COVID-19 treatment: immune support nutrients
• Immune support nutrients reduce COVID-19 severity
c19early.org
Efficacy confidence - vitamins & minerals
p < 0.00000001
p = 0.00000007
p = 0.0000003
p = 0.004
p = 0.023
P-values indicate the confidence that studies show a significant effect. p = 0.05 is the typical threshold for significance, with lower values indicating higher confidence. See the individual analyses for details of efficacy for specific outcomes and conditions.
Vitamin D
Extensive evidence links vitamin D levels with COVID-19
outcomes124,139,144,164,194,196,199,201,206,210,212,226,228,235,320-534 . These studies do not establish a causal
link—low levels are correlated with other factors that influence
COVID-19 risk.
However, the 136 controlled
treatment studies (40 RCTs)76,82,102-235 do show the efficacy of vitamin D
(p<0.00000001), confirmed in multiple additional meta-analyses289-308.
Studies also show efficacy for influenza8, RSV8, and acute respiratory tract infections7,9,10 .
Vitamin D deficiency is common, with levels <50 nmol/l for 48% of people
worldwide in a meta-analysis of 308 studies535.
While efficacy for all treatments may vary based on genetics, many studies
confirm this for vitamin
D454,480,536-552 .
Studies to date show improved results
with calcifediol, calcitriol, and analogs, which avoid long conversion delays
with cholecalciferol;
with ongoing treatment using multiple doses compared to
a single bolus dose;
and with acute treatment compared with chronic
supplementation—efficacy of prophylaxis may depend on the treatment regimen and
other factors553.
High vitamin and mineral use by healthcare
professionals, and with higher education Treatments like vitamin C, D,
and zinc were often not recommended by health authorities in contradiction to
the clinical evidence. However use was common,
with increased prevalence for healthcare
professionals554-556 (and specifically those with more
experience557),
more highly educated
individuals555,558-565 ,
and with higher income557,560,563,564 .
Healthcare professionals also had lower risk than
expected for COVID-19566,567, consistent with greater use of effective
treatments.
Physicians often used treatments
themself554-556,568,569 , however they may not have prescribed them to patients due to local
politicization or regulations.
Protocols combine multiple
treatments No single treatment is guaranteed to be effective and safe for a specific individual.
Leading evidence-based protocols combine multiple treatments.
Combined treatment increases efficacy
Polytherapy (Combined)
69%
[57–78%]
Monotherapy (Single)
29%
[26–32%]
Complementary/synergistic actions,
viral evolution, escape risk suggest polytherapy
There are many complementary mechanisms of action, and studies show complementary and
synergistic effects with polytherapy112,573-588 .
For example, Jitobaom et al.574 shows >10x reduction in
IC50 with ivermectin and niclosamide, an RCT by Said et
al.112 showed the combination of nigella sativa and vitamin D was
more effective than either alone, and an RCT by Wannigama et
al.589 showed improved results with fluvoxamine combined with
additional treatments, compared to fluvoxamine alone.
SARS-CoV-2 can rapidly acquire mutations altering infectivity,
disease severity, and drug resistance even without selective
pressure590-597.
Antigenic drift can undermine more
variant-specific treatments like monoclonal antibodies and more specific
antivirals. Treatment with targeted antivirals may select for escape
mutations598.
The efficacy of treatments varies depending on cell
type599 due to differences in viral receptor expression, drug
distribution and metabolism, and cell-specific mechanisms.
Efficacy may also vary based on genetic
variants552,600-609 .
Variable efficacy across variants, cell types, tissues, and
host genetics, along with the complementary and synergistic actions of different
treatments, all point to greater efficacy with polytherapy.
In many studies, the standard of care given to all patients includes other
treatments—efficacy seen in these trials may rely in part on
synergistic effects.
Less variant specific treatments and polytherapy targeting multiple viral and
host proteins may be more effective.
Meta-analysis of all early treatment trials shows 69% [57‑78%] lower risk
for studies using combined treatments, compared to 29% [26‑32%] for single
treatments.
c19early.org
Combined treatment is more effective
SARS-CoV-2 involves the complex interplay of 400+ host and viral proteins and factors, providing many therapeutic targets. Many compounds have antiviral activity for SARS-CoV-2, with many different mechanisms including blocking attachment, entry, and replication. Combinations of treatments, with careful attention to potential side effects, allows improved efficacy via complementary and synergistic mechanisms.
| Tissue and cell coverage | Different compounds have different tissue penetration profiles and efficacy across cell types |
| Variant coverage | Compounds with different viral resistance profiles |
| Intra/extracellular | Disabling and removing intracellular and extracellular viral particles |
| Resistance | Minimizing persistence and emergence of resistant variants |
| Genetics | Robustness against individual variations in efficacy based on genetics |
| Lower doses | Potentially lower doses of individual agents, reducing toxicity |
| Viral and host-directed | Antivirals targeting viral and host proteins |
| Immune system function | Supporting or enhancing natural immune system function |
| Disease phases | Addressing multiple disease phases (viral replication, inflammation, secondary complications) |
Contact.
Contact us on X at @CovidAnalysis.
Funding.
We have received no funding or
compensation in any form, and do not accept donations. This is entirely volunteer work.
Conflicts of interest.
We have no conflicts of interest.
We have no affiliation with any pharmaceutical companies, supplement companies, governments, political parties, or advocacy organizations.AI.
We use AI models (Gemini, Grok, Claude, and
ChatGPT) tasked with functioning as additional peer-reviewers to check for errors, suggest
improvements, and review spelling and grammar. Any corrections are verified and applied
manually. Our preference for em dashes is independent of AI.Dedication.
This work is dedicated to those who
risked their career to save lives under extreme censorship and persecution from
authorities and media that have not even reviewed most of the science. In alphabetical
order, those that paid the ultimate price: Dr. Thomas J. Borody, Dr. Jackie Stone, Dr.
Vladimir (Zev) Zelenko; and those that continue to risk their careers to save lives: Dr.
Mary Talley Bowden, Dr. Flavio Cadegiani, Dr. Shankara Chetty, Dr. Ryan Cole, Dr. George
Fareed, Dr. Sabine Hazan, Dr. Pierre Kory, Dr. Tess Lawrie, Dr. Robert Malone, Dr. Paul
Marik, Dr. Peter McCullough, Dr. Didier Raoult, Dr. Harvey Risch, Dr. Brian Tyson, Dr.
Joseph Varon, and the estimated over one million physicians worldwide that prescribed one
or more low-cost COVID-19 treatments known to reduce risk, contrary to authority beliefs.
Public domain.
This is a public domain work
distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal license, which
dedicates the work to the public domain by waiving all rights worldwide under copyright law.
You can distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon this work in any medium or format,
including for commercial purposes, without asking permission. Referenced material and
third-party images retain any original copyrights or restrictions.
See: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/.
Defined as ≥3 studies showing ≥10% improvement or >0% harm with statistical significance in meta-analysis.
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