Ropeginterferon alfa-2b: meta-analysis of COVID-19 studies

All studies Mortality Ventilation Serious outcomes Recovery RCTs RCT mortality Peer-reviewed All outcomes

Outcome (studies)

Improvement

Relative risk · 95% CI

All studies (1)−3%

Mortality (1)−3%

Ventilation (1)90%

RCTs (1)−3%

Early (1)−3%

00.511.5+

← Ropeginterferon
alfa-2b
reduces riskIncreased
risk →

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c19early.org

October 2026

Ropeginterferon alfa-2b COVID-19 studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Liu (RCT)−3%1.03 · 0.10–11.10death2/871/45

Early treatment−3%1.03 · 0.10–11.102/871/453% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.98

All studies−3%1.03 · 0.10–11.102/871/453% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.9800.511.52+

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← Ropeginterferon
alfa-2b reduces
riskRopeginterferon
alfa-2b increases
risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ropeginterferon alfa-2b COVID-19 mortality results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Liu (RCT)−3%1.03 · 0.10–11.102/871/45

Early treatment−3%1.03 · 0.10–11.102/871/453% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.98

All studies−3%1.03 · 0.10–11.102/871/453% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.9800.511.52+

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← Ropeginterferon
alfa-2b reduces
riskRopeginterferon
alfa-2b increases
risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ropeginterferon alfa-2b COVID-19 mechanical ventilation results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Liu (RCT)90%0.10 · 0.01–1.930/873/45

Early treatment90%0.10 · 0.01–1.930/873/4590% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.13

All studies90%0.10 · 0.01–1.930/873/4590% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.1300.511.52+

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← Ropeginterferon
alfa-2b reduces
riskRopeginterferon
alfa-2b increases
risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ropeginterferon alfa-2b COVID-19 serious outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Liu (RCT)−3%1.03 · 0.10–11.10death2/871/45

Early treatment−3%1.03 · 0.10–11.102/871/453% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.98

All studies−3%1.03 · 0.10–11.102/871/453% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.9800.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Ropeginterferon
alfa-2b reduces
riskRopeginterferon
alfa-2b increases
risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ropeginterferon alfa-2b COVID-19 recovery results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Liu (RCT)4%0.96 · 0.41–2.24no recov.13/877/45

Early treatment4%0.96 · 0.41–2.2413/877/454% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.93

All studies4%0.96 · 0.41–2.2413/877/454% lower risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.9300.511.52+

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← Ropeginterferon
alfa-2b reduces
riskRopeginterferon
alfa-2b increases
risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ropeginterferon alfa-2b COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Liu (RCT)−3%1.03 · 0.10–11.10death2/871/45

Early treatment−3%1.03 · 0.10–11.102/871/453% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.98

All studies−3%1.03 · 0.10–11.102/871/453% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.9800.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Ropeginterferon
alfa-2b reduces
riskRopeginterferon
alfa-2b increases
risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ropeginterferon alfa-2b COVID-19 RCT mortality results

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CITreatmentControlRelative Risk

Liu (RCT)−3%1.03 · 0.10–11.102/871/45

Early treatment−3%1.03 · 0.10–11.102/871/453% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.98

All studies−3%1.03 · 0.10–11.102/871/453% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.9800.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Ropeginterferon
alfa-2b reduces
riskRopeginterferon
alfa-2b increases
risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ropeginterferon alfa-2b COVID-19 peer reviewed studies

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Liu (RCT)−3%1.03 · 0.10–11.10death2/871/45

Early treatment−3%1.03 · 0.10–11.102/871/453% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.98

All studies−3%1.03 · 0.10–11.102/871/453% higher risk

Tau² = 0.00, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.9800.511.52+

Rotate screen for more detailsIncrease width for more details

← Ropeginterferon
alfa-2b reduces
riskRopeginterferon
alfa-2b increases
risk →

c19early.org

October 2026

Ropeginterferon alfa-2b COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Liu (RCT)−3%1.03 · 0.10–11.10death2/871/45 Liu (RCT)90%0.10 · 0.01–1.93ventilation0/873/45 Liu (RCT)−3%1.03 · 0.64–1.67oxygen32/8716/45 Liu (RCT)4%0.96 · 0.41–2.24no recov.13/877/45 Liu (RCT)48%0.52 · 0.16–1.69no recov.5/875/45 Liu (RCT)60%0.40 · 0.16–1.01no recov.7/879/45 Liu (RCT)25%0.75 · 0.35–1.61no recov.13/879/45 Liu (RCT)7%0.93 · 0.73–1.20no recov.56/8731/45

00.511.52+

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← Ropeginterferon
alfa-2b reduces
riskRopeginterferon
alfa-2b increases
risk →