Outcomes in COVID-19 interleukin-2 studies

0 0.5 1 1.5+ All studies -5% 2 94 Improvement, Studies, Patients Relative Risk Mortality -71% 1 30 Hospitalization -4% 1 64 RCTs -71% 1 30 Late -5% 2 94 Interleukin-2 for COVID-19 c19early.org November 2025 Favorsinterleukin-2 Favorscontrol
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Zhu (PSM) -4% 1.04 [0.80-1.35] hosp. time 21 (n) 43 (n) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control STRUCK Pimenta B.. (RCT) -71% 1.71 [0.33-8.83] death 3/14 2/16 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.71 Late treatment -5% 1.05 [0.81-1.36] 3/35 2/59 5% higher risk All studies -5% 1.05 [0.81-1.36] 3/35 2/59 5% higher risk 2 interleukin-2 COVID-19 studies c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.71 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) Favors interleukin-2 Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ STRUCK Pimenta B.. (RCT) -71% 1.71 [0.33-8.83] 3/14 2/16 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.53 Late treatment -71% 1.71 [0.33-8.83] 3/14 2/16 71% higher risk All studies -71% 1.71 [0.33-8.83] 3/14 2/16 71% higher risk 1 interleukin-2 COVID-19 mortality result c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.53 Favors interleukin-2 Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Zhu (PSM) -4% 1.04 [0.80-1.35] hosp. time 21 (n) 43 (n) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.78 Late treatment -4% 1.04 [0.80-1.35] 21 (n) 43 (n) 4% higher risk All studies -4% 1.04 [0.80-1.35] 21 (n) 43 (n) 4% higher risk 1 interleukin-2 COVID-19 hospitalization result c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.78 Favors interleukin-2 Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ STRUCK Pimenta B.. (RCT) -71% 1.71 [0.33-8.83] death 3/14 2/16 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.53 Late treatment -71% 1.71 [0.33-8.83] 3/14 2/16 71% higher risk All studies -71% 1.71 [0.33-8.83] 3/14 2/16 71% higher risk 1 interleukin-2 COVID-19 serious outcome c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.53 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) Favors interleukin-2 Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ STRUCK Pimenta B.. (RCT) -71% 1.71 [0.33-8.83] death 3/14 2/16 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.53 Late treatment -71% 1.71 [0.33-8.83] 3/14 2/16 71% higher risk All studies -71% 1.71 [0.33-8.83] 3/14 2/16 71% higher risk 1 interleukin-2 COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trial c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.53 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) Favors interleukin-2 Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ STRUCK Pimenta B.. (RCT) -71% 1.71 [0.33-8.83] 3/14 2/16 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.53 Late treatment -71% 1.71 [0.33-8.83] 3/14 2/16 71% higher risk All studies -71% 1.71 [0.33-8.83] 3/14 2/16 71% higher risk 1 interleukin-2 COVID-19 RCT mortality result c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.53 Favors interleukin-2 Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Zhu (PSM) -4% 1.04 [0.80-1.35] hosp. time 21 (n) 43 (n) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control STRUCK Pimenta B.. (RCT) -71% 1.71 [0.33-8.83] death 3/14 2/16 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.71 Late treatment -5% 1.05 [0.81-1.36] 3/35 2/59 5% higher risk All studies -5% 1.05 [0.81-1.36] 3/35 2/59 5% higher risk 2 interleukin-2 COVID-19 peer reviewed studies c19early.org November 2025 Tau​2 = 0.00, I​2 = 0.0%, p = 0.71 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) Favors interleukin-2 Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Zhu (PSM) -4% 1.04 [0.80-1.35] hosp. time 21 (n) 43 (n) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control STRUCK Pimenta B.. (RCT) -71% 1.71 [0.33-8.83] death 3/14 2/16 STRUCK Pimenta B.. (RCT) -90% 1.90 [0.55-6.57] no improv. 5/14 3/16 Interleukin-2 COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org November 2025 Favors interleukin-2 Favors control