rNAPc2: meta-analysis of COVID-19 studies

All studies   Mortality   Serious outcomes   RCTs   RCT mortality   Peer-reviewed   All outcomes  
Meta-analysis1 study · 156 patientsc19early.org

rNAPc2 for COVID-19

Serious outcome risk
rNAPc2
Control
Outcome (studies)
Improvement
Relative risk · 95% CI
All studies (1)−65%
Mortality (1)−65%
RCTs (1)−65%
Late (1)−65%
00.511.5+
← rNAPc2
reduces riskIncreased
risk →
c19early.org
October 2026

RNAPc2 COVID-19 studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Hess (RCT)−65%1.65 · 0.68–4.04death11/767/80ASPEN-COVID-19OT1
Late treatment−65%1.65 · 0.68–4.0411/767/8065% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.27
All studies−65%1.65 · 0.68–4.0411/767/8065% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.2700.511.52+
1 OT: comparison with other treatment
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← rNAPc2
reduces riskrNAPc2
increases risk →
c19early.org
October 2026

RNAPc2 COVID-19 mortality results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk
Hess (RCT)−65%1.65 · 0.68–4.0411/767/80ASPEN-COVID-19OT1
Late treatment−65%1.65 · 0.68–4.0411/767/8065% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.27
All studies−65%1.65 · 0.68–4.0411/767/8065% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.2700.511.52+
1 OT: comparison with other treatment
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← rNAPc2
reduces riskrNAPc2
increases risk →
c19early.org
October 2026

RNAPc2 COVID-19 serious outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Hess (RCT)−65%1.65 · 0.68–4.04death11/767/80ASPEN-COVID-19OT1
Late treatment−65%1.65 · 0.68–4.0411/767/8065% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.27
All studies−65%1.65 · 0.68–4.0411/767/8065% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.2700.511.52+
1 OT: comparison with other treatment
Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details
← rNAPc2
reduces riskrNAPc2
increases risk →
c19early.org
October 2026

RNAPc2 COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Hess (RCT)−65%1.65 · 0.68–4.04death11/767/80ASPEN-COVID-19OT1
Late treatment−65%1.65 · 0.68–4.0411/767/8065% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.27
All studies−65%1.65 · 0.68–4.0411/767/8065% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.2700.511.52+
1 OT: comparison with other treatment
Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details
← rNAPc2
reduces riskrNAPc2
increases risk →
c19early.org
October 2026

RNAPc2 COVID-19 RCT mortality results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk
Hess (RCT)−65%1.65 · 0.68–4.0411/767/80ASPEN-COVID-19OT1
Late treatment−65%1.65 · 0.68–4.0411/767/8065% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.27
All studies−65%1.65 · 0.68–4.0411/767/8065% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.2700.511.52+
1 OT: comparison with other treatment
Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details
← rNAPc2
reduces riskrNAPc2
increases risk →
c19early.org
October 2026

RNAPc2 COVID-19 peer reviewed studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Hess (RCT)−65%1.65 · 0.68–4.04death11/767/80ASPEN-COVID-19OT1
Late treatment−65%1.65 · 0.68–4.0411/767/8065% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.27
All studies−65%1.65 · 0.68–4.0411/767/8065% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.2700.511.52+
1 OT: comparison with other treatment
Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details
← rNAPc2
reduces riskrNAPc2
increases risk →