Nicotine: meta-analysis of COVID-19 studies

All studies   Mortality   Serious outcomes   RCTs   RCT mortality   Peer-reviewed   All outcomes  
Meta-analysis1 study · 213 patientsc19early.org

Nicotine for COVID-19

Serious outcome risk
Nicotine
Control
Outcome (studies)
Improvement
Relative risk · 95% CI
All studies (1)−5%
Mortality (1)−5%
RCTs (1)−5%
Late (1)−5%
00.511.5+
← Nicotine
reduces riskIncreased
risk →
c19early.org
October 2026

Nicotine COVID-19 studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Labro (DB RCT)−5%1.05 · 0.74–1.50death38/10140/112
Late treatment−5%1.05 · 0.74–1.5038/10140/1125% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.79
All studies−5%1.05 · 0.74–1.5038/10140/1125% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.7900.511.52+
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← Nicotine
reduces riskNicotine
increases risk →
c19early.org
October 2026

Nicotine COVID-19 mortality results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk
Labro (DB RCT)−5%1.05 · 0.74–1.5038/10140/112
Late treatment−5%1.05 · 0.74–1.5038/10140/1125% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.79
All studies−5%1.05 · 0.74–1.5038/10140/1125% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.7900.511.52+
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← Nicotine
reduces riskNicotine
increases risk →
c19early.org
October 2026

Nicotine COVID-19 serious outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Labro (DB RCT)−5%1.05 · 0.74–1.50death38/10140/112
Late treatment−5%1.05 · 0.74–1.5038/10140/1125% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.79
All studies−5%1.05 · 0.74–1.5038/10140/1125% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.7900.511.52+
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← Nicotine
reduces riskNicotine
increases risk →
c19early.org
October 2026

Nicotine COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Labro (DB RCT)−5%1.05 · 0.74–1.50death38/10140/112
Late treatment−5%1.05 · 0.74–1.5038/10140/1125% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.79
All studies−5%1.05 · 0.74–1.5038/10140/1125% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.7900.511.52+
Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details
← Nicotine
reduces riskNicotine
increases risk →
c19early.org
October 2026

Nicotine COVID-19 RCT mortality results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk
Labro (DB RCT)−5%1.05 · 0.74–1.5038/10140/112
Late treatment−5%1.05 · 0.74–1.5038/10140/1125% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.79
All studies−5%1.05 · 0.74–1.5038/10140/1125% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.7900.511.52+
Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details
← Nicotine
reduces riskNicotine
increases risk →
c19early.org
October 2026

Nicotine COVID-19 peer reviewed studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Labro (DB RCT)−5%1.05 · 0.74–1.50death38/10140/112
Late treatment−5%1.05 · 0.74–1.5038/10140/1125% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.79
All studies−5%1.05 · 0.74–1.5038/10140/1125% higher risk
Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.7900.511.52+
Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details
← Nicotine
reduces riskNicotine
increases risk →