Ammonium Chloride: meta-analysis of COVID-19 studies

All studies Mortality Ventilation Serious outcomes Recovery RCTs RCT mortality Peer-reviewed All outcomes

Outcome (studies)

Improvement

Relative risk · 95% CI

All studies (1)−202%

Mortality (1)−202%

Ventilation (1)8%

RCTs (1)−202%

Late (1)−202%

00.511.5+

← Ammonium
Chloride
reduces riskIncreased
risk →

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c19early.org

October 2026

Ammonium chloride COVID-19 studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Siami (DB RCT)−202%3.02 · 0.57–16.06death6/602/60

Late treatment−202%3.02 · 0.63–14.376/602/60202% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.17

All studies−202%3.02 · 0.63–14.376/602/60202% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.1700.511.52+

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← Ammonium
Chloride
reduces riskAmmonium
Chloride
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ammonium chloride COVID-19 mortality results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Siami (DB RCT)−202%3.02 · 0.57–16.066/602/60

Late treatment−202%3.02 · 0.63–14.376/602/60202% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.17

All studies−202%3.02 · 0.63–14.376/602/60202% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.1700.511.52+

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← Ammonium Chloride
reduces riskAmmonium Chloride
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ammonium chloride COVID-19 mechanical ventilation results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Siami (DB RCT)8%0.92 · 0.28–2.566/608/60

Late treatment8%0.92 · 0.34–2.496/608/608% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.88

All studies8%0.92 · 0.34–2.496/608/608% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.8800.511.52+

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← Ammonium Chloride
reduces riskAmmonium Chloride
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ammonium chloride COVID-19 serious outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Siami (DB RCT)−202%3.02 · 0.57–16.06death6/602/60

Late treatment−202%3.02 · 0.63–14.376/602/60202% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.17

All studies−202%3.02 · 0.63–14.376/602/60202% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.1700.511.52+

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← Ammonium
Chloride
reduces riskAmmonium
Chloride
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ammonium chloride COVID-19 recovery results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Siami (DB RCT)65%0.35 · 0.17–0.70no recov.60 (n)60 (n)

Late treatment65%0.35 · 0.18–0.7060 (n)60 (n)65% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.003

All studies65%0.35 · 0.18–0.7060 (n)60 (n)65% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.00300.511.52+

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← Ammonium
Chloride
reduces riskAmmonium
Chloride
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ammonium chloride COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Siami (DB RCT)−202%3.02 · 0.57–16.06death6/602/60

Late treatment−202%3.02 · 0.63–14.376/602/60202% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.17

All studies−202%3.02 · 0.63–14.376/602/60202% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.1700.511.52+

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← Ammonium
Chloride
reduces riskAmmonium
Chloride
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ammonium chloride COVID-19 RCT mortality results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Siami (DB RCT)−202%3.02 · 0.57–16.066/602/60

Late treatment−202%3.02 · 0.63–14.376/602/60202% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.17

All studies−202%3.02 · 0.63–14.376/602/60202% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.1700.511.52+

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← Ammonium Chloride
reduces riskAmmonium Chloride
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ammonium chloride COVID-19 peer reviewed studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Siami (DB RCT)−202%3.02 · 0.57–16.06death6/602/60

Late treatment−202%3.02 · 0.63–14.376/602/60202% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.17

All studies−202%3.02 · 0.63–14.376/602/60202% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.1700.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Ammonium
Chloride
reduces riskAmmonium
Chloride
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ammonium chloride COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Siami (DB RCT)−202%3.02 · 0.57–16.06death6/602/60 Siami (DB RCT)8%0.92 · 0.28–2.56ventilation6/608/60 Siami (DB RCT)65%0.35 · 0.17–0.70no recov.60 (n)60 (n)

00.511.52+

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← Ammonium
Chloride
reduces riskAmmonium
Chloride
increases risk →