Outcomes in COVID-19 pentoxifylline studies

All studies   Mortality   Ventilation   ICU   Hospitalization   Serious outcomes   RCTs   RCT mortality   Peer-reviewed   All outcomes  
0 0.5 1 1.5+ All studies -15% 3 178 Improvement, Studies, Patients Relative Risk Mortality -15% 3 178 Ventilation 35% 2 110 ICU admission -60% 1 72 Hospitalization 15% 1 38 RCTs -15% 3 178 RCT mortality -15% 3 178 Late -15% 3 178 Pentoxifylline for COVID-19 c19early.org November 2025 Favorspentoxifylline Favorscontrol
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Maldonado (RCT) 65% 0.35 [0.09-1.31] death 3/26 4/12 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Azizi (DB RCT) -540% 6.40 [0.34-120] death 3/40 0/32 Sarhan (RCT) -69% 1.69 [0.66-4.34] death 8/30 6/38 Tau​2​ = 0.87, I​2​ = 60.6%, p = 0.85 Late treatment -15% 1.15 [0.29-4.63] 14/96 10/82 15% higher risk All studies -15% 1.15 [0.29-4.63] 14/96 10/82 15% higher risk 3 pentoxifylline COVID-19 studies c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2​ = 0.87, I​2​ = 60.6%, p = 0.85 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) Favors pentoxifylline Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Maldonado (RCT) 65% 0.35 [0.09-1.31] 3/26 4/12 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Azizi (DB RCT) -540% 6.40 [0.34-120] 3/40 0/32 Sarhan (RCT) -69% 1.69 [0.66-4.34] 8/30 6/38 Tau​2​ = 0.87, I​2​ = 60.6%, p = 0.85 Late treatment -15% 1.15 [0.29-4.63] 14/96 10/82 15% higher risk All studies -15% 1.15 [0.29-4.63] 14/96 10/82 15% higher risk 3 pentoxifylline COVID-19 mortality results c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2​ = 0.87, I​2​ = 60.6%, p = 0.85 Favors pentoxifylline Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Maldonado (RCT) 54% 0.46 [0.11-1.96] 3/26 3/12 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Azizi (DB RCT) -60% 1.60 [0.15-16.9] 2/40 1/32 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.5 Late treatment 35% 0.65 [0.19-2.23] 5/66 4/44 35% lower risk All studies 35% 0.65 [0.19-2.23] 5/66 4/44 35% lower risk 2 pentoxifylline COVID-19 mechanical ventilation results c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.5 Favors pentoxifylline Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Azizi (DB RCT) -60% 1.60 [0.31-8.19] 4/40 2/32 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.58 Late treatment -60% 1.60 [0.31-8.19] 4/40 2/32 60% higher risk All studies -60% 1.60 [0.31-8.19] 4/40 2/32 60% higher risk 1 pentoxifylline COVID-19 ICU result c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.58 Favors pentoxifylline Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Maldonado (RCT) 15% 0.85 [0.63-1.17] hosp. time 26 (n) 12 (n) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.33 Late treatment 15% 0.85 [0.63-1.17] 26 (n) 12 (n) 15% lower risk All studies 15% 0.85 [0.63-1.17] 26 (n) 12 (n) 15% lower risk 1 pentoxifylline COVID-19 hospitalization result c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.33 Favors pentoxifylline Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Maldonado (RCT) 65% 0.35 [0.09-1.31] death 3/26 4/12 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Azizi (DB RCT) -540% 6.40 [0.34-120] death 3/40 0/32 Sarhan (RCT) -69% 1.69 [0.66-4.34] death 8/30 6/38 Tau​2​ = 0.87, I​2​ = 60.6%, p = 0.85 Late treatment -15% 1.15 [0.29-4.63] 14/96 10/82 15% higher risk All studies -15% 1.15 [0.29-4.63] 14/96 10/82 15% higher risk 3 pentoxifylline COVID-19 serious outcomes c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2​ = 0.87, I​2​ = 60.6%, p = 0.85 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) Favors pentoxifylline Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Maldonado (RCT) 65% 0.35 [0.09-1.31] death 3/26 4/12 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Azizi (DB RCT) -540% 6.40 [0.34-120] death 3/40 0/32 Sarhan (RCT) -69% 1.69 [0.66-4.34] death 8/30 6/38 Tau​2​ = 0.87, I​2​ = 60.6%, p = 0.85 Late treatment -15% 1.15 [0.29-4.63] 14/96 10/82 15% higher risk All studies -15% 1.15 [0.29-4.63] 14/96 10/82 15% higher risk 3 pentoxifylline COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2​ = 0.87, I​2​ = 60.6%, p = 0.85 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) Favors pentoxifylline Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Maldonado (RCT) 65% 0.35 [0.09-1.31] 3/26 4/12 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Azizi (DB RCT) -540% 6.40 [0.34-120] 3/40 0/32 Sarhan (RCT) -69% 1.69 [0.66-4.34] 8/30 6/38 Tau​2​ = 0.87, I​2​ = 60.6%, p = 0.85 Late treatment -15% 1.15 [0.29-4.63] 14/96 10/82 15% higher risk All studies -15% 1.15 [0.29-4.63] 14/96 10/82 15% higher risk 3 pentoxifylline COVID-19 RCT mortality results c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2​ = 0.87, I​2​ = 60.6%, p = 0.85 Favors pentoxifylline Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Maldonado (RCT) 65% 0.35 [0.09-1.31] death 3/26 4/12 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Azizi (DB RCT) -540% 6.40 [0.34-120] death 3/40 0/32 Sarhan (RCT) -69% 1.69 [0.66-4.34] death 8/30 6/38 Tau​2​ = 0.87, I​2​ = 60.6%, p = 0.85 Late treatment -15% 1.15 [0.29-4.63] 14/96 10/82 15% higher risk All studies -15% 1.15 [0.29-4.63] 14/96 10/82 15% higher risk 3 pentoxifylline COVID-19 peer reviewed studies c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2​ = 0.87, I​2​ = 60.6%, p = 0.85 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) Favors pentoxifylline Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Maldonado (RCT) 65% 0.35 [0.09-1.31] death 3/26 4/12 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Maldonado (RCT) 54% 0.46 [0.11-1.96] ventilation 3/26 3/12 Maldonado (RCT) 15% 0.85 [0.63-1.17] hosp. time 26 (n) 12 (n) Azizi (DB RCT) -540% 6.40 [0.34-120] death 3/40 0/32 Azizi (DB RCT) -60% 1.60 [0.15-16.9] ventilation 2/40 1/32 Azizi (DB RCT) -60% 1.60 [0.31-8.19] ICU 4/40 2/32 Sarhan (RCT) -69% 1.69 [0.66-4.34] death 8/30 6/38 Sarhan (RCT) -45% 1.45 [0.59-3.54] no improv. 8/30 7/38 Pentoxifylline COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org November 2025 Favors pentoxifylline Favors control