Analysis of vitamin D level among asymptomatic and critically ill COVID-19 patients and its correlation with inflammatory markers

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1038/s41598-020-77093-z", "ISSN": [ "2045-2322" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77093-z", "abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>COVID-19 is characterized by marked variability in clinical severity. Vitamin D had recently been reviewed as one of the factors that may affect the severity in COVID-19. The objective of current study is to analyze the vitamin D level in COVID-19 patients and its impact on the disease severity. After approval from Ethics Committee, M.L.B Medical College the current study was undertaken as continuous prospective observational study of 6 weeks. Participants were COVID-19 patients of age group 30–60 years admitted during the study period of 6 weeks. Study included either asymptomatic COVID-19 patients (Group A) or severely ill patients requiring ICU admission (Group B). Serum concentration of 25 (OH)D, were measured along with serum IL-6; TNFα and serum ferritin. Standard statistical analysis was performed to analyze the differences. Current Study enrolled 154 patients, 91 in Group A and 63 patients in Group B. The mean level of vitamin D (in ng/mL) was 27.89 ± 6.21 in Group A and 14.35 ± 5.79 in Group B, the difference was highly significant. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 32.96% and 96.82% respectively in Group A and Group B. Out of total 154 patients, 90 patients were found to be deficient in vitamin D (Group A: 29; Group B: 61). Serum level of inflammatory markers was found to be higher in vitamin D deficient COVID-19 patients viz. IL-6 level (in pg/mL) 19.34 ± 6.17 vs 12.18 ± 4.29; Serum ferritin 319.17 ± 38.21 ng/mL vs 186.83 ± 20.18 ng/mL; TNFα level (in pg/mL) 13.26 ± 5.64 vs 11.87 ± 3.15. The fatality rate was high in vitamin D deficient (21% vs 3.1%). Vitamin D level is markedly low in severe COVID-19 patients. Inflammatory response is high in vitamin D deficient COVID-19 patients. This all translates into increased mortality in vitamin D deficient COVID-19 patients. As per the flexible approach in the current COVID-19 pandemic authors recommend mass administration of vitamin D supplements to population at risk for COVID-19.</jats:p>", "alternative-id": [ "77093" ], "article-number": "20191", "assertion": [ { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Received", "name": "received", "order": 1, "value": "21 August 2020" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Accepted", "name": "accepted", "order": 2, "value": "23 October 2020" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "First Online", "name": "first_online", "order": 3, "value": "19 November 2020" }, { "group": { "label": "Competing interests", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 1, "value": "The authors declare no competing interests." } ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [], "family": "Jain", "given": "Anshul", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Chaurasia", "given": "Rachna", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Sengar", "given": "Narendra Singh", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Singh", "given": "Mayank", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Mahor", "given": "Sachin", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Narain", "given": "Sumit", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Scientific Reports", "container-title-short": "Sci Rep", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [ "link.springer.com" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 11, 19 ] ], "date-time": "2020-11-19T11:03:51Z", "timestamp": 1605783831000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12, 6 ] ], "date-time": "2022-12-06T23:25:14Z", "timestamp": 1670369114000 }, "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 4, 8 ] ], "date-time": "2024-04-08T09:09:23Z", "timestamp": 1712567363358 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 193, "issue": "1", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 11, 19 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "1", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 12 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "content-version": "tdm", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 11, 19 ] ], "date-time": "2020-11-19T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1605744000000 } }, { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 11, 19 ] ], "date-time": "2020-11-19T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1605744000000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-77093-z.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-77093-z", "content-type": "text/html", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-77093-z.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "297", "original-title": [], "prefix": "10.1038", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 11, 19 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 11, 19 ] ] }, "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5", "author": "C Huang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "497", "journal-title": "Lancet", "key": "77093_CR1", "unstructured": "Huang, C. et al. 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