Outcomes in COVID-19 nicotine studies

All studies   Mortality   Serious outcomes   RCTs   RCT mortality   Peer-reviewed   All outcomes  
0 0.5 1 1.5+ All studies -5% 1 213 Improvement, Studies, Patients Relative Risk Mortality -5% 1 213 RCTs -5% 1 213 Late -5% 1 213 Nicotine for COVID-19 c19early.org November 2025 Favorsnicotine Favorscontrol
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Labro (DB RCT) -5% 1.05 [0.74-1.50] death 38/101 40/112 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.79 Late treatment -5% 1.05 [0.74-1.50] 38/101 40/112 5% higher risk All studies -5% 1.05 [0.74-1.50] 38/101 40/112 5% higher risk 1 nicotine COVID-19 study c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.79 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) Favors nicotine Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Labro (DB RCT) -5% 1.05 [0.74-1.50] 38/101 40/112 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.79 Late treatment -5% 1.05 [0.74-1.50] 38/101 40/112 5% higher risk All studies -5% 1.05 [0.74-1.50] 38/101 40/112 5% higher risk 1 nicotine COVID-19 mortality result c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.79 Favors nicotine Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Labro (DB RCT) -5% 1.05 [0.74-1.50] death 38/101 40/112 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.79 Late treatment -5% 1.05 [0.74-1.50] 38/101 40/112 5% higher risk All studies -5% 1.05 [0.74-1.50] 38/101 40/112 5% higher risk 1 nicotine COVID-19 serious outcome c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.79 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) Favors nicotine Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Labro (DB RCT) -5% 1.05 [0.74-1.50] death 38/101 40/112 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.79 Late treatment -5% 1.05 [0.74-1.50] 38/101 40/112 5% higher risk All studies -5% 1.05 [0.74-1.50] 38/101 40/112 5% higher risk 1 nicotine COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trial c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.79 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) Favors nicotine Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Labro (DB RCT) -5% 1.05 [0.74-1.50] 38/101 40/112 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.79 Late treatment -5% 1.05 [0.74-1.50] 38/101 40/112 5% higher risk All studies -5% 1.05 [0.74-1.50] 38/101 40/112 5% higher risk 1 nicotine COVID-19 RCT mortality result c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.79 Favors nicotine Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Labro (DB RCT) -5% 1.05 [0.74-1.50] death 38/101 40/112 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.79 Late treatment -5% 1.05 [0.74-1.50] 38/101 40/112 5% higher risk All studies -5% 1.05 [0.74-1.50] 38/101 40/112 5% higher risk 1 nicotine COVID-19 peer reviewed studies c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.79 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) Favors nicotine Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Labro (DB RCT) -5% 1.05 [0.74-1.50] death 38/101 40/112 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Labro (DB RCT) -2% 1.02 [0.67-1.57] death 30/106 31/112 Labro (DB RCT) -6% 1.06 [0.53-2.11] progression 14/106 14/112 Nicotine COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org November 2025 Favors nicotine Favors control