COVID-19 treatment cost effectiveness

TreatmentStudiesBenefitPer life saved$0$2.4M
Melatonin1033%$8
Vitamin D7939%$11
Zinc1835%$14
Vitamin C4419%$18
HCQ25327%$26
Ivermectin5447%$28
Vitamin A446%$30
Colchicine4122%$36
Aspirin688%$45
Curcumin863%$59
Famotidine2017%$94
Metformin7536%$121
Quercetin479%$123
Probiotics1059%$172
Antiandrogens3237%$179
Nitric Oxide812%$363
TreatmentStudiesBenefitPer life saved$0$2.4M
Fluvoxamine1044%$411
Budesonide1125%$887
Inhaled Heparin350%$1,111
Azvudine3030%$1,248
Favipiravir406%$1,935
Tixagev../c..1132%$86K
Regdanvimab763%$140K
Bamlaniv../e..1451%$343K
Sotrovimab1547%$353K
Bebtelovimab460%$738K
Paxlovid4321%$881K
Molnupiravir299%$2.4M
Remdesivir67−1%higher
risk
Conv. Plasma57−3%higher
risk
Dexamethas..13−10%higher
risk
Acetaminophen14−24%higher
risk
PPIs20−40%higher
risk
Sipavibart2−132%higher
risk

Cost estimates are the treatment cost times the median NNT (number needed to treat) from studies reporting mortality results with calculable NNT. Mortality estimates are the results of meta-analysis. Costs are in $US and based on estimated costs for widespread distribution by governments. Results reflect conditions in trials to date, these depend on the population treated, treatment delay, and treatment regimen, e.g., vitamin C results are dominated by very late treatment studies with high control mortality. Dexamethasone shows benefit only for severe/critical patients, and higher risk is seen for earlier treatment.

0.4% of treatments show efficacy. This table shows the cost per life saved for effective treatments - treatment cost times the median NNT (number needed to treat) from studies reporting mortality results with calculable NNT. Costs are shown in $US and based on estimated costs for widespread distribution by governments. Results reflect conditions in trials to date, these depend on the population treated, treatment delay, and treatment regimen. For example, vitamin C results are dominated by very late treatment studies with high control mortality. Dexamethasone shows benefit only for severe/critical patients, and higher risk is shown for earlier treatment. Click the treatment name to see all studies, where the name of each study can be clicked on for the source papers. No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic. Treatment efficacy may vary by variant, especially for monoclonal antibodies. Only medications with ≥3 results are shown. Cost per life saved may increase for variants with lower virulence. All treatments have potential side effects. Not all treatments are shown. 129 of the treatments we cover show increased risk - we note commonly recommended treatments in this group. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis.