Mousavi
Case-control study of 150 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 150 controls, showing significantly lower healthy eating index (HEI) and Mediterranean..
Recent studies (see the individual treatment pages for all studies):
Jan 16
 Sanduzzi Zamparelli et al., Life, doi:10.3390/life15010113 Immune-Boosting and Antiviral Effects of Antioxidants in COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Therapeutic Perspective
Review of immune-boosting and antiviral effects of antioxidants in COVID-19 pneumonia. Authors provide an overview of the literature on the use of antioxidants, including vitamins, trace elements, ozone, glutathione, L-carnitine, melatoni..
Jan 14
 Bramante et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2025.01.13.25320485 Metformin on Time to Sustained Recovery in Adults with COVID-19: The ACTIV-6 Randomized Clinical Trial
24% higher progression (p=0.28) and 4% worse recovery (p=0.28). RCT 2,991 outpatient adults with mild to moderate COVID-19 showing no significant difference in time to sustained recovery with metformin compared to placebo. Median days to symptom resolution was 9 days vs. 10 days for placebo, without s..
Jan 14
 Voloudakis et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2025.01.10.25320348 A genetically based computational drug repurposing framework for rapid identification of candidate compounds: application to COVID-19
19% fewer cases (p=0.0008). Computational drug repurposing study integrating genetically regulated gene expression (GReX) and pharmaceutical databases to identify 7 FDA-approved compounds that may reverse COVID-19-related gene expression. Analysis of 755,346 people ..
Jan 13
 Hemilä et al., Polish Archives of Internal Medicine, doi:10.20452/pamw.16926 Vitamin C for the common cold and pneumonia
Review of vitamin C for the common cold and pneumonia. Authors conclude that while regular vitamin C supplementation does not prevent common colds infections in the general population, it significantly reduces the severity and duration of..
Jan 11
 Benfathallah et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.77288 Does the Consumption of Metformin Correlate With a Reduction in Mortality Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and COVID-19 in Morocco?
54% lower mortality (p=0.04). Retrospective 115 hospitalized type 2 diabetes patients in Morocco showing significantly lower mortality with metformin use.
Jan 10
 Hamdan et al., Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, doi:10.4274/tjps.galenos.2024.49768 In silico Evaluation of H1-Antihistamine as Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase: Repurposing Study of COVID-19 Therapy
In Silico study showing that H1RA antihistamines, including bilastine, fexofenadine, mizolastine, rupatadine, terfenadine, and the leukotriene receptor antagonists montelukast and zafirlukast, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA poly..
Jan 9
 Williams, R., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.77188 COVID-19 Humic/Fulvic Acid Plus Epigallocatechin Gallate Treatment: A Retrospective Chart Review
97% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective 60 COVID-19 patients in a nursing home facility showing no mortality with EGCG (from green tea extract), humic/fulvic acid, and vitamin C treatment, compared to 55% mortality in the control group not receiving treatment.
Jan 6
 Songvut et al., Pharmaceutical Biology, doi:10.1080/13880209.2024.2444446 Non-linear oral bioavailability and clinical pharmacokinetics of high-dose Andrographis paniculata ethanolic extract: relevant dosage implications for COVID-19 treatment
Analysis of the pharmacokinetics and safety of high-dose Andrographis paniculata ethanolic extract. Authors observed non-linear oral bioavailability, with low plasma concentrations of key bioactive diterpenoids following ethanolic extract..
Jan 6
 Raval et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.77011 Zinc Deficiency Associated With an Increase in Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: A Meta-Analysis
Meta-analysis showing significantly higher COVID-19 mortality and symptomatology with zinc deficiency.
Dec 31
 Acharya et al., Melatonin Research, doi:10.32794/mr112500181 Potential therapeutic intervention of melatonin against COVID-19: A comparative pharmacokinetic study
In Silico study showing that melatonin may be beneficial for COVID-19 compared to methylprednisolone, doxycycline, oseltamivir, and remdesivir. Authors find that melatonin has superior pharmacokinetic properties, including higher bioavail..
Dec 31
 Yu et al., Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2024.12.032 A retrospective cohort study of the efficacy and safety of oral azvudine versus nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in elderly hospitalized COVID-19 patients aged over 60 years
Retrospective 5,131 elderly hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China showing lower mortality with azvudine compared to paxlovid. There was no significant difference in composite disease progression. Safety analysis showed azvudine had a lo..
Dec 31
 Duan et al., Trends in Food Science & Technology, doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104864 Bioactive compounds,quercetin, curcumin and β-glucan,regulate innate immunity via the gut-liver-brain axis
Review of how bioactive compounds quercetin, curcumin, and β-glucan regulate innate immunity through the gut-liver-brain axis, with focus on COVID-19. Authors describe how SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers excessive immune activation and cyto..
Dec 30
 Karna et al., Journal of Neonatal Surgery, doi:10.47338/jns.v13.1432 Antiviral Efficacy of Iota-Carrageenan Lozenges in Treating Acute Viral Pharyngitis: A Randomized Controlled Study
Non-COVID-19 RCT 180 patients with acute viral pharyngitis, predominantly caused by human rhinovirus (HRV), showing symptom improvement and viral load reduction with iota-carrageenan lozenges compared to placebo. Patients receiving lozeng..
Dec 30
 Mousavi et al., BMC Nutrition, doi:10.1186/s40795-024-00983-2 The relationship between healthy eating index and Mediterranean diet adherence score with inflammatory indices and disease severity: a case-control study of hospitalized COVID-19 patients
Case-control study of 150 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 150 controls, showing significantly lower healthy eating index (HEI) and Mediterranean diet adherence scores (MDS) for COVID-19 patients. Lower HEI and MDS scores were also asso..
Dec 30
 Simón-Frapolli et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu17010110 Relationship Between Vitamin D Levels with In-Hospital Complications and Morphofunctional Recovery in a Cohort of Patients After Severe COVID-19 Across Different Obesity Phenotypes
Prospective observational study of 94 postcritical COVID-19 patients showing that higher vitamin D levels were associated with fewer complications, shorter hospital and ICU stays, and improved morphofunctional recovery. Vitamin D deficien..
Dec 26
 Zhong et al., European Journal of Medical Research, doi:10.1186/s40001-024-02220-9 Azvudine efficacy in reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients
35% lower mortality (p=0.05). Retrospective 2,862 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China showing lower mortality with azvudine treatment, with greater efficacy for severe and critical patients.
Dec 25
 Rowan et al., Pulmonary Therapy, doi:10.1007/s41030-024-00284-w Real-World Effectiveness of Bebtelovimab Versus Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir in Outpatients with COVID-19
Retrospective 5,827 matched pairs of non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing no significant differences between bebtelovimab and paxlovid treatment. Authors do not exclude patients with contraindications for paxlovid.
Dec 22
 You et al., Hemodialysis International, doi:10.1111/hdi.13194 Associations of vitamin D levels and clinical parameters with COVID‐19 infection, severity and mortality in hemodialysis patients: A cohort study
82% lower mortality (p=0.15) and 96% lower severe cases (p=0.01). Retrospective 198 hemodialysis patients in China showing vitamin D deficiency associated with an increased risk of COVID‐19 severity.
Dec 20
 Zhang et al., Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1476603 Longitudinal ozone exposure and SARS-CoV-2 infection in late pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study
40% fewer cases (p=0.23). Retrospective 600 pregnant women in an urban area of China showing a significantly lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in late pregnancy with higher gestational ozone exposure levels. Ozone exposure, driven by photochemical reactions, is s..
Dec 18
 Halabitska et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v16121938 Metformin in Antiviral Therapy: Evidence and Perspectives
Review of metformin as a promising broad-spectrum antiviral agent, focusing on its potential for treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. Authors highlight metformin's ability to activate AMPK and inhibit mTOR signaling, which can help reduce hyper..
We aim to cover the most promising early treatments for COVID-19. We use pre-specified effect extraction criteria that prioritizes more serious outcomes, for details see methods. For specific outcomes and different treatment stages see the individual pages. Not all treatments are covered here, effectiveness has been reported for many other treatments in studies. Of the 5,255 studies, 2,516 present results comparing with a control group, 2,305 are treatment studies, and 211 analyze outcomes based on serum levels. There are 99 animal studies, 192 in silico studies, 349 in vitro studies, 414 reviews, and 229 meta analyses.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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