Zafirlukast: meta-analysis of COVID-19 studies

All studies ICU Hospitalization Serious outcomes Viral clearance RCTs Peer-reviewed All outcomes

Outcome (studies)

Improvement

Relative risk · 95% CI

All studies (1)−100%

ICU admission (1)−100%

Hospitalization (1)−15%

Viral clearance (1)−23%

RCTs (1)−100%

Late (1)−100%

00.511.5+

← Zafirlukast
reduces riskIncreased
risk →

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c19early.org

October 2026

Zafirlukast COVID-19 studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Ghobain (DB RCT)−100%2.00 · 0.20–20.33ICU2/201/20

Late treatment−100%2.00 · 0.20–20.332/201/20100% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.57

All studies−100%2.00 · 0.20–20.332/201/20100% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5700.511.52+

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← Zafirlukast
reduces riskZafirlukast
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Zafirlukast COVID-19 ICU results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Ghobain (DB RCT)−100%2.00 · 0.20–20.332/201/20

Late treatment−100%2.00 · 0.20–20.332/201/20100% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.57

All studies−100%2.00 · 0.20–20.332/201/20100% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5700.511.52+

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← Zafirlukast
reduces riskZafirlukast
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Zafirlukast COVID-19 hospitalization results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Ghobain (DB RCT)−15%1.15 · 0.79–1.69hosp. time20 (n)20 (n)

Late treatment−15%1.15 · 0.79–1.6920 (n)20 (n)15% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.47

All studies−15%1.15 · 0.79–1.6920 (n)20 (n)15% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.4700.511.52+

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← Zafirlukast
reduces riskZafirlukast
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Zafirlukast COVID-19 serious outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Ghobain (DB RCT)−100%2.00 · 0.20–20.33ICU2/201/20

Late treatment−100%2.00 · 0.20–20.332/201/20100% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.57

All studies−100%2.00 · 0.20–20.332/201/20100% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5700.511.52+

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← Zafirlukast
reduces riskZafirlukast
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Zafirlukast COVID-19 viral clearance results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Ghobain (DB RCT)−23%1.23 · 0.83–1.82viral+16/2013/20

Late treatment−23%1.23 · 0.83–1.8216/2013/2023% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.3

All studies−23%1.23 · 0.83–1.8216/2013/2023% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.300.511.52+

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← Zafirlukast
reduces riskZafirlukast
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Zafirlukast COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Ghobain (DB RCT)−100%2.00 · 0.20–20.33ICU2/201/20

Late treatment−100%2.00 · 0.20–20.332/201/20100% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.57

All studies−100%2.00 · 0.20–20.332/201/20100% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5700.511.52+

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← Zafirlukast
reduces riskZafirlukast
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Zafirlukast COVID-19 peer reviewed studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Ghobain (DB RCT)−100%2.00 · 0.20–20.33ICU2/201/20

Late treatment−100%2.00 · 0.20–20.332/201/20100% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.57

All studies−100%2.00 · 0.20–20.332/201/20100% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.5700.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Zafirlukast
reduces riskZafirlukast
increases risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Zafirlukast COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Ghobain (DB RCT)−100%2.00 · 0.20–20.33ICU2/201/20 Ghobain (DB RCT)−9%1.09 · 0.86–1.387-point status20 (n)20 (n) Ghobain (DB RCT)−17%1.17 · 0.67–2.047-point status20 (n)20 (n) Ghobain (DB RCT)12%0.88 · 0.53–1.467-point status20 (n)20 (n) Ghobain (DB RCT)−15%1.15 · 0.79–1.69hosp. time20 (n)20 (n) Ghobain (DB RCT)−23%1.23 · 0.83–1.82viral+16/2013/20

00.511.52+

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← Zafirlukast
reduces riskZafirlukast
increases risk →