Outcomes in COVID-19 beta-glucans studies

0 0.5 1 1.5+ All studies -49% 2 64 Improvement, Studies, Patients Relative Risk Mortality -222% 1 40 Ventilation -444% 1 40 ICU admission -444% 1 40 RCTs -49% 2 64 Early -222% 1 40 Late 0% 1 24 Beta-glucans for COVID-19 c19early.org December 2025 Favorsbeta-glucans Favorscontrol
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Pushkala (RCT) -222% 3.22 [0.14-74.6] death 1/18 0/22 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.47 Early treatment -222% 3.22 [0.14-74.6] 1/18 0/22 222% higher risk Raghavan (RCT) 0% 1.00 [0.11-9.44] oxygen 2/16 1/8 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 1. Late treatment 0% 1.00 [0.11-9.44] 2/16 1/8 no change All studies -49% 1.49 [0.24-9.23] 3/34 1/30 49% higher risk 2 beta-glucans COVID-19 studies c19early.org December 2025 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.68 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) Favors beta-glucans Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Pushkala (RCT) -222% 3.22 [0.14-74.6] 1/18 0/22 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.47 Early treatment -222% 3.22 [0.14-74.6] 1/18 0/22 222% higher risk All studies -222% 3.22 [0.14-74.6] 1/18 0/22 222% higher risk 1 beta-glucans COVID-19 mortality result c19early.org December 2025 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.47 Favors beta-glucans Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Pushkala (RCT) -444% 5.44 [0.28-107] 2/18 0/22 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.27 Early treatment -444% 5.44 [0.28-107] 2/18 0/22 444% higher risk All studies -444% 5.44 [0.28-107] 2/18 0/22 444% higher risk 1 beta-glucans COVID-19 mechanical ventilation result c19early.org December 2025 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.27 Favors beta-glucans Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Pushkala (RCT) -444% 5.44 [0.28-107] 2/18 0/22 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.27 Early treatment -444% 5.44 [0.28-107] 2/18 0/22 444% higher risk All studies -444% 5.44 [0.28-107] 2/18 0/22 444% higher risk 1 beta-glucans COVID-19 ICU result c19early.org December 2025 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.27 Favors beta-glucans Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Pushkala (RCT) -222% 3.22 [0.14-74.6] death 1/18 0/22 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.47 Early treatment -222% 3.22 [0.14-74.6] 1/18 0/22 222% higher risk Raghavan (RCT) 0% 1.00 [0.11-9.44] oxygen 2/16 1/8 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 1. Late treatment 0% 1.00 [0.11-9.44] 2/16 1/8 no change All studies -49% 1.49 [0.24-9.23] 3/34 1/30 49% higher risk 2 beta-glucans COVID-19 serious outcomes c19early.org December 2025 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.68 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) Favors beta-glucans Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Pushkala (RCT) -222% 3.22 [0.14-74.6] death 1/18 0/22 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.47 Early treatment -222% 3.22 [0.14-74.6] 1/18 0/22 222% higher risk Raghavan (RCT) 0% 1.00 [0.11-9.44] oxygen 2/16 1/8 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 1. Late treatment 0% 1.00 [0.11-9.44] 2/16 1/8 no change All studies -49% 1.49 [0.24-9.23] 3/34 1/30 49% higher risk 2 beta-glucans COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials c19early.org December 2025 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.68 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) Favors beta-glucans Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Pushkala (RCT) -222% 3.22 [0.14-74.6] 1/18 0/22 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.47 Early treatment -222% 3.22 [0.14-74.6] 1/18 0/22 222% higher risk All studies -222% 3.22 [0.14-74.6] 1/18 0/22 222% higher risk 1 beta-glucans COVID-19 RCT mortality result c19early.org December 2025 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.47 Favors beta-glucans Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Pushkala (RCT) -222% 3.22 [0.14-74.6] death 1/18 0/22 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.47 Early treatment -222% 3.22 [0.14-74.6] 1/18 0/22 222% higher risk Raghavan (RCT) 0% 1.00 [0.11-9.44] oxygen 2/16 1/8 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 1. Late treatment 0% 1.00 [0.11-9.44] 2/16 1/8 no change All studies -49% 1.49 [0.24-9.23] 3/34 1/30 49% higher risk 2 beta-glucans COVID-19 peer reviewed studies c19early.org December 2025 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.68 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) Favors beta-glucans Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Pushkala (RCT) -222% 3.22 [0.14-74.6] death 1/18 0/22 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Pushkala (RCT) -444% 5.44 [0.28-107] ventilation 2/18 0/22 Pushkala (RCT) -444% 5.44 [0.28-107] ICU 2/18 0/22 Raghavan (RCT) 0% 1.00 [0.11-9.44] oxygen 2/16 1/8 Beta-glucans COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org December 2025 Favors beta-glucans Favors control