Beta-glucans: meta-analysis of COVID-19 studies

All studies   Mortality   Ventilation   ICU   Serious outcomes   RCTs   RCT mortality   Peer-reviewed   All outcomes  
Meta-analysis2 studies · 64 patientsc19early.org

Beta-glucans for COVID-19

Serious outcome risk
Beta-glucans
Control
Outcome (studies)
Improvement
Relative risk · 95% CI
All studies (2)−49%
Mortality (1)−222%
Ventilation (1)−444%
ICU admission (1)−444%
RCTs (2)−49%
Early (1)−222%
Late (1)0%
00.511.5+
← Beta-glucans
reduces riskIncreased
risk →
c19early.org
October 2026

Beta-glucans COVID-19 studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Pushkala (RCT)−222%3.22 · 0.14–74.63death1/180/22
Early treatment−222%3.22 · 0.14–74.631/180/22222% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.47
Raghavan (RCT)0%1.00 · 0.11–9.44oxygen2/161/8
Late treatment0%1.00 · 0.11–9.442/161/80% lower risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 1.
All studies−49%1.49 · 0.24–9.233/341/3049% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.6800.511.52+
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← Beta-glucans
reduces riskBeta-glucans
increases risk →
c19early.org
October 2026

Beta-glucans COVID-19 mortality results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk
Pushkala (RCT)−222%3.22 · 0.14–74.631/180/22
Early treatment−222%3.22 · 0.14–74.631/180/22222% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.47
All studies−222%3.22 · 0.14–74.631/180/22222% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.4700.511.52+
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← Beta-glucans
reduces riskBeta-glucans
increases risk →
c19early.org
October 2026

Beta-glucans COVID-19 mechanical ventilation results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk
Pushkala (RCT)−444%5.44 · 0.28–1072/180/22
Early treatment−444%5.44 · 0.28–1072/180/22444% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.27
All studies−444%5.44 · 0.28–1072/180/22444% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.2700.511.52+
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← Beta-glucans
reduces riskBeta-glucans
increases risk →
c19early.org
October 2026

Beta-glucans COVID-19 ICU results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk
Pushkala (RCT)−444%5.44 · 0.28–1072/180/22
Early treatment−444%5.44 · 0.28–1072/180/22444% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.27
All studies−444%5.44 · 0.28–1072/180/22444% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.2700.511.52+
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← Beta-glucans
reduces riskBeta-glucans
increases risk →
c19early.org
October 2026

Beta-glucans COVID-19 serious outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Pushkala (RCT)−222%3.22 · 0.14–74.63death1/180/22
Early treatment−222%3.22 · 0.14–74.631/180/22222% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.47
Raghavan (RCT)0%1.00 · 0.11–9.44oxygen2/161/8
Late treatment0%1.00 · 0.11–9.442/161/80% lower risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 1.
All studies−49%1.49 · 0.24–9.233/341/3049% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.6800.511.52+
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← Beta-glucans
reduces riskBeta-glucans
increases risk →
c19early.org
October 2026

Beta-glucans COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Pushkala (RCT)−222%3.22 · 0.14–74.63death1/180/22
Early treatment−222%3.22 · 0.14–74.631/180/22222% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.47
Raghavan (RCT)0%1.00 · 0.11–9.44oxygen2/161/8
Late treatment0%1.00 · 0.11–9.442/161/80% lower risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 1.
All studies−49%1.49 · 0.24–9.233/341/3049% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.6800.511.52+
Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details
← Beta-glucans
reduces riskBeta-glucans
increases risk →
c19early.org
October 2026

Beta-glucans COVID-19 RCT mortality results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk
Pushkala (RCT)−222%3.22 · 0.14–74.631/180/22
Early treatment−222%3.22 · 0.14–74.631/180/22222% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.47
All studies−222%3.22 · 0.14–74.631/180/22222% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.4700.511.52+
Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details
← Beta-glucans
reduces riskBeta-glucans
increases risk →
c19early.org
October 2026

Beta-glucans COVID-19 peer reviewed studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Pushkala (RCT)−222%3.22 · 0.14–74.63death1/180/22
Early treatment−222%3.22 · 0.14–74.631/180/22222% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.47
Raghavan (RCT)0%1.00 · 0.11–9.44oxygen2/161/8
Late treatment0%1.00 · 0.11–9.442/161/80% lower risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 1.
All studies−49%1.49 · 0.24–9.233/341/3049% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.6800.511.52+
Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details
← Beta-glucans
reduces riskBeta-glucans
increases risk →