Outcomes in COVID-19 ammonium chloride studies

0 0.5 1 1.5+ All studies -202% 1 120 Improvement, Studies, Patients Relative Risk Mortality -202% 1 120 Ventilation 8% 1 120 RCTs -202% 1 120 Late -202% 1 120 Ammonium Chloride for COVID-19 c19early.org November 2025 Favorsammonium chloride Favorscontrol
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Siami (DB RCT) -202% 3.02 [0.57-16.1] death 6/60 2/60 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.17 Late treatment -202% 3.02 [0.57-16.1] 6/60 2/60 202% higher risk All studies -202% 3.02 [0.57-16.1] 6/60 2/60 202% higher risk 1 ammonium chloride COVID-19 study c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.17 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) Favors ammonium chloride Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Siami (DB RCT) -202% 3.02 [0.57-16.1] 6/60 2/60 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.17 Late treatment -202% 3.02 [0.57-16.1] 6/60 2/60 202% higher risk All studies -202% 3.02 [0.57-16.1] 6/60 2/60 202% higher risk 1 ammonium chloride COVID-19 mortality result c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.17 Favors ammonium chloride Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Siami (DB RCT) 8% 0.92 [0.28-2.56] 6/60 8/60 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.88 Late treatment 8% 0.92 [0.28-2.56] 6/60 8/60 8% lower risk All studies 8% 0.92 [0.28-2.56] 6/60 8/60 8% lower risk 1 ammonium chloride COVID-19 mechanical ventilation result c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.88 Favors ammonium chloride Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Siami (DB RCT) -202% 3.02 [0.57-16.1] death 6/60 2/60 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.17 Late treatment -202% 3.02 [0.57-16.1] 6/60 2/60 202% higher risk All studies -202% 3.02 [0.57-16.1] 6/60 2/60 202% higher risk 1 ammonium chloride COVID-19 serious outcome c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.17 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) Favors ammonium chloride Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Siami (DB RCT) 65% 0.35 [0.17-0.70] no recov. 60 (n) 60 (n) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.003 Late treatment 65% 0.35 [0.17-0.70] 60 (n) 60 (n) 65% lower risk All studies 65% 0.35 [0.17-0.70] 60 (n) 60 (n) 65% lower risk 1 ammonium chloride COVID-19 recovery result c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.003 Favors ammonium chloride Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Siami (DB RCT) -202% 3.02 [0.57-16.1] death 6/60 2/60 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.17 Late treatment -202% 3.02 [0.57-16.1] 6/60 2/60 202% higher risk All studies -202% 3.02 [0.57-16.1] 6/60 2/60 202% higher risk 1 ammonium chloride COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trial c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.17 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) Favors ammonium chloride Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Siami (DB RCT) -202% 3.02 [0.57-16.1] 6/60 2/60 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.17 Late treatment -202% 3.02 [0.57-16.1] 6/60 2/60 202% higher risk All studies -202% 3.02 [0.57-16.1] 6/60 2/60 202% higher risk 1 ammonium chloride COVID-19 RCT mortality result c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.17 Favors ammonium chloride Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Siami (DB RCT) -202% 3.02 [0.57-16.1] death 6/60 2/60 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.17 Late treatment -202% 3.02 [0.57-16.1] 6/60 2/60 202% higher risk All studies -202% 3.02 [0.57-16.1] 6/60 2/60 202% higher risk 1 ammonium chloride COVID-19 peer reviewed studies c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.17 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) Favors ammonium chloride Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Siami (DB RCT) -202% 3.02 [0.57-16.1] death 6/60 2/60 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Siami (DB RCT) 8% 0.92 [0.28-2.56] ventilation 6/60 8/60 Siami (DB RCT) 65% 0.35 [0.17-0.70] no recov. 60 (n) 60 (n) Ammonium chloride COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org November 2025 Favors ammonium chloride Favors control