Verapamil: meta-analysis of COVID-19 studies

All studies Mortality Ventilation Serious outcomes Recovery RCTs RCT mortality Peer-reviewed All outcomes

Outcome (studies)

Improvement

Relative risk · 95% CI

All studies (1)0%

Mortality (1)0%

Ventilation (1)−17%

RCTs (1)0%

Late (1)0%

00.511.5+

← Verapamil
reduces riskIncreased
risk →

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c19early.org

October 2026

Verapamil COVID-19 studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Navarese (RCT)0%1.00 · 0.21–4.79death3/723/72RECOVERY-SIRIO

Late treatment0%1.00 · 0.21–4.793/723/720% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 1.

All studies0%1.00 · 0.21–4.793/723/720% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 1.00.511.52+

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← Verapamil
reduces riskVerapamil
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Verapamil COVID-19 mortality results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Navarese (RCT)0%1.00 · 0.21–4.793/723/72RECOVERY-SIRIO

Late treatment0%1.00 · 0.21–4.793/723/720% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 1.

All studies0%1.00 · 0.21–4.793/723/720% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 1.00.511.52+

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← Verapamil
reduces riskVerapamil
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Verapamil COVID-19 mechanical ventilation results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Navarese (RCT)−17%1.17 · 0.41–3.307/726/72RECOVERY-SIRIO

Late treatment−17%1.17 · 0.41–3.307/726/7217% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.78

All studies−17%1.17 · 0.41–3.307/726/7217% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.7800.511.52+

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← Verapamil
reduces riskVerapamil
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Verapamil COVID-19 serious outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Navarese (RCT)0%1.00 · 0.21–4.79death3/723/72RECOVERY-SIRIO

Late treatment0%1.00 · 0.21–4.793/723/720% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 1.

All studies0%1.00 · 0.21–4.793/723/720% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 1.00.511.52+

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← Verapamil
reduces riskVerapamil
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Verapamil COVID-19 recovery results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Navarese (RCT)−3%1.03 · 0.85–1.23no recov.72 (n)72 (n)RECOVERY-SIRIO

Late treatment−3%1.03 · 0.83–1.2972 (n)72 (n)3% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.8

All studies−3%1.03 · 0.83–1.2972 (n)72 (n)3% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.800.511.52+

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← Verapamil
reduces riskVerapamil
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Verapamil COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Navarese (RCT)0%1.00 · 0.21–4.79death3/723/72RECOVERY-SIRIO

Late treatment0%1.00 · 0.21–4.793/723/720% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 1.

All studies0%1.00 · 0.21–4.793/723/720% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 1.00.511.52+

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← Verapamil
reduces riskVerapamil
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Verapamil COVID-19 RCT mortality results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Navarese (RCT)0%1.00 · 0.21–4.793/723/72RECOVERY-SIRIO

Late treatment0%1.00 · 0.21–4.793/723/720% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 1.

All studies0%1.00 · 0.21–4.793/723/720% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 1.00.511.52+

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← Verapamil
reduces riskVerapamil
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Verapamil COVID-19 peer reviewed studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Navarese (RCT)0%1.00 · 0.21–4.79death3/723/72RECOVERY-SIRIO

Late treatment0%1.00 · 0.21–4.793/723/720% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 1.

All studies0%1.00 · 0.21–4.793/723/720% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 1.00.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Verapamil
reduces riskVerapamil
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Verapamil COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Navarese (RCT)0%1.00 · 0.21–4.79death3/723/72RECOVERY-SIRIO Navarese (RCT)−17%1.17 · 0.41–3.30ventilation7/726/72RECOVERY-SIRIO Navarese (RCT)−3%1.03 · 0.85–1.23no recov.72 (n)72 (n)RECOVERY-SIRIO

00.511.52+

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← Verapamil
reduces riskVerapamil
increases risk →