Outcomes in COVID-19 paxlovid studies
Outcomes in paxlovid studies. Pfizer has denied access to Paxlovid for independent RCTs
Ledford . Pfizer RCTs report very good results, while non-Pfizer RCTs show relatively poor results
Liu , Yu . Variants may be resistant to paxlovid
Jochmans , Lopez , Zhou .
Hoertel find that >50% of patients that died had a contraindication for paxlovid. Retrospective studies that do not exclude contraindicated patients may significantly overestimate efficacy.
Black box warning. The FDA notes that
"severe, life-threatening, and/or fatal adverse reactions due to drug interactions have been reported in patients treated with paxlovid" FDA . Use may promote the emergence of variants that weaken host immunity and potentially contribute to long COVID
Thomas . Population studies often do not account for the different expected outcomes for the class of patients that seek out and receive early treatment.
Kamo show significantly increased risk of acute kidney injury.
0
0.5
1
1.5+
All studies
16%
72
161,182
Improvement, Studies, Patients
Relative Risk
Mortality
25%
37
108,102
Ventilation
-12%
11
14,518
ICU admission
0%
13
43,625
Hospitalization
38%
19
71,381
Progression
2%
15
41,397
Recovery
5%
11
4,533
Cases
36%
1
1,670
Viral clearance
14%
24
10,558
RCTs
11%
7
5,937
RCT mortality
44%
4
3,774
Peer-reviewed
14%
55
127,787
Prophylaxis
67%
1
1,670
Early
20%
52
110,726
Late
-2%
20
49,185
Paxlovid for COVID-19
c19 early .org
December 2024
after exclusions
Favors paxlovid
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
EPIC-HR
Hammond (DB RCT)
96%
0.04 [0.00-0.68]
death
0/1,039
12/1,046
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Wong (PSM)
66%
0.34 [0.23-0.50]
death
890 (n)
890 (n)
Yip (PSW)
19%
0.81 [0.47-1.39]
death/ICU
Arbel
56%
0.44 [0.08-2.59]
death
population-based cohort
Najjar-Debbiny
46%
0.54 [0.39-0.75]
severe case
population-based cohort
EPIC-SR
Pfizer (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.08]
death
0/654
1/634
Shao
20%
0.80 [0.71-0.91]
viral time
17 (n)
114 (n)
OT1
Li (ES)
79%
0.21 [0.15-0.28]
viral+
18/175
130/224
Lu
12%
0.88 [0.78-0.98]
viral+
n/a
n/a
Ganatra (PSM)
95%
0.05 [0.00-0.81]
death
0/1,130
10/1,130
confounding
Shao
20%
0.80 [0.71-0.91]
viral time
17 (n)
114 (n)
OT1
Zhong
15%
0.85 [0.65-1.13]
recov. time
106 (n)
36 (n)
Zhou (PSM)
73%
0.27 [0.13-0.58]
death
7/2,808
100/10,849
Wong (PSM)
66%
0.34 [0.22-0.52]
death
Schwartz (PSW)
50%
0.50 [0.41-0.61]
death
population-based cohort
Pandit
1%
0.99 [0.83-1.17]
no recov.
n/a
n/a
Bajema (PSM)
58%
0.42 [0.26-0.67]
death
20/1,587
48.6/1,587
Dryden-Peterson
71%
0.29 [0.12-0.71]
death
confounding
Cai
9%
0.91 [0.51-1.62]
death
18/61
14/43
Zheng (PSW)
-4%
1.04 [0.56-1.93]
death/hosp.
4,836 (n)
2,847 (n)
OT1
Evans
41%
0.59 [0.36-0.97]
death/hosp.
602 (n)
4,973 (n)
Shah
51%
0.49 [0.46-0.53]
hosp.
population-based cohort
confounding
Liu (RCT)
38%
0.62 [0.21-1.86]
death
5/132
8/132
Lewnard
-40%
1.40 [0.73-2.66]
death
population-based cohort
confounding
Yan
31%
0.69 [0.30-1.58]
death
7/73
17/122
Patel (PSM)
20%
0.80 [0.67-0.95]
PASC
1,004 (n)
1,004 (n)
Li
-51%
1.51 [1.11-2.05]
recov. time
9 (n)
11 (n)
Park
5%
0.95 [0.57-1.62]
death
940 (n)
1,567 (n)
Wee
14%
0.86 [0.48-1.55]
severe case
population-based cohort
Yang
2%
0.98 [0.95-1.00]
death
220 (n)
1,061 (n)
POSITIVES
Edelstein
-761%
8.61 [1.13-34.2]
rebound
15/72
1/55
Kim
31%
0.69 [0.63-0.75]
death
population-based cohort
Dormuth
29%
0.71 [0.54-0.93]
death/hosp.
85/3,433
120/3,433
confounding
Lin
-633%
7.33 [0.86-62.7]
oxygen
4/30
1/55
Dalton (PSM)
8%
0.92 [0.91-0.93]
PASC
n/a
n/a
Fung
7%
0.93 [0.92-0.94]
PASC
population-based cohort
LONG COVID
Low (PSM)
0%
1.00 [0.06-16.0]
death
1/10,483
1/10,483
Ioannou (PSM)
1%
0.99 [0.95-1.03]
PASC
9,593 (n)
9,593 (n)
LONG COVID
Xu
12%
0.88 [0.76-1.02]
hosp. time
195 (n)
120 (n)
Durstenfeld (PSW)
-14%
1.14 [0.83-1.54]
PASC
57/353
176/1,258
LONG COVID
Choi
37%
0.63 [0.46-0.86]
death
251 (n)
1,592 (n)
Preiss
2%
0.98 [0.95-1.01]
PASC
population-based cohort
LONG COVID
Zhu
-79%
1.79 [1.39-2.33]
viral+
138 (n)
155 (n)
Cheng
22%
0.78 [0.60-1.00]
death
2,083 (n)
2,045 (n)
Wang
13%
0.87 [0.46-1.63]
death
66 (n)
55 (n)
Henderson
84%
0.16 [0.05-0.50]
hosp.
confounding
Yang
0%
1.00 [0.84-1.18]
viral+
362 (n)
724 (n)
RECOVERY
Horby (RCT)
-1%
1.01 [0.43-2.40]
death
9/68
9/69
Choi
34%
0.66 [0.49-0.89]
death
308 (n)
4,232 (n)
Low
-30%
1.30 [0.76-2.21]
PASC
1,289 (n)
1,235 (n)
LONG COVID
Yen
31%
0.69 [0.37-1.30]
death
220 (n)
1,976 (n)
Deng (PSM)
-17%
1.17 [0.54-2.53]
viral time
9 (n)
9 (n)
Tau2 = 0.01, I2 = 92.8%, p < 0.0001
Early treatment
20%
0.80 [0.77-0.85]
246/45,253
648.6/65,473
20% lower risk
Li
32%
0.68 [0.47-0.98]
viral+
40/83
130/224
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Wan
28%
0.72 [0.62-0.84]
death
541/6,604
2,541/17,283
Wan
23%
0.77 [0.66-0.90]
death
1,813 (n)
5,306 (n)
Shao
29%
0.71 [0.44-1.14]
death
280 (n)
802 (n)
Fu
-280%
3.80 [0.41-35.4]
ventilation
3/49
1/62
OT1
Shao
29%
0.71 [0.44-1.14]
death
280 (n)
509 (n)
Yu (RCT)
-2%
1.02 [0.21-4.93]
severe case
3/103
3/105
OT1
Dian (PSM)
-175%
2.75 [0.89-8.51]
death
11/228
4/228
OT1
Li
18%
0.82 [0.47-1.43]
death
14/73
35/150
Zhou
-39%
1.39 [1.02-1.89]
death
52/132
54/190
Wei
0%
1.00 [0.68-1.46]
death
36/264
63/461
OT1
Guo
-10%
1.10 [1.01-1.20]
viral time
779 (n)
1,199 (n)
Lu
-6%
1.06 [0.77-1.47]
death
17/29
140/253
Liu
-94%
1.94 [1.24-3.03]
progression
27/145
41/427
Peng
-79%
1.79 [0.43-7.42]
death
21 (n)
145 (n)
Chen (PSM)
0%
1.00 [0.42-2.37]
death
10/324
10/324
Liu (PSM)
-272%
3.72 [1.02-13.6]
progression
148 (all patients)
Lv
-495%
5.95 [2.72-13.0]
death
35/148
7/176
Lai
20%
0.80 [0.68-0.95]
death
5,165 (n)
4,388 (n)
Pfizer (DB RCT)
8%
0.92 [0.72-1.18]
no recov.
186 (n)
99 (n)
Tau2 = 0.07, I2 = 82.6%, p = 0.81
Late treatment
-2%
1.02 [0.87-1.20]
789/16,706
3,029/32,331
2% higher risk
EPIC-PEP
Pfizer (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.20]
hosp.
0/830
1/840
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.51
Prophylaxis
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.20]
0/830
1/840
67% lower risk
All studies
16%
0.84 [0.81-0.88]
1,035/62,789
3,678.6/98,644
16% lower risk
72 paxlovid COVID-19 studies
c19 early .org
December 2024
Tau2 = 0.01, I2 = 90.8%, p < 0.0001
Effect extraction pre-specified (most serious outcome)
1 OT: comparison with other treatment
Favors paxlovid
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
EPIC-HR
Hammond (DB RCT)
96%
0.04 [0.00-0.68]
death
0/1,039
12/1,046
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Wong (PSM)
66%
0.34 [0.23-0.50]
death
890 (n)
890 (n)
Yip (PSW)
19%
0.81 [0.47-1.39]
death/ICU
Arbel
56%
0.44 [0.08-2.59]
death
population-based cohort
Najjar-Debbiny
46%
0.54 [0.39-0.75]
severe case
population-based cohort
EPIC-SR
Pfizer (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.08]
death
0/654
1/634
Li (ES)
79%
0.21 [0.15-0.28]
viral+
18/175
130/224
Lu
12%
0.88 [0.78-0.98]
viral+
n/a
n/a
Zhong
15%
0.85 [0.65-1.13]
recov. time
106 (n)
36 (n)
Zhou (PSM)
73%
0.27 [0.13-0.58]
death
7/2,808
100/10,849
Wong (PSM)
66%
0.34 [0.22-0.52]
death
Schwartz (PSW)
50%
0.50 [0.41-0.61]
death
population-based cohort
Pandit
1%
0.99 [0.83-1.17]
no recov.
n/a
n/a
Bajema (PSM)
58%
0.42 [0.26-0.67]
death
20/1,587
48.6/1,587
Cai
9%
0.91 [0.51-1.62]
death
18/61
14/43
Zheng (PSW)
-4%
1.04 [0.56-1.93]
death/hosp.
4,836 (n)
2,847 (n)
OT1
Evans
41%
0.59 [0.36-0.97]
death/hosp.
602 (n)
4,973 (n)
Liu (RCT)
38%
0.62 [0.21-1.86]
death
5/132
8/132
Yan
31%
0.69 [0.30-1.58]
death
7/73
17/122
Patel (PSM)
20%
0.80 [0.67-0.95]
PASC
1,004 (n)
1,004 (n)
Li
-51%
1.51 [1.11-2.05]
recov. time
9 (n)
11 (n)
Park
5%
0.95 [0.57-1.62]
death
940 (n)
1,567 (n)
Wee
14%
0.86 [0.48-1.55]
severe case
population-based cohort
Yang
2%
0.98 [0.95-1.00]
death
220 (n)
1,061 (n)
POSITIVES
Edelstein
-761%
8.61 [1.13-34.2]
rebound
15/72
1/55
Kim
31%
0.69 [0.63-0.75]
death
population-based cohort
Lin
-633%
7.33 [0.86-62.7]
oxygen
4/30
1/55
Dalton (PSM)
8%
0.92 [0.91-0.93]
PASC
n/a
n/a
Fung
7%
0.93 [0.92-0.94]
PASC
population-based cohort
LONG COVID
Low (PSM)
0%
1.00 [0.06-16.0]
death
1/10,483
1/10,483
Ioannou (PSM)
1%
0.99 [0.95-1.03]
PASC
9,593 (n)
9,593 (n)
LONG COVID
Xu
12%
0.88 [0.76-1.02]
hosp. time
195 (n)
120 (n)
Durstenfeld (PSW)
-14%
1.14 [0.83-1.54]
PASC
57/353
176/1,258
LONG COVID
Choi
37%
0.63 [0.46-0.86]
death
251 (n)
1,592 (n)
Preiss
2%
0.98 [0.95-1.01]
PASC
population-based cohort
LONG COVID
Zhu
-79%
1.79 [1.39-2.33]
viral+
138 (n)
155 (n)
Cheng
22%
0.78 [0.60-1.00]
death
2,083 (n)
2,045 (n)
Wang
13%
0.87 [0.46-1.63]
death
66 (n)
55 (n)
Yang
0%
1.00 [0.84-1.18]
viral+
362 (n)
724 (n)
RECOVERY
Horby (RCT)
-1%
1.01 [0.43-2.40]
death
9/68
9/69
Choi
34%
0.66 [0.49-0.89]
death
308 (n)
4,232 (n)
Low
-30%
1.30 [0.76-2.21]
PASC
1,289 (n)
1,235 (n)
LONG COVID
Yen
31%
0.69 [0.37-1.30]
death
220 (n)
1,976 (n)
Deng (PSM)
-17%
1.17 [0.54-2.53]
viral time
9 (n)
9 (n)
Tau2 = 0.01, I2 = 87.9%, p < 0.0001
Early treatment
14%
0.86 [0.82-0.89]
161/40,656
518.6/60,682
14% lower risk
Li
32%
0.68 [0.47-0.98]
viral+
40/83
130/224
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Wan
28%
0.72 [0.62-0.84]
death
541/6,604
2,541/17,283
Wan
23%
0.77 [0.66-0.90]
death
1,813 (n)
5,306 (n)
Shao
29%
0.71 [0.44-1.14]
death
280 (n)
802 (n)
Shao
29%
0.71 [0.44-1.14]
death
280 (n)
509 (n)
Yu (RCT)
-2%
1.02 [0.21-4.93]
severe case
3/103
3/105
OT1
Dian (PSM)
-175%
2.75 [0.89-8.51]
death
11/228
4/228
OT1
Wei
0%
1.00 [0.68-1.46]
death
36/264
63/461
OT1
Guo
-10%
1.10 [1.01-1.20]
viral time
779 (n)
1,199 (n)
Lu
-6%
1.06 [0.77-1.47]
death
17/29
140/253
Liu
-94%
1.94 [1.24-3.03]
progression
27/145
41/427
Chen (PSM)
0%
1.00 [0.42-2.37]
death
10/324
10/324
Liu (PSM)
-272%
3.72 [1.02-13.6]
progression
148 (all patients)
Lai
20%
0.80 [0.68-0.95]
death
5,165 (n)
4,388 (n)
Pfizer (DB RCT)
8%
0.92 [0.72-1.18]
no recov.
186 (n)
99 (n)
Tau2 = 0.05, I2 = 81.4%, p = 0.31
Late treatment
8%
0.92 [0.79-1.08]
685/16,283
2,932/31,608
8% lower risk
EPIC-PEP
Pfizer (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.20]
hosp.
0/830
1/840
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.51
Prophylaxis
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.20]
0/830
1/840
67% lower risk
All studies
13%
0.87 [0.84-0.90]
846/57,769
3,451.6/93,130
13% lower risk
59 paxlovid COVID-19 studies after exclusions
c19 early .org
December 2024
Tau2 = 0.01, I2 = 85.4%, p < 0.0001
Effect extraction pre-specified (most serious outcome)
1 OT: comparison with other treatment
Favors paxlovid
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
EPIC-HR
Hammond (DB RCT)
96%
0.04 [0.00-0.68]
0/1,039
12/1,046
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Wong (PSM)
66%
0.34 [0.23-0.50]
890 (n)
890 (n)
Arbel
56%
0.44 [0.08-2.59]
population-based cohort
EPIC-SR
Pfizer (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.08]
0/654
1/634
Ganatra (PSM)
95%
0.05 [0.00-0.81]
0/1,130
10/1,130
confounding
Zhou (PSM)
73%
0.27 [0.13-0.58]
7/2,808
100/10,849
Wong (PSM)
66%
0.34 [0.22-0.52]
Schwartz (PSW)
50%
0.50 [0.41-0.61]
population-based cohort
Bajema (PSM)
58%
0.42 [0.26-0.67]
20/1,587
48.6/1,587
Dryden-Peterson
71%
0.29 [0.12-0.71]
confounding
Cai
9%
0.91 [0.51-1.62]
18/61
14/43
Liu (RCT)
38%
0.62 [0.21-1.86]
5/132
8/132
Lewnard
-40%
1.40 [0.73-2.66]
population-based cohort
confounding
Yan
31%
0.69 [0.30-1.58]
7/73
17/122
Park
5%
0.95 [0.57-1.62]
940 (n)
1,567 (n)
Yang
2%
0.98 [0.95-1.00]
220 (n)
1,061 (n)
Kim
31%
0.69 [0.63-0.75]
population-based cohort
Low (PSM)
0%
1.00 [0.06-16.0]
1/10,483
1/10,483
Choi
37%
0.63 [0.46-0.86]
251 (n)
1,592 (n)
Cheng
22%
0.78 [0.60-1.00]
2,083 (n)
2,045 (n)
Wang
13%
0.87 [0.46-1.63]
66 (n)
55 (n)
RECOVERY
Horby (RCT)
-1%
1.01 [0.43-2.40]
9/68
9/69
Choi
34%
0.66 [0.49-0.89]
308 (n)
4,232 (n)
Yen
31%
0.69 [0.37-1.30]
220 (n)
1,976 (n)
Tau2 = 0.11, I2 = 90.1%, p < 0.0001
Early treatment
38%
0.62 [0.51-0.74]
67/23,013
220.6/39,513
38% lower risk
Wan
28%
0.72 [0.62-0.84]
541/6,604
2,541/17,283
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Wan
23%
0.77 [0.66-0.90]
1,813 (n)
5,306 (n)
Shao
29%
0.71 [0.44-1.14]
280 (n)
802 (n)
Shao
29%
0.71 [0.44-1.14]
280 (n)
509 (n)
Dian (PSM)
-175%
2.75 [0.89-8.51]
11/228
4/228
OT1
Li
18%
0.82 [0.47-1.43]
14/73
35/150
Zhou
-39%
1.39 [1.02-1.89]
52/132
54/190
Wei
0%
1.00 [0.68-1.46]
36/264
63/461
OT1
Lu
-6%
1.06 [0.77-1.47]
17/29
140/253
Peng
-79%
1.79 [0.43-7.42]
21 (n)
145 (n)
Chen (PSM)
0%
1.00 [0.42-2.37]
10/324
10/324
Lv
-495%
5.95 [2.72-13.0]
35/148
7/176
Lai
20%
0.80 [0.68-0.95]
5,165 (n)
4,388 (n)
Tau2 = 0.07, I2 = 77.7%, p = 0.81
Late treatment
2%
0.98 [0.81-1.18]
716/15,361
2,854/30,215
2% lower risk
All studies
25%
0.75 [0.66-0.85]
783/38,374
3,074.6/69,728
25% lower risk
37 paxlovid COVID-19 mortality results
c19 early .org
December 2024
Tau2 = 0.08, I2 = 88.4%, p < 0.0001
1 OT: comparison with other treatment
Favors paxlovid
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Wong (PSM)
3%
0.97 [0.31-3.03]
890 (n)
890 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Wong (PSM)
38%
0.62 [0.23-1.72]
Bajema (PSM)
48%
0.52 [0.12-2.16]
3/1,587
5.8/1,587
Cai
30%
0.70 [0.29-1.73]
8/61
8/43
Liu (RCT)
-67%
1.67 [0.62-4.45]
10/132
6/132
RECOVERY
Horby (RCT)
-1%
1.01 [0.06-15.9]
1/68
1/69
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.53
Early treatment
14%
0.86 [0.54-1.36]
22/2,738
20.8/2,721
14% lower risk
Wan
-3%
1.03 [0.70-1.52]
1,813 (n)
5,306 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Fu
-280%
3.80 [0.41-35.4]
3/49
1/62
OT1
Dian (PSM)
-200%
3.00 [0.61-14.7]
6/228
2/228
OT1
Wei
-38%
1.38 [1.02-1.87]
61/264
77/461
OT1
Chen (PSM)
80%
0.20 [0.02-1.70]
1/324
5/324
Tau2 = 0.06, I2 = 36.8%, p = 0.29
Late treatment
-24%
1.24 [0.83-1.85]
71/2,678
85/6,381
24% higher risk
All studies
-12%
1.12 [0.87-1.44]
93/5,416
105.8/9,102
12% higher risk
11 paxlovid COVID-19 mechanical ventilation results
c19 early .org
December 2024
Tau2 = 0.02, I2 = 11.1%, p = 0.4
1 OT: comparison with other treatment
Favors paxlovid
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Wong (PSM)
-58%
1.58 [0.95-2.63]
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Bajema (PSM)
56%
0.44 [0.21-0.92]
10/1,587
22.8/1,587
Cai
11%
0.89 [0.64-1.22]
34/61
27/43
Liu (RCT)
-10%
1.10 [0.56-2.12]
132 (n)
132 (n)
Yan
14%
0.86 [0.52-1.43]
17/73
33/122
Low (PSM)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.18]
0/10,483
1/10,483
Choi
-40%
1.40 [0.16-12.6]
251 (n)
1,592 (n)
Cheng
14%
0.86 [0.56-1.32]
2,083 (n)
2,045 (n)
Choi
37%
0.63 [0.28-1.38]
308 (n)
4,232 (n)
Tau2 = 0.02, I2 = 19.9%, p = 0.36
Early treatment
10%
0.90 [0.72-1.13]
61/14,978
83.8/20,236
10% lower risk
Wan
-8%
1.08 [0.58-2.02]
1,813 (n)
5,306 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Fu
-659%
7.59 [0.95-61.0]
6/49
1/62
OT1
Dian (PSM)
0%
1.00 [0.06-15.9]
1/228
1/228
OT1
Wei
-122%
2.22 [0.98-5.03]
14/264
11/461
OT1
Tau2 = 0.15, I2 = 32.6%, p = 0.12
Late treatment
-70%
1.70 [0.87-3.32]
21/2,354
13/6,057
70% higher risk
All studies
0%
1.00 [0.78-1.27]
82/17,332
96.8/26,293
0% lower risk
13 paxlovid COVID-19 ICU results
c19 early .org
December 2024
Tau2 = 0.06, I2 = 36.0%, p = 0.98
1 OT: comparison with other treatment
Favors paxlovid
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
EPIC-HR
Hammond (DB RCT)
88%
0.12 [0.06-0.26]
hosp.
8/1,039
65/1,046
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Wong (PSM)
4%
0.96 [0.88-1.04]
hosp. time
890 (n)
890 (n)
Yip (PSW)
21%
0.79 [0.65-0.95]
hosp.
Arbel
57%
0.43 [0.16-1.17]
hosp.
population-based cohort
EPIC-SR
Pfizer (DB RCT)
52%
0.48 [0.17-1.41]
hosp.
5/654
10/634
Ganatra (PSM)
56%
0.44 [0.21-0.91]
hosp.
10/1,130
23/1,130
confounding
Zhou (PSM)
84%
0.16 [0.11-0.22]
hosp.
34/2,808
752/10,849
Wong (PSM)
24%
0.76 [0.67-0.86]
hosp.
Bajema (PSM)
7%
0.93 [0.74-1.16]
hosp.
180/1,587
194.2/1,587
Dryden-Peterson
40%
0.60 [0.44-0.81]
hosp.
confounding
Cai
20%
0.80 [0.67-0.96]
hosp. time
61 (n)
43 (n)
Shah
51%
0.49 [0.46-0.53]
hosp.
population-based cohort
confounding
Yan
9%
0.91 [0.84-0.99]
hosp. time
73 (n)
122 (n)
Wee
35%
0.65 [0.50-0.85]
hosp.
population-based cohort
Low (PSM)
36%
0.64 [0.43-0.94]
hosp.
42/10,483
67/10,483
Xu
12%
0.88 [0.76-1.02]
hosp. time
195 (n)
120 (n)
Henderson
84%
0.16 [0.05-0.50]
hosp.
confounding
Tau2 = 0.13, I2 = 95.0%, p < 0.0001
Early treatment
41%
0.59 [0.49-0.72]
279/18,920
1,111.2/26,904
41% lower risk
Wan
24%
0.76 [0.70-0.82]
hosp.
1,772/6,604
2,541/17,283
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p < 0.0001
Late treatment
24%
0.76 [0.70-0.82]
1,772/6,604
2,541/17,283
24% lower risk
EPIC-PEP
Pfizer (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.20]
hosp.
0/830
1/840
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.51
Prophylaxis
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.20]
0/830
1/840
67% lower risk
All studies
38%
0.62 [0.53-0.72]
2,051/26,354
3,653.2/45,027
38% lower risk
19 paxlovid COVID-19 hospitalization results
c19 early .org
December 2024
Tau2 = 0.09, I2 = 94.4%, p < 0.0001
Favors paxlovid
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
EPIC-HR
Hammond (DB RCT)
96%
0.04 [0.00-0.68]
death
0/1,039
12/1,046
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Wong (PSM)
66%
0.34 [0.23-0.50]
death
890 (n)
890 (n)
Yip (PSW)
19%
0.81 [0.47-1.39]
death/ICU
Arbel
56%
0.44 [0.08-2.59]
death
population-based cohort
Najjar-Debbiny
46%
0.54 [0.39-0.75]
severe case
population-based cohort
EPIC-SR
Pfizer (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.08]
death
0/654
1/634
Ganatra (PSM)
95%
0.05 [0.00-0.81]
death
0/1,130
10/1,130
confounding
Zhou (PSM)
73%
0.27 [0.13-0.58]
death
7/2,808
100/10,849
Wong (PSM)
66%
0.34 [0.22-0.52]
death
Schwartz (PSW)
50%
0.50 [0.41-0.61]
death
population-based cohort
Bajema (PSM)
58%
0.42 [0.26-0.67]
death
20/1,587
48.6/1,587
Dryden-Peterson
71%
0.29 [0.12-0.71]
death
confounding
Cai
9%
0.91 [0.51-1.62]
death
18/61
14/43
Zheng (PSW)
-4%
1.04 [0.56-1.93]
death/hosp.
4,836 (n)
2,847 (n)
OT1
Evans
41%
0.59 [0.36-0.97]
death/hosp.
602 (n)
4,973 (n)
Shah
51%
0.49 [0.46-0.53]
hosp.
population-based cohort
confounding
Liu (RCT)
38%
0.62 [0.21-1.86]
death
5/132
8/132
Lewnard
-40%
1.40 [0.73-2.66]
death
population-based cohort
confounding
Yan
31%
0.69 [0.30-1.58]
death
7/73
17/122
Patel (PSM)
20%
0.80 [0.67-0.95]
PASC
1,004 (n)
1,004 (n)
Park
5%
0.95 [0.57-1.62]
death
940 (n)
1,567 (n)
Wee
14%
0.86 [0.48-1.55]
severe case
population-based cohort
Yang
2%
0.98 [0.95-1.00]
death
220 (n)
1,061 (n)
Kim
31%
0.69 [0.63-0.75]
death
population-based cohort
Dormuth
29%
0.71 [0.54-0.93]
death/hosp.
85/3,433
120/3,433
confounding
Lin
-633%
7.33 [0.86-62.7]
oxygen
4/30
1/55
Dalton (PSM)
8%
0.92 [0.91-0.93]
PASC
n/a
n/a
Fung
7%
0.93 [0.92-0.94]
PASC
population-based cohort
LONG COVID
Low (PSM)
0%
1.00 [0.06-16.0]
death
1/10,483
1/10,483
Ioannou (PSM)
1%
0.99 [0.95-1.03]
PASC
9,593 (n)
9,593 (n)
LONG COVID
Durstenfeld (PSW)
-14%
1.14 [0.83-1.54]
PASC
57/353
176/1,258
LONG COVID
Choi
37%
0.63 [0.46-0.86]
death
251 (n)
1,592 (n)
Preiss
2%
0.98 [0.95-1.01]
PASC
population-based cohort
LONG COVID
Cheng
22%
0.78 [0.60-1.00]
death
2,083 (n)
2,045 (n)
Wang
13%
0.87 [0.46-1.63]
death
66 (n)
55 (n)
Henderson
84%
0.16 [0.05-0.50]
hosp.
confounding
RECOVERY
Horby (RCT)
-1%
1.01 [0.43-2.40]
death
9/68
9/69
Choi
34%
0.66 [0.49-0.89]
death
308 (n)
4,232 (n)
Low
-30%
1.30 [0.76-2.21]
PASC
1,289 (n)
1,235 (n)
LONG COVID
Yen
31%
0.69 [0.37-1.30]
death
220 (n)
1,976 (n)
Tau2 = 0.01, I2 = 93.6%, p < 0.0001
Early treatment
24%
0.76 [0.72-0.81]
213/44,153
517.6/63,911
24% lower risk
Wan
28%
0.72 [0.62-0.84]
death
541/6,604
2,541/17,283
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Wan
23%
0.77 [0.66-0.90]
death
1,813 (n)
5,306 (n)
Shao
29%
0.71 [0.44-1.14]
death
280 (n)
802 (n)
Fu
-280%
3.80 [0.41-35.4]
ventilation
3/49
1/62
OT1
Shao
29%
0.71 [0.44-1.14]
death
280 (n)
509 (n)
Yu (RCT)
-2%
1.02 [0.21-4.93]
severe case
3/103
3/105
OT1
Dian (PSM)
-175%
2.75 [0.89-8.51]
death
11/228
4/228
OT1
Li
18%
0.82 [0.47-1.43]
death
14/73
35/150
Zhou
-39%
1.39 [1.02-1.89]
death
52/132
54/190
Wei
0%
1.00 [0.68-1.46]
death
36/264
63/461
OT1
Lu
-6%
1.06 [0.77-1.47]
death
17/29
140/253
Liu
-94%
1.94 [1.24-3.03]
progression
27/145
41/427
Peng
-79%
1.79 [0.43-7.42]
death
21 (n)
145 (n)
Chen (PSM)
0%
1.00 [0.42-2.37]
death
10/324
10/324
Liu (PSM)
-272%
3.72 [1.02-13.6]
progression
148 (all patients)
Lv
-495%
5.95 [2.72-13.0]
death
35/148
7/176
Lai
20%
0.80 [0.68-0.95]
death
5,165 (n)
4,388 (n)
Tau2 = 0.09, I2 = 78.9%, p = 0.45
Late treatment
-8%
1.08 [0.89-1.32]
749/15,658
2,899/30,809
8% higher risk
EPIC-PEP
Pfizer (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.20]
hosp.
0/830
1/840
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.51
Prophylaxis
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.20]
0/830
1/840
67% lower risk
All studies
20%
0.80 [0.76-0.84]
962/60,641
3,417.6/95,560
20% lower risk
58 paxlovid COVID-19 serious outcomes
c19 early .org
December 2024
Tau2 = 0.01, I2 = 91.9%, p < 0.0001
Effect extraction pre-specified (most serious outcome)
1 OT: comparison with other treatment
Favors paxlovid
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
EPIC-HR
Hammond (DB RCT)
17%
0.83 [0.74-0.93]
no recov.
686 (n)
674 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
EPIC-SR
Pfizer (DB RCT)
8%
0.92 [0.82-1.03]
recov. time
654 (n)
634 (n)
Zhong
15%
0.85 [0.65-1.13]
recov. time
106 (n)
36 (n)
Pandit
1%
0.99 [0.83-1.17]
no recov.
n/a
n/a
Li
-51%
1.51 [1.11-2.05]
recov. time
9 (n)
11 (n)
Lin
35%
0.65 [0.43-0.98]
recov. time
30 (n)
55 (n)
Xu
35%
0.65 [0.57-0.74]
recov. time
195 (n)
120 (n)
RECOVERY
Horby (RCT)
-35%
1.35 [0.76-2.42]
no disch.
20/68
15/69
Tau2 = 0.04, I2 = 82.4%, p = 0.2
Early treatment
10%
0.90 [0.76-1.06]
20/1,748
15/1,599
10% lower risk
Shao
-28%
1.28 [1.13-1.45]
HRQoL
237 (n)
456 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Yu (RCT)
-6%
1.06 [0.79-1.43]
no disch.
49/103
47/105
OT1
Pfizer (DB RCT)
8%
0.92 [0.72-1.18]
no recov.
186 (n)
99 (n)
Tau2 = 0.02, I2 = 67.4%, p = 0.38
Late treatment
-10%
1.10 [0.89-1.37]
49/526
47/660
10% higher risk
All studies
5%
0.95 [0.82-1.12]
69/2,274
62/2,259
5% lower risk
11 paxlovid COVID-19 recovery results
c19 early .org
December 2024
Tau2 = 0.05, I2 = 86.7%, p = 0.57
1 OT: comparison with other treatment
Favors paxlovid
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
EPIC-PEP
Pfizer (DB RCT)
36%
0.65 [0.37-1.11]
symp. case
830 (n)
840 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.12
Prophylaxis
36%
0.65 [0.37-1.11]
830 (n)
840 (n)
36% lower risk
All studies
36%
0.65 [0.37-1.11]
830 (n)
840 (n)
36% lower risk
1 paxlovid COVID-19 case result
c19 early .org
December 2024
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.12
Favors paxlovid
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
EPIC-HR
Hammond (DB RCT)
12%
0.88 [0.83-0.93]
viral load
529 (n)
526 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Wong (PSM)
28%
0.72 [0.56-0.93]
viral+
890 (n)
890 (n)
EPIC-SR
Pfizer (DB RCT)
4%
0.96 [0.92-1.00]
viral load
654 (n)
634 (n)
Shao
20%
0.80 [0.71-0.91]
viral time
17 (n)
114 (n)
OT1
Li (ES)
79%
0.21 [0.15-0.28]
viral+
18/175
130/224
Lu
12%
0.88 [0.78-0.98]
viral+
n/a
n/a
Shao
20%
0.80 [0.71-0.91]
viral time
17 (n)
114 (n)
OT1
Zhong
16%
0.84 [0.74-0.96]
viral time
106 (n)
36 (n)
Pandit
3%
0.97 [0.83-1.14]
viral+
n/a
n/a
Cai
47%
0.53 [0.36-0.77]
viral+
61 (n)
43 (n)
Liu (RCT)
5%
0.95 [0.85-1.07]
viral time
132 (n)
132 (n)
Yan
62%
0.38 [0.22-0.68]
viral time
73 (n)
122 (n)
Li
58%
0.42 [0.19-0.93]
viral time
9 (n)
11 (n)
POSITIVES
Edelstein
-761%
8.61 [1.13-34.2]
rebound
15/72
1/55
Xu
58%
0.42 [0.33-0.54]
viral time
195 (n)
120 (n)
Zhu
-79%
1.79 [1.39-2.33]
viral+
138 (n)
155 (n)
Yang
0%
1.00 [0.84-1.18]
viral+
362 (n)
724 (n)
RECOVERY
Horby (RCT)
19%
0.81 [0.76-0.86]
viral load
68 (n)
69 (n)
Deng (PSM)
-17%
1.17 [0.54-2.53]
viral time
9 (n)
9 (n)
Tau2 = 0.03, I2 = 88.9%, p < 0.0001
Early treatment
19%
0.81 [0.74-0.89]
33/3,507
131/3,978
19% lower risk
Li
32%
0.68 [0.47-0.98]
viral+
40/83
130/224
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Yu (RCT)
12%
0.88 [0.66-1.18]
viral+
30/103
34/105
OT1
Guo
-10%
1.10 [1.01-1.20]
viral time
779 (n)
1,199 (n)
Chen
1%
0.99 [0.84-1.16]
viral time
324 (n)
324 (n)
Pfizer (DB RCT)
18%
0.82 [0.73-0.91]
viral load
218 (n)
113 (n)
Tau2 = 0.03, I2 = 83.6%, p = 0.23
Late treatment
10%
0.90 [0.75-1.07]
70/1,507
164/1,965
10% lower risk
All studies
14%
0.86 [0.80-0.93]
103/5,014
295/5,943
14% lower risk
24 paxlovid COVID-19 viral clearance results
c19 early .org
December 2024
Tau2 = 0.02, I2 = 85.4%, p < 0.0001
1 OT: comparison with other treatment
Favors paxlovid
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
EPIC-HR
Hammond (DB RCT)
96%
0.04 [0.00-0.68]
death
0/1,039
12/1,046
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
EPIC-SR
Pfizer (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.08]
death
0/654
1/634
Liu (RCT)
38%
0.62 [0.21-1.86]
death
5/132
8/132
RECOVERY
Horby (RCT)
-1%
1.01 [0.43-2.40]
death
9/68
9/69
Tau2 = 0.37, I2 = 38.8%, p = 0.24
Early treatment
44%
0.56 [0.21-1.48]
14/1,893
30/1,881
44% lower risk
Yu (RCT)
-2%
1.02 [0.21-4.93]
severe case
3/103
3/105
OT1
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Pfizer (DB RCT)
8%
0.92 [0.72-1.18]
no recov.
186 (n)
99 (n)
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.53
Late treatment
8%
0.92 [0.72-1.18]
3/289
3/204
8% lower risk
EPIC-PEP
Pfizer (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.20]
hosp.
0/830
1/840
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.51
Prophylaxis
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.20]
0/830
1/840
67% lower risk
All studies
11%
0.89 [0.71-1.11]
17/3,012
34/2,925
11% lower risk
7 paxlovid COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials
c19 early .org
December 2024
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.3
Effect extraction pre-specified (most serious outcome)
1 OT: comparison with other treatment
Favors paxlovid
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
EPIC-HR
Hammond (DB RCT)
96%
0.04 [0.00-0.68]
0/1,039
12/1,046
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
EPIC-SR
Pfizer (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.08]
0/654
1/634
Liu (RCT)
38%
0.62 [0.21-1.86]
5/132
8/132
RECOVERY
Horby (RCT)
-1%
1.01 [0.43-2.40]
9/68
9/69
Tau2 = 0.37, I2 = 38.8%, p = 0.24
Early treatment
44%
0.56 [0.21-1.48]
14/1,893
30/1,881
44% lower risk
All studies
44%
0.56 [0.21-1.48]
14/1,893
30/1,881
44% lower risk
4 paxlovid COVID-19 RCT mortality results
c19 early .org
December 2024
Tau2 = 0.37, I2 = 38.8%, p = 0.24
Favors paxlovid
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
EPIC-HR
Hammond (DB RCT)
96%
0.04 [0.00-0.68]
death
0/1,039
12/1,046
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Wong (PSM)
66%
0.34 [0.23-0.50]
death
890 (n)
890 (n)
Yip (PSW)
19%
0.81 [0.47-1.39]
death/ICU
Arbel
56%
0.44 [0.08-2.59]
death
population-based cohort
Najjar-Debbiny
46%
0.54 [0.39-0.75]
severe case
population-based cohort
Li (ES)
79%
0.21 [0.15-0.28]
viral+
18/175
130/224
Lu
12%
0.88 [0.78-0.98]
viral+
n/a
n/a
Ganatra (PSM)
95%
0.05 [0.00-0.81]
death
0/1,130
10/1,130
confounding
Shao
20%
0.80 [0.71-0.91]
viral time
17 (n)
114 (n)
OT1
Zhong
15%
0.85 [0.65-1.13]
recov. time
106 (n)
36 (n)
Wong (PSM)
66%
0.34 [0.22-0.52]
death
Dryden-Peterson
71%
0.29 [0.12-0.71]
death
confounding
Cai
9%
0.91 [0.51-1.62]
death
18/61
14/43
Evans
41%
0.59 [0.36-0.97]
death/hosp.
602 (n)
4,973 (n)
Shah
51%
0.49 [0.46-0.53]
hosp.
population-based cohort
confounding
Liu (RCT)
38%
0.62 [0.21-1.86]
death
5/132
8/132
Lewnard
-40%
1.40 [0.73-2.66]
death
population-based cohort
confounding
Yan
31%
0.69 [0.30-1.58]
death
7/73
17/122
Li
-51%
1.51 [1.11-2.05]
recov. time
9 (n)
11 (n)
Park
5%
0.95 [0.57-1.62]
death
940 (n)
1,567 (n)
Wee
14%
0.86 [0.48-1.55]
severe case
population-based cohort
Kim
31%
0.69 [0.63-0.75]
death
population-based cohort
Dormuth
29%
0.71 [0.54-0.93]
death/hosp.
85/3,433
120/3,433
confounding
Lin
-633%
7.33 [0.86-62.7]
oxygen
4/30
1/55
Fung
7%
0.93 [0.92-0.94]
PASC
population-based cohort
LONG COVID
Low (PSM)
0%
1.00 [0.06-16.0]
death
1/10,483
1/10,483
Ioannou (PSM)
1%
0.99 [0.95-1.03]
PASC
9,593 (n)
9,593 (n)
LONG COVID
Xu
12%
0.88 [0.76-1.02]
hosp. time
195 (n)
120 (n)
Durstenfeld (PSW)
-14%
1.14 [0.83-1.54]
PASC
57/353
176/1,258
LONG COVID
Zhu
-79%
1.79 [1.39-2.33]
viral+
138 (n)
155 (n)
Cheng
22%
0.78 [0.60-1.00]
death
2,083 (n)
2,045 (n)
Wang
13%
0.87 [0.46-1.63]
death
66 (n)
55 (n)
Henderson
84%
0.16 [0.05-0.50]
hosp.
confounding
Yang
0%
1.00 [0.84-1.18]
viral+
362 (n)
724 (n)
Choi
34%
0.66 [0.49-0.89]
death
308 (n)
4,232 (n)
Low
-30%
1.30 [0.76-2.21]
PASC
1,289 (n)
1,235 (n)
LONG COVID
Yen
31%
0.69 [0.37-1.30]
death
220 (n)
1,976 (n)
Deng (PSM)
-17%
1.17 [0.54-2.53]
viral time
9 (n)
9 (n)
Tau2 = 0.06, I2 = 93.4%, p < 0.0001
Early treatment
23%
0.77 [0.69-0.85]
195/33,736
489/45,661
23% lower risk
Li
32%
0.68 [0.47-0.98]
viral+
40/83
130/224
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Wan
28%
0.72 [0.62-0.84]
death
541/6,604
2,541/17,283
Wan
23%
0.77 [0.66-0.90]
death
1,813 (n)
5,306 (n)
Shao
29%
0.71 [0.44-1.14]
death
280 (n)
802 (n)
Shao
29%
0.71 [0.44-1.14]
death
280 (n)
509 (n)
Yu (RCT)
-2%
1.02 [0.21-4.93]
severe case
3/103
3/105
OT1
Dian (PSM)
-175%
2.75 [0.89-8.51]
death
11/228
4/228
OT1
Li
18%
0.82 [0.47-1.43]
death
14/73
35/150
Zhou
-39%
1.39 [1.02-1.89]
death
52/132
54/190
Wei
0%
1.00 [0.68-1.46]
death
36/264
63/461
OT1
Guo
-10%
1.10 [1.01-1.20]
viral time
779 (n)
1,199 (n)
Lu
-6%
1.06 [0.77-1.47]
death
17/29
140/253
Liu
-94%
1.94 [1.24-3.03]
progression
27/145
41/427
Peng
-79%
1.79 [0.43-7.42]
death
21 (n)
145 (n)
Chen (PSM)
0%
1.00 [0.42-2.37]
death
10/324
10/324
Liu (PSM)
-272%
3.72 [1.02-13.6]
progression
148 (all patients)
Lv
-495%
5.95 [2.72-13.0]
death
35/148
7/176
Lai
20%
0.80 [0.68-0.95]
death
5,165 (n)
4,388 (n)
Tau2 = 0.08, I2 = 84.2%, p = 0.78
Late treatment
-3%
1.03 [0.87-1.22]
786/16,471
3,028/32,170
3% higher risk
All studies
14%
0.86 [0.79-0.93]
981/50,207
3,517/77,831
14% lower risk
55 paxlovid COVID-19 peer reviewed studies
c19 early .org
December 2024
Tau2 = 0.05, I2 = 91.4%, p = 0.00027
Effect extraction pre-specified (most serious outcome)
1 OT: comparison with other treatment
Favors paxlovid
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
EPIC-HR
Hammond (DB RCT)
96%
0.04 [0.00-0.68]
death
0/1,039
12/1,046
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
EPIC-HR
Hammond (DB RCT)
95%
0.05 [0.00-0.89]
death
0/697
9/682
EPIC-HR
Hammond (DB RCT)
88%
0.12 [0.06-0.26]
hosp.
8/1,039
65/1,046
EPIC-HR
Hammond (DB RCT)
89%
0.11 [0.04-0.28]
hosp.
5/697
44/682
EPIC-HR
Hammond (DB RCT)
-11%
1.11 [0.85-1.44]
progression
686 (n)
674 (n)
EPIC-HR
Hammond (DB RCT)
17%
0.83 [0.74-0.93]
no recov.
686 (n)
674 (n)
EPIC-HR
Hammond (DB RCT)
21%
0.79 [0.71-0.89]
no recov.
686 (n)
674 (n)
EPIC-HR
Hammond (DB RCT)
12%
0.88 [0.83-0.93]
viral load
529 (n)
526 (n)
EPIC-HR
Hammond (DB RCT)
5%
0.95 [0.90-1.00]
viral load
529 (n)
526 (n)
Wong (PSM)
66%
0.34 [0.23-0.50]
death
890 (n)
890 (n)
Wong (PSM)
3%
0.97 [0.31-3.03]
ventilation
890 (n)
890 (n)
Wong (PSM)
43%
0.57 [0.45-0.72]
progression
890 (n)
890 (n)
Wong (PSM)
4%
0.96 [0.88-1.04]
hosp. time
890 (n)
890 (n)
Wong (PSM)
28%
0.72 [0.56-0.93]
viral+
890 (n)
890 (n)
Yip (PSW)
19%
0.81 [0.47-1.39]
death/ICU
Yip (PSW)
21%
0.79 [0.65-0.95]
hosp.
Arbel
56%
0.44 [0.08-2.59]
death
population-based cohort
Arbel
79%
0.21 [0.05-0.82]
death
Arbel
-32%
1.32 [0.16-10.8]
death
Arbel
57%
0.43 [0.16-1.17]
hosp.
population-based cohort
Arbel
73%
0.27 [0.15-0.49]
hosp.
Arbel
26%
0.74 [0.35-1.58]
hosp.
Najjar-Debbiny
46%
0.54 [0.39-0.75]
severe case
population-based cohort
EPIC-SR
Pfizer (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.08]
death
0/654
1/634
EPIC-SR
Pfizer (DB RCT)
52%
0.48 [0.17-1.41]
hosp.
5/654
10/634
EPIC-SR
Pfizer (DB RCT)
4%
0.96 [0.91-1.02]
progression
494/654
498/634
EPIC-SR
Pfizer (DB RCT)
8%
0.92 [0.82-1.03]
recov. time
654 (n)
634 (n)
EPIC-SR
Pfizer (DB RCT)
4%
0.96 [0.92-1.00]
viral load
654 (n)
634 (n)
Shao
20%
0.80 [0.71-0.91]
viral time
17 (n)
114 (n)
OT1
Li (ES)
79%
0.21 [0.15-0.28]
viral+
18/175
130/224
Li (ES)
41%
0.59 [0.50-0.69]
viral time
175 (n)
224 (n)
Lu
12%
0.88 [0.78-0.98]
viral+
n/a
n/a
Ganatra (PSM)
95%
0.05 [0.00-0.81]
death
0/1,130
10/1,130
confounding
Ganatra (PSM)
39%
0.61 [0.42-0.70]
progression
89/1,130
163/1,130
confounding
Ganatra (PSM)
33%
0.67 [0.52-0.87]
progression
89/1,130
163/1,130
confounding
Ganatra (PSM)
56%
0.44 [0.21-0.91]
hosp.
10/1,130
23/1,130
confounding
Shao
20%
0.80 [0.71-0.91]
viral time
17 (n)
114 (n)
OT1
Zhong
15%
0.85 [0.65-1.13]
recov. time
106 (n)
36 (n)
Zhong
16%
0.84 [0.74-0.96]
viral time
106 (n)
36 (n)
Zhong
16%
0.84 [0.76-0.93]
viral time
106 (n)
36 (n)
Zhou (PSM)
73%
0.27 [0.13-0.58]
death
7/2,808
100/10,849
Zhou (PSM)
75%
0.25 [0.10-0.61]
death
5/2,808
78/10,849
Zhou (PSM)
84%
0.16 [0.11-0.22]
hosp.
34/2,808
752/10,849
Zhou (PSM)
89%
0.11 [0.07-0.17]
hosp.
22/2,808
708/10,849
Wong (PSM)
66%
0.34 [0.22-0.52]
death
Wong (PSM)
38%
0.62 [0.23-1.72]
ventilation
Wong (PSM)
-58%
1.58 [0.95-2.63]
ICU
Wong (PSM)
24%
0.76 [0.67-0.86]
hosp.
Schwartz (PSW)
50%
0.50 [0.41-0.61]
death
population-based cohort
Schwartz (PSW)
43%
0.57 [0.48-0.68]
death/hosp.
population-based cohort
Pandit
1%
0.99 [0.83-1.17]
no recov.
n/a
n/a
Pandit
3%
0.97 [0.83-1.14]
viral+
n/a
n/a
Pandit
-171%
2.71 [0.86-8.55]
misc.
24/127
3/43
Pandit
-52%
1.52 [0.55-4.25]
misc.
18/127
4/43
Bajema (PSM)
58%
0.42 [0.26-0.67]
death
20/1,587
48.6/1,587
Bajema (PSM)
79%
0.21 [0.08-0.56]
death
5/1,587
23.6/1,587
Bajema (PSM)
48%
0.52 [0.12-2.16]
ventilation
3/1,587
5.8/1,587
Bajema (PSM)
56%
0.44 [0.21-0.92]
ICU
10/1,587
22.8/1,587
Bajema (PSM)
7%
0.93 [0.74-1.16]
hosp.
180/1,587
194.2/1,587
Bajema (PSM)
34%
0.66 [0.45-0.96]
hosp.
43/1,587
65.2/1,587
Dryden-Peterson
71%
0.29 [0.12-0.71]
death
confounding
Dryden-Peterson
44%
0.56 [0.42-0.75]
death/hosp.
confounding
Dryden-Peterson
40%
0.60 [0.44-0.81]
hosp.
confounding
Cai
9%
0.91 [0.51-1.62]
death
18/61
14/43
Cai
30%
0.70 [0.29-1.73]
ventilation
8/61
8/43
Cai
11%
0.89 [0.64-1.22]
ICU
34/61
27/43
Cai
3%
0.97 [0.62-1.53]
ICU
61 (n)
43 (n)
Cai
20%
0.80 [0.67-0.96]
hosp. time
61 (n)
43 (n)
Cai
47%
0.53 [0.36-0.77]
viral+
61 (n)
43 (n)
Zheng (PSW)
-4%
1.04 [0.56-1.93]
death/hosp.
4,836 (n)
2,847 (n)
OT1
Zheng (PSW)
12%
0.88 [0.45-1.71]
death/hosp.
33/4,836
19/2,847
OT1
Evans
41%
0.59 [0.36-0.97]
death/hosp.
602 (n)
4,973 (n)
Shah
51%
0.49 [0.46-0.53]
hosp.
population-based cohort
confounding
Liu (RCT)
38%
0.62 [0.21-1.86]
death
5/132
8/132
Liu (RCT)
-67%
1.67 [0.62-4.45]
ventilation
10/132
6/132
Liu (RCT)
-10%
1.10 [0.56-2.12]
ICU
132 (n)
132 (n)
Liu (RCT)
-27%
1.27 [0.67-2.38]
progression
19/132
15/132
Liu (RCT)
5%
0.95 [0.85-1.07]
viral time
132 (n)
132 (n)
Lewnard
-40%
1.40 [0.73-2.66]
death
population-based cohort
confounding
Lewnard
84%
0.16 [0.03-0.81]
death/ICU
n/a
n/a
confounding
Lewnard
89%
0.11 [0.01-1.25]
death/ICU
n/a
n/a
confounding
Lewnard
54%
0.46 [0.23-0.93]
death/hosp.
n/a
n/a
confounding
Lewnard
80%
0.20 [0.06-0.66]
death/hosp.
n/a
n/a
confounding
Yan
31%
0.69 [0.30-1.58]
death
7/73
17/122
Yan
44%
0.56 [0.32-0.96]
progression
73 (n)
122 (n)
Yan
14%
0.86 [0.52-1.43]
ICU
17/73
33/122
Yan
9%
0.91 [0.84-0.99]
hosp. time
73 (n)
122 (n)
Yan
62%
0.38 [0.22-0.68]
viral time
73 (n)
122 (n)
Yan
73%
0.27 [0.19-0.38]
viral+
73 (n)
122 (n)
Patel (PSM)
20%
0.80 [0.67-0.95]
PASC
1,004 (n)
1,004 (n)
Patel (PSM)
25%
0.75 [0.62-0.90]
PASC
1,004 (n)
1,004 (n)
Patel (PSM)
29%
0.71 [0.58-0.85]
PASC
1,004 (n)
1,004 (n)
Patel (PSM)
26%
0.74 [0.60-0.90]
PASC
1,004 (n)
1,004 (n)
Li
-51%
1.51 [1.11-2.05]
recov. time
9 (n)
11 (n)
Li
58%
0.42 [0.19-0.93]
viral time
9 (n)
11 (n)
Park
5%
0.95 [0.57-1.62]
death
940 (n)
1,567 (n)
Wee
14%
0.86 [0.48-1.55]
severe case
population-based cohort
Wee
35%
0.65 [0.50-0.85]
hosp.
population-based cohort
Yang
2%
0.98 [0.95-1.00]
death
220 (n)
1,061 (n)
POSITIVES
Edelstein
-761%
8.61 [1.13-34.2]
rebound
15/72
1/55
Kim
31%
0.69 [0.63-0.75]
death
population-based cohort
Kim
43%
0.57 [0.53-0.60]
severe case
population-based cohort
Dormuth
29%
0.71 [0.54-0.93]
death/hosp.
85/3,433
120/3,433
confounding
Dormuth
78%
0.22 [0.05-1.02]
death/hosp.
2/280
9/280
confounding
Dormuth
49%
0.51 [0.31-0.84]
death/hosp.
23/1,314
45/1,314
confounding
Dormuth
36%
0.64 [0.39-1.05]
death/hosp.
25/1,050
39/1,050
confounding
Dormuth
-30%
1.30 [0.79-2.12]
death/hosp.
35/789
27/789
confounding
Dormuth
8%
0.92 [0.78-1.09]
progression
232/3,280
252/3,280
confounding
Dormuth
24%
0.76 [0.45-1.29]
progression
22/264
29/264
confounding
Dormuth
19%
0.81 [0.62-1.05]
progression
93/1,259
115/1,259
confounding
Dormuth
-3%
1.03 [0.74-1.45]
progression
64/1,018
62/1,018
confounding
Dormuth
-15%
1.15 [0.79-1.69]
progression
53/739
46/739
confounding
Lin
-633%
7.33 [0.86-62.7]
oxygen
4/30
1/55
Lin
35%
0.65 [0.43-0.98]
recov. time
30 (n)
55 (n)
Dalton (PSM)
8%
0.92 [0.91-0.93]
PASC
n/a
n/a
Dalton (PSM)
-1%
1.01 [0.99-1.03]
PASC
n/a
n/a
Dalton (PSM)
-7%
1.07 [1.02-1.12]
PASC
n/a
n/a
Fung
7%
0.93 [0.92-0.94]
PASC
population-based cohort
LONG COVID
Fung
13%
0.87 [0.86-0.88]
PASC
population-based cohort
LONG COVID
Low (PSM)
0%
1.00 [0.06-16.0]
death
1/10,483
1/10,483
Low (PSM)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.18]
ICU
0/10,483
1/10,483
Low (PSM)
36%
0.64 [0.43-0.94]
hosp.
42/10,483
67/10,483
Ioannou (PSM)
1%
0.99 [0.95-1.03]
PASC
9,593 (n)
9,593 (n)
LONG COVID
Ioannou (PSM)
5%
0.95 [0.86-1.04]
PASC
9,593 (n)
9,593 (n)
LONG COVID
Ioannou (PSM)
-3%
1.03 [0.90-1.17]
PASC
9,593 (n)
9,593 (n)
LONG COVID
Ioannou (PSM)
11%
0.89 [0.74-1.06]
PASC
9,593 (n)
9,593 (n)
LONG COVID
Ioannou (PSM)
30%
0.70 [0.46-1.04]
PASC
9,593 (n)
9,593 (n)
LONG COVID
Ioannou (PSM)
6%
0.94 [0.84-1.04]
PASC
9,593 (n)
9,593 (n)
LONG COVID
Ioannou (PSM)
-4%
1.04 [0.89-1.21]
PASC
9,593 (n)
9,593 (n)
LONG COVID
Ioannou (PSM)
-3%
1.03 [0.91-1.16]
PASC
9,593 (n)
9,593 (n)
LONG COVID
Ioannou (PSM)
-5%
1.05 [0.93-1.19]
PASC
9,593 (n)
9,593 (n)
LONG COVID
Ioannou (PSM)
6%
0.94 [0.72-1.21]
PASC
9,593 (n)
9,593 (n)
LONG COVID
Ioannou (PSM)
-4%
1.04 [0.87-1.26]
PASC
9,593 (n)
9,593 (n)
LONG COVID
Ioannou (PSM)
-60%
1.60 [0.46-5.57]
PASC
9,593 (n)
9,593 (n)
LONG COVID
Ioannou (PSM)
-12%
1.12 [0.86-1.47]
PASC
9,593 (n)
9,593 (n)
LONG COVID
Xu
12%
0.88 [0.76-1.02]
hosp. time
195 (n)
120 (n)
Xu
35%
0.65 [0.57-0.74]
recov. time
195 (n)
120 (n)
Xu
58%
0.42 [0.33-0.54]
viral time
195 (n)
120 (n)
Xu
47%
0.53 [0.29-0.97]
PASC
195 (n)
120 (n)
Durstenfeld (PSW)
-14%
1.14 [0.83-1.54]
PASC
57/353
176/1,258
LONG COVID
Choi
37%
0.63 [0.46-0.86]
death
251 (n)
1,592 (n)
Choi
-40%
1.40 [0.16-12.6]
ICU
251 (n)
1,592 (n)
Choi
20%
0.80 [0.31-2.04]
oxygen
251 (n)
1,592 (n)
Preiss
2%
0.98 [0.95-1.01]
PASC
population-based cohort
LONG COVID
Preiss
10%
0.90 [0.84-0.96]
PASC
population-based cohort
LONG COVID
Preiss
5%
0.95 [0.91-0.98]
PASC
population-based cohort
LONG COVID
Preiss
0%
1.00 [0.97-1.03]
PASC
population-based cohort
LONG COVID
Zhu
-79%
1.79 [1.39-2.33]
viral+
138 (n)
155 (n)
Cheng
22%
0.78 [0.60-1.00]
death
2,083 (n)
2,045 (n)
Cheng
-1%
1.01 [0.74-1.37]
oxygen
2,083 (n)
2,045 (n)
Cheng
14%
0.86 [0.56-1.32]
ICU
2,083 (n)
2,045 (n)
Wang
13%
0.87 [0.46-1.63]
death
66 (n)
55 (n)
Wang
-22%
1.22 [0.70-2.14]
progression
66 (n)
55 (n)
Henderson
84%
0.16 [0.05-0.50]
hosp.
confounding
Yang
0%
1.00 [0.84-1.18]
viral+
362 (n)
724 (n)
Yang
59%
0.41 [0.28-0.61]
viral+
362 (n)
724 (n)
RECOVERY
Horby (RCT)
-1%
1.01 [0.43-2.40]
death
9/68
9/69
RECOVERY
Horby (RCT)
-2%
1.02 [0.47-2.23]
death
13/68
13/69
RECOVERY
Horby (RCT)
-1%
1.01 [0.06-15.9]
ventilation
1/68
1/69
RECOVERY
Horby (RCT)
-35%
1.35 [0.76-2.42]
no disch.
20/68
15/69
RECOVERY
Horby (RCT)
19%
0.81 [0.76-0.86]
viral load
68 (n)
69 (n)
Choi
34%
0.66 [0.49-0.89]
death
308 (n)
4,232 (n)
Choi
37%
0.63 [0.28-1.38]
ICU
308 (n)
4,232 (n)
Choi
45%
0.55 [0.32-0.94]
oxygen
308 (n)
4,232 (n)
Low
-30%
1.30 [0.76-2.21]
PASC
1,289 (n)
1,235 (n)
LONG COVID
Low
29%
0.71 [0.31-1.64]
PASC
1,289 (n)
1,235 (n)
LONG COVID
Yen
31%
0.69 [0.37-1.30]
death
220 (n)
1,976 (n)
Deng (PSM)
-17%
1.17 [0.54-2.53]
viral time
9 (n)
9 (n)
Deng
-105%
2.05 [0.19-22.3]
misc.
21 (n)
21 (n)
Li
32%
0.68 [0.47-0.98]
viral+
40/83
130/224
Wan
28%
0.72 [0.62-0.84]
death
541/6,604
2,541/17,283
Wan
24%
0.76 [0.70-0.82]
hosp.
1,772/6,604
2,541/17,283
Wan
18%
0.82 [0.76-0.88]
progression
1,816/6,604
2,541/17,283
Wan
23%
0.77 [0.66-0.90]
death
1,813 (n)
5,306 (n)
Wan
-3%
1.03 [0.70-1.52]
ventilation
1,813 (n)
5,306 (n)
Wan
-8%
1.08 [0.58-2.02]
ICU
1,813 (n)
5,306 (n)
Shao
29%
0.71 [0.44-1.14]
death
280 (n)
802 (n)
Shao
-28%
1.28 [1.13-1.45]
HRQoL
237 (n)
456 (n)
Fu
-280%
3.80 [0.41-35.4]
ventilation
3/49
1/62
OT1
Fu
-659%
7.59 [0.95-61.0]
ICU
6/49
1/62
OT1
Fu
-207%
3.07 [1.39-6.81]
progression
17/49
7/62
OT1
Shao
29%
0.71 [0.44-1.14]
death
280 (n)
509 (n)
Shao
-28%
1.28 [1.13-1.45]
misc.
237 (n)
456 (n)
Yu (RCT)
-2%
1.02 [0.21-4.93]
severe case
3/103
3/105
OT1
Yu (RCT)
-6%
1.06 [0.79-1.43]
no disch.
49/103
47/105
OT1
Yu (RCT)
12%
0.88 [0.66-1.18]
viral+
30/103
34/105
OT1
Dian (PSM)
-175%
2.75 [0.89-8.51]
death
11/228
4/228
OT1
Dian (PSM)
-200%
3.00 [0.61-14.7]
ventilation
6/228
2/228
OT1
Dian (PSM)
0%
1.00 [0.06-15.9]
ICU
1/228
1/228
OT1
Dian (PSM)
-94%
1.94 [1.09-3.44]
progression
31/228
16/228
OT1
Dian (PSM)
-80%
1.80 [0.98-3.29]
progression
27/228
15/228
OT1
Li
18%
0.82 [0.47-1.43]
death
14/73
35/150
Zhou
-39%
1.39 [1.02-1.89]
death
52/132
54/190
Zhou
22%
0.78 [0.56-1.09]
death
37/131
69/191
Wei
0%
1.00 [0.68-1.46]
death
36/264
63/461
OT1
Wei
-38%
1.38 [1.02-1.87]
ventilation
61/264
77/461
OT1
Wei
-122%
2.22 [0.98-5.03]
ICU
14/264
11/461
OT1
Wei
-28%
1.28 [0.99-1.67]
progression
72/264
98/461
OT1
Guo
-10%
1.10 [1.01-1.20]
viral time
779 (n)
1,199 (n)
Lu
-6%
1.06 [0.77-1.47]
death
17/29
140/253
Liu
-94%
1.94 [1.24-3.03]
progression
27/145
41/427
Liu
24%
0.76 [0.42-1.37]
progression
12/126
56/446
Peng
-79%
1.79 [0.43-7.42]
death
21 (n)
145 (n)
Chen (PSM)
0%
1.00 [0.42-2.37]
death
10/324
10/324
Chen (PSM)
80%
0.20 [0.02-1.70]
ventilation
1/324
5/324
Chen (PSM)
0%
1.00 [0.33-3.07]
severe case
6/324
6/324
Chen (PSM)
27%
0.73 [0.30-1.78]
oxygen
8/324
11/324
Chen
1%
0.99 [0.84-1.16]
viral time
324 (n)
324 (n)
Chen
-6%
1.06 [0.91-1.23]
viral+
171/324
162/324
Liu (PSM)
-272%
3.72 [1.02-13.6]
progression
148 (all patients)
Lv
-495%
5.95 [2.72-13.0]
death
35/148
7/176
Lai
20%
0.80 [0.68-0.95]
death
5,165 (n)
4,388 (n)
Pfizer (DB RCT)
8%
0.92 [0.72-1.18]
no recov.
186 (n)
99 (n)
Pfizer (DB RCT)
18%
0.82 [0.73-0.91]
viral load
218 (n)
113 (n)
Pfizer (DB RCT)
19%
0.81 [0.64-1.02]
viral+
223 (n)
115 (n)
EPIC-PEP
Pfizer (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.20]
hosp.
0/830
1/840
EPIC-PEP
Pfizer (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.16]
hosp.
0/844
1/840
EPIC-PEP
Pfizer (DB RCT)
25%
0.75 [0.40-1.39]
severe case
17/830
23/840
EPIC-PEP
Pfizer (DB RCT)
22%
0.78 [0.42-1.43]
severe case
18/844
23/840
EPIC-PEP
Pfizer (DB RCT)
15%
0.85 [0.66-1.09]
progression
830 (n)
840 (n)
EPIC-PEP
Pfizer (DB RCT)
3%
0.97 [0.76-1.24]
progression
844 (n)
840 (n)
EPIC-PEP
Pfizer (DB RCT)
36%
0.65 [0.37-1.11]
symp. case
830 (n)
840 (n)
EPIC-PEP
Pfizer (DB RCT)
30%
0.70 [0.42-1.17]
symp. case
844 (n)
840 (n)
EPIC-PEP
Pfizer (DB RCT)
5%
0.95 [0.65-1.41]
symp. case
887 (n)
873 (n)
EPIC-PEP
Pfizer (DB RCT)
27%
0.73 [0.48-1.10]
symp. case
889 (n)
873 (n)
Paxlovid COVID-19 outcomes
c19 early .org
December 2024
1 OT: comparison with other treatment
Favors paxlovid
Favors control
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