Alkalinization
Analgesics..
Antiandrogens..
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Cannabidiol
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Ensovibep
Famotidine
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Iota-carragee..
Ivermectin
Lactoferrin
Lifestyle..
Melatonin
Metformin
Molnupiravir
Monoclonals..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
Nitric Oxide
Paxlovid
Peg.. Lambda
Povidone-Iod..
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Vitamins..
Zinc

Other
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Melatonin Meta
Bromhexine Meta Metformin Meta
Budesonide Meta Molnupiravir Meta
Cannabidiol Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta Nitric Oxide Meta
Ensovibep Meta Paxlovid Meta
Famotidine Meta Peg.. Lambda Meta
Favipiravir Meta Povidone-Iod.. Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Quercetin Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta Remdesivir Meta
Iota-carragee.. Meta
Ivermectin Meta Zinc Meta

Other Treatments Global Adoption
COVID-19 treatment cost effectiveness
Cost per life saved from NNT in
studies to date
c19early.org May 2023
Melatonin
9
48%
  $8
Vitamin D
62
37%
  $10
Vitamin C
36
20%
  $12
Zinc
20
29%
  $16
Alkalinization
4
42%
  $18
Ivermectin
49
51%
  $22
HCQ
237
24%
  $27
Vitamin A
6
42%
  $30
Colchicine
39
33%
  $31
Curcumin
7
63%
  $40
Aspirin
58
11%
  $45
Probiotics
8
61%
  $99
Famotidine
18
17%
  $105
Antiandrogens
33
38%
  $175
Metformin
49
32%
  $184
Quercetin
4
59%
  $188
Nigella Sativa
4
73%
  $279
Fluvoxamine
8
41%
  $411
Nitazoxanide
6
42%
  $680
Favipiravir
32
15%
  $1,015
Paxlovid
15
55%
  $39,035
Molnupiravir
15
23%
  $137,653
Casirivimab/i..
8
40%
  $181,694
Bamlaniv../e..
11
59%
  $269,237
Remdesivir
46
12%
  $363,922
Sotrovimab
8
16%
  $454,125
Bebtelovimab
4
60%
  $737,601
Tixagev../c..
6
36%
  $14,894,456
Conv. Plasma
40
-0%
N/A
Acetaminophen
14
-24%
N/A
Treatment cost times the median NNT (number needed to treat) from studies reporting mortality results with calculable NNT. Costs are shown in $US and based on estimated costs for widespread distribution by governments. Results reflect conditions as used in trials to date, these depend on the population treated, treatment delay, and treatment regimen. For example, vitamin C results are dominated by very late treatment studies with high control mortality. Click the treatment name to see all studies, where the name of each study can be clicked on for the source paper. No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic. Treatment efficacy may vary by variant, especially for monoclonal antibodies. Only medications with ≥3 results are shown. Cost per life saved may increase for variants having lower virulence. All treatments have potential side effects. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. Key: Benefit  Benefit without statistical significance  Harm  Number of studies
Estimated benefit
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