All studies · Mortality · ICU · Serious outcomes · RCTs · RCT mortality · Peer-reviewed · All outcomes

Outcome (studies)

Improvement

Relative risk · 95% CI

All studies (1)−189%

Mortality (1)−189%

ICU admission (1)22%

RCTs (1)−189%

Late (1)−189%

00.511.5+

← Tiprelestat
reduces riskIncreased
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Tiprelestat COVID-19 studies

c19early.org

November 2026

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Bergs (DB RCT)−189%2.89 · 0.13–62.32death1/90/8

Late treatment−189%2.89 · 0.13–62.321/90/8189% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.51

All studies−189%2.89 · 0.13–62.321/90/8189% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5100.511.52+

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← Tiprelestat
reduces riskTiprelestat
increases risk →

Tiprelestat COVID-19 mortality results

c19early.org

November 2026

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Bergs (DB RCT)−189%2.89 · 0.13–62.321/90/8

Late treatment−189%2.89 · 0.13–62.321/90/8189% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.51

All studies−189%2.89 · 0.13–62.321/90/8189% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5100.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Tiprelestat
reduces riskTiprelestat
increases risk →

Tiprelestat COVID-19 ICU results

c19early.org

November 2026

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Bergs (DB RCT)22%0.78 · 0.07–8.659 (n)8 (n)

Late treatment22%0.78 · 0.07–8.659 (n)8 (n)22% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.85

All studies22%0.78 · 0.07–8.659 (n)8 (n)22% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.8500.511.52+

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← Tiprelestat
reduces riskTiprelestat
increases risk →

Tiprelestat COVID-19 serious outcomes

c19early.org

November 2026

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Bergs (DB RCT)−189%2.89 · 0.13–62.32death1/90/8

Late treatment−189%2.89 · 0.13–62.321/90/8189% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.51

All studies−189%2.89 · 0.13–62.321/90/8189% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5100.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Tiprelestat
reduces riskTiprelestat
increases risk →

Tiprelestat COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials

c19early.org

November 2026

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Bergs (DB RCT)−189%2.89 · 0.13–62.32death1/90/8

Late treatment−189%2.89 · 0.13–62.321/90/8189% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.51

All studies−189%2.89 · 0.13–62.321/90/8189% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5100.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Tiprelestat
reduces riskTiprelestat
increases risk →

Tiprelestat COVID-19 RCT mortality results

c19early.org

November 2026

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Bergs (DB RCT)−189%2.89 · 0.13–62.321/90/8

Late treatment−189%2.89 · 0.13–62.321/90/8189% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.51

All studies−189%2.89 · 0.13–62.321/90/8189% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5100.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Tiprelestat
reduces riskTiprelestat
increases risk →

Tiprelestat COVID-19 peer reviewed studies

c19early.org

November 2026

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Bergs (DB RCT)−189%2.89 · 0.13–62.32death1/90/8

Late treatment−189%2.89 · 0.13–62.321/90/8189% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.51

All studies−189%2.89 · 0.13–62.321/90/8189% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5100.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Tiprelestat
reduces riskTiprelestat
increases risk →

Tiprelestat COVID-19 outcomes

c19early.org

November 2026

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Bergs (DB RCT)−189%2.89 · 0.13–62.32death1/90/8 Bergs (DB RCT)11%0.89 · 0.07–12.00progression1/91/8 Bergs (DB RCT)22%0.78 · 0.07–8.65ICU9 (n)8 (n) Bergs (DB RCT)40%0.60 · 0.13–2.73oxygen time9 (n)8 (n)

00.511.52+

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← Tiprelestat
reduces riskTiprelestat
increases risk →

Most accessed treatments

Antiviral effects

Vitamins & Minerals

Host endosomal entry / trafficking

Dual-action mAbs

RdRp

Nasal & Oral Sprays / Rinses

Analgesics

Antiandrogens

Host targets and pathways

Inflammatory and immune modulation

Mpro (Gen 1)

Oxidative stress and cytoprotection

Lifestyles

TMPRSS2

Spike neutralization

Replication inhibition (target unresolved)

COVID-19 mAbs

Pleiotropic modulation

Attachment / entry inhibition

Mpro (Gen 2)

H1RAs

Nutrients and microbiome support

Host mAbs

IL-6 / IL-6R blockade

Physical and extracorporeal interventions

Natural products and extracts

Symptom management

Unconfirmed antiviral rationale

Lifestyle, behaviors, and exposure prevention

Other complication management

Mpro / 3CLpro

Host pyrimidine synthesis

Direct viral inactivation

Endothelial / vascular protection

Direct respiratory tract treatments

Other antibodies, proteins, peptides, cells, and RNA therapies

Secondary infection and coinfection management

Tiprelestat: meta-analysis of COVID-19 studies

Tiprelestat COVID-19 studies

Tiprelestat COVID-19 mortality results

Tiprelestat COVID-19 ICU results

Tiprelestat COVID-19 serious outcomes

Tiprelestat COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials

Tiprelestat COVID-19 RCT mortality results

Tiprelestat COVID-19 peer reviewed studies

Tiprelestat COVID-19 outcomes