All studies · Recovery · RCTs · All outcomes

Outcome (studies)

Improvement

Relative risk · 95% CI

All studies (1)−1%

RCTs (1)−1%

Early (1)−1%

00.511.5+

← Elderberry
reduces riskIncreased
risk →

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Elderberry COVID-19 studies

c19early.org

November 2026

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Evans (DB RCT)−1%1.01 · 0.98–1.04no recov.84 (n)87 (n)BERRY

Early treatment−1%1.01 · 0.98–1.0484 (n)87 (n)1% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.37

All studies−1%1.01 · 0.98–1.0484 (n)87 (n)1% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.3700.511.52+

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← Elderberry
reduces riskElderberry
increases risk →

Elderberry COVID-19 recovery results

c19early.org

November 2026

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Evans (DB RCT)−1%1.01 · 0.98–1.04no recov.84 (n)87 (n)BERRY

Early treatment−1%1.01 · 0.98–1.0484 (n)87 (n)1% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.37

All studies−1%1.01 · 0.98–1.0484 (n)87 (n)1% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.3700.511.52+

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← Elderberry
reduces riskElderberry
increases risk →

Elderberry COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials

c19early.org

November 2026

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Evans (DB RCT)−1%1.01 · 0.98–1.04no recov.84 (n)87 (n)BERRY

Early treatment−1%1.01 · 0.98–1.0484 (n)87 (n)1% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.37

All studies−1%1.01 · 0.98–1.0484 (n)87 (n)1% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.3700.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Elderberry
reduces riskElderberry
increases risk →

Elderberry COVID-19 outcomes

c19early.org

November 2026

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Evans (DB RCT)−1%1.01 · 0.98–1.04no recov.84 (n)87 (n)BERRY Evans (DB RCT)−3%1.03 · 0.99–1.07no recov.90 (n)92 (n)BERRY Evans (DB RCT)−3%1.03 · 0.99–1.07no recov.90 (n)93 (n)BERRY Evans (DB RCT)−2%1.02 · 0.97–1.07no recov.96 (n)96 (n)BERRY

00.511.52+

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← Elderberry
reduces riskElderberry
increases risk →

Most accessed treatments

Antiviral effects

Vitamins & Minerals

Host endosomal entry / trafficking

Dual-action mAbs

RdRp

Nasal & Oral Sprays / Rinses

Analgesics

Antiandrogens

Host targets and pathways

Inflammatory and immune modulation

Mpro (Gen 1)

Oxidative stress and cytoprotection

Lifestyles

TMPRSS2

Spike neutralization

Replication inhibition (target unresolved)

COVID-19 mAbs

Pleiotropic modulation

Attachment / entry inhibition

Mpro (Gen 2)

H1RAs

Nutrients and microbiome support

Host mAbs

IL-6 / IL-6R blockade

Physical and extracorporeal interventions

Natural products and extracts

Symptom management

Unconfirmed antiviral rationale

Lifestyle, behaviors, and exposure prevention

Other complication management

Mpro / 3CLpro

Host pyrimidine synthesis

Direct viral inactivation

Endothelial / vascular protection

Direct respiratory tract treatments

Other antibodies, proteins, peptides, cells, and RNA therapies

Secondary infection and coinfection management

Elderberry: meta-analysis of COVID-19 studies

Elderberry COVID-19 studies

Elderberry COVID-19 recovery results

Elderberry COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials

Elderberry COVID-19 outcomes