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COVID-19 treatments

Most accessed

Most visited treatment pages

Most studied

Treatments with the most studies

Antiviral effects

Host endosomal entry / trafficking

5

Host nuclear transport

2

Direct viral inactivation

9

Spike neutralization

19

RdRp

7

TMPRSS2-mediated viral entry

4

Host entry-factor regulation

4

Host-dependent viral-protein maturation

1

Attachment / entry inhibition

5

Replication inhibition (target unresolved)

6

Attachment / fusion inhibition

1

Mpro / 3CLpro

16

Host metabolic / translation regulation

1

Host ER stress / innate antiviral response

1

Interferon-mediated antiviral response

2

Nitric oxide-mediated antiviral effects

1

nsp12 NiRAN domain

1

Host pyrimidine synthesis

3

Spike S2 / fusion

3

Host-mediated membrane fusion

1

Host translation elongation

1

Unconfirmed antiviral rationale

4

RdRp-encoding RNA

1

Viroporins

1

Cathepsin L-mediated viral entry

1

Virion disruption

1

Host lipid metabolism

1

PLpro

1

Direct viral targets

Spike

19

RdRp

7

Mpro / 3CLpro

16

nsp12 NiRAN domain

1

Spike S2

3

RdRp-encoding RNA

1

Viroporins

1

PLpro

1

Inflammatory and immune modulation

Endosomal TLR modulation

1

Pleiotropic modulation

9

Neutrophil / inflammasome modulation

1

Glucocorticoid receptor

2

COX inhibition / NSAIDs

4

Histamine H2 receptor blockade

1

Type III interferons

1

Leukotriene CysLT1 receptor blockade

2

Leukotriene synthesis / LTA4H

1

Histamine H1 receptor blockade

4

GM-CSF supplementation

1

Kallikrein / bradykinin pathway

2

Passive / pooled immunoglobulin modulation

1

DPP1 / neutrophil protease activation

1

Complement C5a blockade

1

IL-1 blockade

2

JAK2 inhibition

1

IL-6 / IL-6R blockade

5

Complement C5 blockade

1

PDE4 inhibition

1

CCR2 / CCR5 blockade

1

Complement factor D inhibition

1

NF-kB / MAPK pathway modulation

1

Extracellular DNA / NET degradation

1

GM-CSF blockade

1

Complement C5a receptor blockade

1

Nonselective PDE inhibition

1

Caspase-1 / inflammasome pathway

1

Regulatory T-cell therapy

1

Secretory phospholipase A2 inhibition

1

Extracellular actin / inflammatory-mediator scavenging

1

IL-18 blockade

1

IL-2 signaling augmentation

1

IL-17A blockade

1

C1 esterase / contact-system inhibition

2

BTK inhibition

1

IL-8 / CXCL8 blockade

1

Galectin-3 inhibition

1

NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition

1

Innate immune stimulation

2

TNF blockade

2

MK2 inhibition

1

DPEP1 / leukocyte adhesion

1

IL-33 / ST2 blockade

1

IL-22 signaling augmentation

1

miR-124 upregulation

1

Prostaglandin D2 / DP1 receptor

1

IL-1 pathway modulation

1

Neuropilin-2 modulation

1

PDE3 / PDE4 inhibition

1

p38 MAPK inhibition

1

RIPK1 inhibition

1

Type I interferons

1

Substance P / NK1 receptor blockade

1

CGRP receptor blockade

1

Neutrophil elastase inhibition

1

TLR4 / MD2 antagonism

1

Secondary infection and coinfection management

Antiparasitic

8

Antifungal

1

Antibacterial

3

Other viral coinfections

1

Other complication management

Antiplatelets

1

Glycemic / metabolic management

2

Pulmonary vasodilation

1

Platelet GPVI inhibition

1

Tissue factor / FVIIa anticoagulation

1

Endothelial / vascular protection

4

P-selectin / thromboinflammation

1

Anticoagulation

2

Microcirculatory / rheologic effects

1

Antifibrotic strategies

1

Alveolar / endothelial protection

2

Epithelial repair

1

Thrombolysis / fibrinolysis

1

Antithrombotic / profibrinolytic effects

1

Oxidative stress and cytoprotection

Antioxidants

10

Glutathione support

1

Antioxidant enzyme support

1

Nrf2 pathway

1

Glutathione peroxidase mimetics

1

Symptom management

Mucolytics / expectorants

4

Analgesics / antipyretics

5

Sleep / circadian regulation

1

Gastric acid suppression

2

Cough / neuropathic symptoms

1

Antiemetics / prokinetics

1

Bronchodilation

1

Direct respiratory tract treatments

Nasal/oral antiseptics

9

Pulmonary inhaled medicines

13

Nasal/oral attachment barriers

2

Nasal / inhaled nitric oxide

1

Local pH modification

2

Nasal antibodies / decoys

2

Mechanical rinsing / irrigation

2

Nasal antihistamines

2

Nebulized antiseptic formulations

1

Nasal / inhaled antiviral formulations

1

Multicomponent nasal formulations

1

Intranasal medicines with systemic action

1

Nutrients and microbiome support

Vitamins

6

Minerals / trace elements

3

Microbiome modulation

1

Bioactive proteins

1

Bioactive polysaccharides

1

NAD precursors

1

Lifestyle, behaviors, and exposure prevention

Physical activity

1

Diet / dietary patterns

1

Sleep / circadian patterns

1

Sunlight / UV exposure

1

Masks / exposure barriers

1

Physical and extracorporeal interventions

Thermotherapy

1

Cytokine adsorption

1

Photothermal therapy

1

Monoclonal antibodies and antibody fragments

Virus-targeted

15

Host-targeted

18

Other antibodies, proteins, peptides, cells, and RNA therapies

Convalescent plasma

1

DARPins

1

Cytokines / fusion proteins

6

ACE2 decoys

2

Antisense oligonucleotides

1

Polyclonal immunoglobulins

2

Protease inhibitor proteins

4

Cytokine traps

1

Therapeutic peptides

5

Recombinant enzymes

2

siRNA

1

Cell therapies

1

Recombinant proteins

1

Dominant-negative cytokine proteins

1

Natural products and extracts

Polyphenols

9

Botanical extracts

3

Cannabinoids

1

Terpenoids

2

Bee-derived products

1

Fungal metabolites

1

Host targets and pathways

Endolysosomal pH / trafficking

4

Vitamin D receptor

1

Importin nuclear transport

1

Sigma-1 receptor

1

Serotonin transporter

1

TMPRSS2

4

Androgen signaling

3

Tubulin / microtubules

2

Viral-protein maturation

1

Melatonin receptors

1

Retinoid signaling

1

Cellular energy sensing / AMPK-mTOR

1

Attachment-factor interference

1

Mineralocorticoid receptor

1

FXR / ACE2 expression

1

Vitamin K-dependent protein carboxylation

1

Angiotensin AT1 receptor blockade

1

Gastric H+/K+-ATPase

1

DHODH / pyrimidine synthesis

3

GABA-A receptor modulation

1

TMEM16 / membrane fusion

1

VE-PTP inhibition / Tie2 activation

1

Biased AT1 receptor signaling

1

eEF1A / translation elongation

1

HIF prolyl hydroxylases

1

SGLT2

1

L-type calcium channels

1

Ion channels

1

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

1

Calcium-channel alpha2delta subunit

1

Estrogen receptors

1

VIP receptors

1

Dopamine D2 receptor blockade

1

Serotonin receptor antagonism

1

Cathepsin L

1

ACE2 replacement / RAAS modulation

1

PIKfyve / endosomal trafficking

1

TRPC6

1

CETP

1

Lipid / sphingolipid metabolism

1

Angiopoietin-2

1

ACE inhibition

1

XPO1 / nuclear export

1

Umbrella categories

Drug-class umbrella

4