Dimethyl fumarate: meta-analysis of COVID-19 studies

All studies Mortality Ventilation Serious outcomes RCTs RCT mortality Peer-reviewed All outcomes

Outcome (studies)

Improvement

Relative risk · 95% CI

All studies (1)−3%

Mortality (1)−3%

Ventilation (1)−20%

RCTs (1)−3%

Late (1)−3%

00.511.5+

← Dimethyl
fumarate
reduces riskIncreased
risk →

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c19early.org

October 2026

Dimethyl fumarate COVID-19 studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Horby (RCT)−3%1.03 · 0.71–1.48death61/35657/357RECOVERY

Late treatment−3%1.03 · 0.74–1.4361/35657/3573% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.87

All studies−3%1.03 · 0.74–1.4361/35657/3573% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.8700.511.52+

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← Dimethyl fumarate
reduces riskDimethyl fumarate
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Dimethyl fumarate COVID-19 mortality results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Horby (RCT)−3%1.03 · 0.71–1.4861/35657/357RECOVERY

Late treatment−3%1.03 · 0.74–1.4361/35657/3573% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.87

All studies−3%1.03 · 0.74–1.4361/35657/3573% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.8700.511.52+

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← Dimethyl fumarate
reduces riskDimethyl fumarate
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Dimethyl fumarate COVID-19 mechanical ventilation results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Horby (RCT)−20%1.20 · 0.56–2.5414/28412/291RECOVERY

Late treatment−20%1.20 · 0.56–2.5514/28412/29120% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.65

All studies−20%1.20 · 0.56–2.5514/28412/29120% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.6500.511.52+

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← Dimethyl fumarate
reduces riskDimethyl fumarate
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Dimethyl fumarate COVID-19 serious outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Horby (RCT)−3%1.03 · 0.71–1.48death61/35657/357RECOVERY

Late treatment−3%1.03 · 0.74–1.4361/35657/3573% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.87

All studies−3%1.03 · 0.74–1.4361/35657/3573% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.8700.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Dimethyl fumarate
reduces riskDimethyl fumarate
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Dimethyl fumarate COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Horby (RCT)−3%1.03 · 0.71–1.48death61/35657/357RECOVERY

Late treatment−3%1.03 · 0.74–1.4361/35657/3573% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.87

All studies−3%1.03 · 0.74–1.4361/35657/3573% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.8700.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Dimethyl fumarate
reduces riskDimethyl fumarate
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Dimethyl fumarate COVID-19 RCT mortality results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Horby (RCT)−3%1.03 · 0.71–1.4861/35657/357RECOVERY

Late treatment−3%1.03 · 0.74–1.4361/35657/3573% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.87

All studies−3%1.03 · 0.74–1.4361/35657/3573% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.8700.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Dimethyl fumarate
reduces riskDimethyl fumarate
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Dimethyl fumarate COVID-19 peer reviewed studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Horby (RCT)−3%1.03 · 0.71–1.48death61/35657/357RECOVERY

Late treatment−3%1.03 · 0.74–1.4361/35657/3573% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.87

All studies−3%1.03 · 0.74–1.4361/35657/3573% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.8700.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Dimethyl fumarate
reduces riskDimethyl fumarate
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Dimethyl fumarate COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Horby (RCT)−3%1.03 · 0.71–1.48death61/35657/357RECOVERY Horby (RCT)2%0.98 · 0.64–1.48death47/35645/357RECOVERY Horby (RCT)−20%1.20 · 0.56–2.54ventilation14/28412/291RECOVERY Horby (RCT)−12%1.12 · 0.86–1.477-point status284 (n)291 (n)RECOVERY

00.511.52+

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← Dimethyl fumarate
reduces riskDimethyl fumarate
increases risk →