Elderberry: meta-analysis of COVID-19 studies

0 0.5 1 1.5+ All studies -1% 1 171 Improvement, Studies, Patients Relative Risk RCTs -1% 1 171 Early -1% 1 171 Elderberry for COVID-19 c19early.org May 2026 Favorselderberry Favorscontrol
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ BERRY Evans (DB RCT) -1% 1.01 [0.98-1.04] no recov. 84 (n) 87 (n) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.37 Early treatment -1% 1.01 [0.98-1.04] 84 (n) 87 (n) 1% higher risk All studies -1% 1.01 [0.98-1.04] 84 (n) 87 (n) 1% higher risk 1 elderberry COVID-19 study c19early.org May 2026 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.37 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) Favors elderberry Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ BERRY Evans (DB RCT) -1% 1.01 [0.98-1.04] no recov. 84 (n) 87 (n) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.37 Early treatment -1% 1.01 [0.98-1.04] 84 (n) 87 (n) 1% higher risk All studies -1% 1.01 [0.98-1.04] 84 (n) 87 (n) 1% higher risk 1 elderberry COVID-19 recovery result c19early.org May 2026 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.37 Favors elderberry Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ BERRY Evans (DB RCT) -1% 1.01 [0.98-1.04] no recov. 84 (n) 87 (n) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.37 Early treatment -1% 1.01 [0.98-1.04] 84 (n) 87 (n) 1% higher risk All studies -1% 1.01 [0.98-1.04] 84 (n) 87 (n) 1% higher risk 1 elderberry COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trial c19early.org May 2026 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.37 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) Favors elderberry Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ BERRY Evans (DB RCT) -1% 1.01 [0.98-1.04] no recov. 84 (n) 87 (n) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control BERRY Evans (DB RCT) -3% 1.03 [0.99-1.07] no recov. 90 (n) 92 (n) BERRY Evans (DB RCT) -3% 1.03 [0.99-1.07] no recov. 90 (n) 93 (n) BERRY Evans (DB RCT) -2% 1.02 [0.97-1.07] no recov. 96 (n) 96 (n) Elderberry COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org May 2026 Favors elderberry Favors control