Association between 25-OH Vitamin D Deficiency and COVID-19 Severity in Pregnant Women

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.3390/ijms232315188", "ISSN": [ "1422-0067" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315188", "abstract": "<jats:p>Evidence from studies in the general population suggests an association between vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency and COVID-19 susceptibility and disease severity. The present study was performed on 165 third-trimester pregnant women at the time of delivery. Seventy-nine women tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. From 86 women testing positive, 32 were asymptomatic, 44 presented a mild form of the disease, and 10 experienced severe symptoms. Serum 25-OH vitamin D levels were measured on blood samples collected on admission. Low vitamin D levels were detected in symptomatic but not asymptomatic COVID-19 patients compared to healthy women (p = 0.0227). In addition, 20 (45.4%) pregnant women in the mild COVID-19 group and 6 (60%) in the severe group were vitamin D deficient (p = 0.030). On the other hand, lasso regression analysis showed that 25-OH vitamin D deficiency is an independent predictor of severe COVID-19 with an odds ratio (OR) of 5.81 (95% CI: 1.108–30.541; p = 0.037). These results show the relationship between vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women and the severity of COVID-19 infection and support the recommendation to supplement with vitamin D to avoid worse COVID-19 outcomes during pregnancy.</jats:p>", "alternative-id": [ "ijms232315188" ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [], "family": "Vásquez-Procopio", "given": "Johana", "sequence": "first" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9524-4133", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Torres-Torres", "given": "Johnatan", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Borboa-Olivares", "given": "Hector", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7276-8463", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Sosa", "given": "Salvador Espino Y", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4711-3857", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Martínez-Portilla", "given": "Raigam Jafet", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4529-8296", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Solis-Paredes", "given": "Mario", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Tolentino-Dolores", "given": "Mari-Cruz", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6715-9671", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Helguera-Repetto", "given": "Addy Cecilia", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Marrufo-Gallegos", "given": "Karla Cecilia", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0467-8444", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Missirlis", "given": "Fanis", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1492-5293", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Perichart-Perera", "given": "Otilia", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9551-9021", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Estrada-Gutierrez", "given": "Guadalupe", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences", "container-title-short": "IJMS", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12, 5 ] ], "date-time": "2022-12-05T06:42:21Z", "timestamp": 1670222541000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12, 5 ] ], "date-time": "2022-12-05T06:59:50Z", "timestamp": 1670223590000 }, "funder": [ { "award": [ "2020-1-32", "3300-11402-01-575-17" ], "name": "National Institute of Perinatology" }, { "award": [ "FOSISS-2015-3-261661" ], "name": "National Council of Science and Technology" }, { "award": [ "#914220" ], "name": "CONACYT" } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12, 6 ] ], "date-time": "2022-12-06T06:17:29Z", "timestamp": 1670307449875 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issue": "23", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12, 2 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "23", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12, 2 ] ], "date-time": "2022-12-02T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1669939200000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/23/15188/pdf", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "1968", "original-title": [], "page": "15188", "prefix": "10.3390", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12, 2 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12, 2 ] ] }, "publisher": "MDPI AG", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1002/jmv.26398", "article-title": "A systematic review and meta-analysis of children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "author": "Cui", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1057", "journal-title": "J. Med. Virol.", "key": "ref_1", "volume": "93", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/hsr2.657", "article-title": "COVID-19 mortality and its predictors in the elderly: A systematic review", "author": "Dadras", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e657", "journal-title": "Health Sci. Rep.", "key": "ref_2", "volume": "5", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/ijgo.14007", "article-title": "COVID-19 in pregnant women and children: Insights on clinical manifestations, complexities, and pathogenesis", "author": "Meyyazhagan", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "216", "journal-title": "Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet.", "key": "ref_3", "volume": "156", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/nri.2017.64", "article-title": "The unique immunological and microbial aspects of pregnancy", "author": "Mor", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "469", "journal-title": "Nat. Rev. Immunol.", "key": "ref_4", "volume": "17", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.1155/2013/752852", "article-title": "Pregnancy and susceptibility to infectious diseases", "author": "Sappenfield", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "752852", "journal-title": "Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol.", "key": "ref_5", "volume": "2013", "year": "2013" }, { "DOI": "10.1097/AOG.0000000000001978", "article-title": "Emerging Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy", "author": "Beigi", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "896", "journal-title": "Obstet. Gynecol.", "key": "ref_6", "volume": "129", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.1126/scitranslmed.abm2070", "article-title": "Pregnancy influences immune responses to SARS-CoV-2", "author": "Ovies", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "eabm2070", "journal-title": "Sci. Transl. Med.", "key": "ref_7", "volume": "13", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/v14020271", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_8", "unstructured": "Torres-Torres, J., Martinez-Portilla, R.J., Espino Y Sosa, S., Solis-Paredes, J.M., Hernández-Pacheco, J.A., Mateu-Rogell, P., Cravioto-Sapien, A., Zamora-Madrazo, A., Estrada-Gutierrez, G., and Nares-Torices, M.A. (2022). Maternal Death by COVID-19 Associated with Elevated Troponin T Levels. Viruses, 14." }, { "DOI": "10.1503/cmaj.202604", "article-title": "The impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "author": "Wei", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "E540", "journal-title": "CMAJ", "key": "ref_9", "volume": "193", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1001/jama.2022.1190", "article-title": "Association of SARS-CoV-2 Infection With Serious Maternal Morbidity and Mortality From Obstetric Complications", "author": "Metz", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "748", "journal-title": "JAMA", "key": "ref_10", "volume": "327", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fcell.2022.935363", "article-title": "Inflammatory-Metal Profile as a Hallmark for COVID-19 Severity During Pregnancy", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "935363", "journal-title": "Front. Cell Dev. Biol.", "key": "ref_11", "volume": "10", "year": "2022" }, { "article-title": "Vitamin D metabolism", "author": "Kulda", "first-page": "400", "journal-title": "Vnitr Lek", "key": "ref_12", "volume": "58", "year": "2012" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1689S", "article-title": "Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D", "author": "DeLuca", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1689s", "journal-title": "Am. J. Clin. Nutr.", "key": "ref_13", "volume": "80", "year": "2004" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s11154-021-09679-5", "article-title": "Vitamin D, infections and immunity", "author": "Ismailova", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "265", "journal-title": "Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord.", "key": "ref_14", "volume": "23", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/ijms19061618", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_15", "unstructured": "Umar, M., Sastry, K.S., and Chouchane, A.I. (2018). Role of Vitamin D Beyond the Skeletal Function: A Review of the Molecular and Clinical Studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19." }, { "DOI": "10.1210/jc.2011-0385", "article-title": "Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline", "author": "Holick", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1911", "journal-title": "J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.", "key": "ref_16", "volume": "96", "year": "2011" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.003", "article-title": "Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem?", "author": "Palacios", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "138", "journal-title": "J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.", "key": "ref_17", "volume": "144", "year": "2014" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011", "article-title": "Vitamin D for health: A global perspective", "author": "Holick", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "720", "journal-title": "Mayo Clin. Proc.", "key": "ref_18", "volume": "88", "year": "2013" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/edm2.338", "article-title": "Impact of diabetes on COVID-19 mortality and hospital outcomes from a global perspective: An umbrella systematic review and meta-analysis", "author": "Kastora", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e00338", "journal-title": "Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab.", "key": "ref_19", "volume": "5", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1159/000524657", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_20", "unstructured": "El Mouhayyar, C., Dewald, J., Cabrales, J., Tighiouart, H., Moraco, A.H., Jaber, B.L., and Balakrishnan, B.S. (2022). Factors Associated with Severity of Acute Kidney Injury and Adverse Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19. Nephron, 1–9." }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41746-021-00484-7", "article-title": "Mapping each pre-existing condition’s association to short-term and long-term COVID-19 complications", "author": "Venkatakrishnan", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "117", "journal-title": "NPJ Digit. Med.", "key": "ref_21", "volume": "4", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04875.x", "article-title": "Vitamin D metabolites as clinical markers in autoimmune and chronic disease", "author": "Blaney", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "384", "journal-title": "Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.", "key": "ref_22", "volume": "1173", "year": "2009" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/ajcn/87.4.1080S", "article-title": "Vitamin D deficiency: A worldwide problem with health consequences", "author": "Holick", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1080s", "journal-title": "Am. J. Clin. Nutr.", "key": "ref_23", "volume": "87", "year": "2008" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/ijerph16173020", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_24", "unstructured": "Pham, H., Rahman, A., Majidi, A., Waterhouse, M., and Neale, R.E. (2019). Acute Respiratory Tract Infection and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.021", "article-title": "Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity", "author": "Ali", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1373", "journal-title": "J. Infect. Public Health", "key": "ref_25", "volume": "13", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/febs.15495", "article-title": "Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection: An Israeli population-based study", "author": "Merzon", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "3693", "journal-title": "FEBS J.", "key": "ref_26", "volume": "287", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.4117", "article-title": "Association of Vitamin D Levels, Race/Ethnicity, and Clinical Characteristics With COVID-19 Test Results", "author": "Meltzer", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e214117", "journal-title": "JAMA Netw. Open", "key": "ref_27", "volume": "4", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0268038", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_28", "unstructured": "Nguyen, N.N., Raju, M.N.P., da Graca, B., Wang, D., Mohamed, N.A., Mutnal, M.B., Rao, A., Bennett, B., Gokingco, M., and Pham, H. (2022). 25-hydroxyvitamin D is a predictor of COVID-19 severity of hospitalized patients. PLoS ONE, 17." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.09.006", "article-title": "Very Low Vitamin D Levels are a Strong Independent Predictor of Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with Severe COVID-19", "author": "Mehta", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "215", "journal-title": "Arch. Med. Res.", "key": "ref_29", "volume": "53", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fnut.2022.813485", "article-title": "Serum Vitamin D Levels Are Associated With Increased COVID-19 Severity and Mortality Independent of Whole-Body and Visceral Adiposity", "author": "Encinas", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "813485", "journal-title": "Front. Nutr.", "key": "ref_30", "volume": "9", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s11154-021-09705-6", "article-title": "Association of vitamin D status with COVID-19 and its severity: Vitamin D and COVID-19: A narrative review", "author": "Bae", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "579", "journal-title": "Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord.", "key": "ref_31", "volume": "23", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1210/endrev/bnaa011", "article-title": "Coronavirus Infections and Type 2 Diabetes-Shared Pathways with Therapeutic Implications", "author": "Drucker", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "bnaa011", "journal-title": "Endocr. Rev.", "key": "ref_32", "volume": "41", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.04.003", "article-title": "Association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity", "author": "Takase", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "256", "journal-title": "Clin. Nutr. ESPEN", "key": "ref_33", "volume": "49", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s12937-021-00744-y", "article-title": "Low vitamin D levels do not aggravate COVID-19 risk or death, and vitamin D supplementation does not improve outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A meta-analysis and GRADE assessment of cohort studies and RCTs", "author": "Chen", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "89", "journal-title": "Nutr. J.", "key": "ref_34", "volume": "20", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41598-021-85809-y", "article-title": "Lack of association of baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with disease severity and mortality in Indian patients hospitalized for COVID-19", "author": "Jevalikar", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "6258", "journal-title": "Sci. Rep.", "key": "ref_35", "volume": "11", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.050", "article-title": "Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank", "author": "Hastie", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "561", "journal-title": "Diabetes Metab. Syndr.", "key": "ref_36", "volume": "14", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0269064", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_37", "unstructured": "Lin, L.Y., Mulick, A., Mathur, R., Smeeth, L., Warren-Gash, C., and Langan, S.M. (2022). The association between vitamin D status and COVID-19 in England: A cohort study using UK Biobank. PLoS ONE, 17." }, { "DOI": "10.1210/clinem/dgaa733", "article-title": "Vitamin D Status in Hospitalized Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection", "author": "Nan", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e1343", "journal-title": "J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.", "key": "ref_38", "volume": "106", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.placenta.2010.08.015", "article-title": "Vitamin D effects on pregnancy and the placenta", "author": "Shin", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1027", "journal-title": "Placenta", "key": "ref_39", "volume": "31", "year": "2010" }, { "DOI": "10.1080/10641955.2019.1647231", "article-title": "Role of vitamin D in influencing angiogenesis in preeclampsia", "author": "Nema", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "201", "journal-title": "Hypertens. Pregnancy", "key": "ref_40", "volume": "38", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fimmu.2019.02739", "article-title": "Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D in Pregnancy and Beyond", "author": "Cyprian", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2739", "journal-title": "Front. Immunol.", "key": "ref_41", "volume": "10", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/ijgo.13559", "article-title": "Maternal vitamin D, oxidative stress, and pre-eclampsia", "author": "Wei", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "444", "journal-title": "Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet.", "key": "ref_42", "volume": "154", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s12884-020-03158-6", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_43", "unstructured": "Chen, G.D., Pang, T.T., Li, P.S., Zhou, Z.X., Lin, D.X., Fan, D.Z., Guo, X.L., and Liu, Z.P. (2020). Early pregnancy vitamin D and the risk of adverse maternal and infant outcomes: A retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 20." }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu14091900", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_44", "unstructured": "Mansur, J.L., Oliveri, B., Giacoia, E., Fusaro, D., and Costanzo, P.R. (2022). Vitamin D: Before, during and after Pregnancy: Effect on Neonates and Children. Nutrients, 14." }, { "DOI": "10.1542/peds.2010-3054", "article-title": "Cord blood vitamin D deficiency is associated with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis", "author": "Belderbos", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e1513", "journal-title": "Pediatrics", "key": "ref_45", "volume": "127", "year": "2011" }, { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0142239", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_46", "unstructured": "Loy, S.L., Lek, N., Yap, F., Soh, S.E., Padmapriya, N., Tan, K.H., Biswas, A., Yeo, G.S.H., Kwek, K., and Gluckman, P.D. (2015). Association of Maternal Vitamin D Status with Glucose Tolerance and Caesarean Section in a Multi-Ethnic Asian Cohort: The Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes Study. PLoS ONE, 10." }, { "DOI": "10.1136/jnnp-2012-303934", "article-title": "The month of birth effect in multiple sclerosis: Systematic review, meta-analysis and effect of latitude", "author": "Dobson", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "427", "journal-title": "J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry", "key": "ref_47", "volume": "84", "year": "2013" }, { "DOI": "10.4274/jcrpe.v1i6.266", "article-title": "Vitamin D deficiency in Turkish mothers and their neonates and in women of reproductive age", "author": "Atasay", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "266", "journal-title": "J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol.", "key": "ref_48", "volume": "1", "year": "2009" }, { "article-title": "High prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency during the first trimester in pregnant women in Switzerland and its potential contributions to adverse outcomes in the pregnancy", "author": "Christoph", "first-page": "w20238", "journal-title": "Swiss Med. Wkly.", "key": "ref_49", "volume": "150", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu12092517", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_50", "unstructured": "Perichart-Perera, O., González-Leyva, C.P., González-Ludlow, I., Tolentino-Dolores, M., Solis-Paredes, M., Reyes-Muñoz, E., Borboa-Olivares, H., Sánchez-Martínez, M., Parra-Hernández, S., and Monterrubio-Flores, E. (2020). Vitamin D Deficiency in Mexican Pregnant Women: Is Supplementation with ≤400 IU/day Enough?. Nutrients, 12." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105964", "article-title": "Impact of vitamin D on the course of COVID-19 during pregnancy: A case control study", "author": "Sinaci", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "105964", "journal-title": "J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.", "key": "ref_51", "volume": "213", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/jmv.27606", "article-title": "Oxidative stress status and vitamin D levels of asymptomatic to mild symptomatic COVID-19 infections during the third trimester of pregnancy: A retrospective study in Metz, France", "author": "Schmitt", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2167", "journal-title": "J. Med. Virol.", "key": "ref_52", "volume": "94", "year": "2022" }, { "article-title": "Correlation between 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity in pregnant women: A cross-sectional study", "author": "Seven", "first-page": "1", "journal-title": "J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med.", "key": "ref_53", "volume": "35", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s00394-021-02709-7", "article-title": "Vitamin D status is not associated with clinical severity of COVID-19 in pregnant women", "author": "Tekin", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1035", "journal-title": "Eur. J. Nutr.", "key": "ref_54", "volume": "61", "year": "2022" }, { "key": "#cr-split#-ref_55.1", "unstructured": "Ferrer-Sánchez, N., Díaz-Goicoechea, M., Mayoral-Cesar, V., García-Solbas, S., Nievas-Soriano, B.J., Parrón-Carreño, T., and Fernández-Alonso, A.M. (2022). Serum 25" }, { "key": "#cr-split#-ref_55.2", "unstructured": "(OH) Vitamin D Levels in Pregnant Women with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Case-Control Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105771", "article-title": "Vitamin D and survival in COVID-19 patients: A quasi-experimental study", "author": "Annweiler", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "105771", "journal-title": "J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.", "key": "ref_56", "volume": "204", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.2147/IJGM.S346169", "article-title": "The Impact of Vitamin D Level on the Severity and Outcome of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 Disease", "author": "AlKhafaji", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "343", "journal-title": "Int. J. Gen. Med.", "key": "ref_57", "volume": "15", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/ijerph19031901", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_58", "unstructured": "Bushnaq, T., Algethami, F., Qadhi, A., Mustafa, R., Ghafouri, K., Azhar, W., and Malki, A.A. (2022). The Impact of Vitamin D Status on COVID-19 Severity among Hospitalized Patients in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19." }, { "DOI": "10.3109/14767058.2013.765849", "article-title": "Maternal vitamin D status and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "author": "Wei", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "889", "journal-title": "J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med.", "key": "ref_59", "volume": "26", "year": "2013" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/ijms20225811", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_60", "unstructured": "Roffe-Vazquez, D.N., Huerta-Delgado, A.S., Castillo, E.C., Villarreal-Calderón, J.R., Gonzalez-Gil, A.M., Enriquez, C., Garcia-Rivas, G., and Elizondo-Montemayor, L. (2019). Correlation of Vitamin D with Inflammatory Cytokines, Atherosclerotic Parameters, and Lifestyle Factors in the Setting of Heart Failure: A 12-Month Follow-Up Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20." }, { "DOI": "10.1017/S0007114514003018", "article-title": "Vitamin D deficiency is associated with inflammatory cytokine concentrations in patients with diabetic foot infection", "author": "Tiwari", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1938", "journal-title": "Br. J. Nutr.", "key": "ref_61", "volume": "112", "year": "2014" }, { "article-title": "Vitamin D and immune function: Autocrine, paracrine or endocrine?", "author": "Hewison", "first-page": "92", "journal-title": "Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig. Suppl.", "key": "ref_62", "volume": "243", "year": "2012" }, { "article-title": "Short term, high-dose vitamin D supplementation for COVID-19 disease: A randomised, placebo-controlled, study (SHADE study)", "author": "Rastogi", "first-page": "87", "journal-title": "Postgrad. Med. J.", "key": "ref_63", "volume": "98", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105958", "article-title": "Vitamin D supplementation prior to or during COVID-19 associated with better 3-month survival in geriatric patients: Extension phase of the GERIA-COVID study", "author": "Annweiler", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "105958", "journal-title": "J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.", "key": "ref_64", "volume": "213", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/jcm10112378", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_65", "unstructured": "Sánchez-Zuno, G.A., González-Estevez, G., Matuz-Flores, M.G., Macedo-Ojeda, G., Hernández-Bello, J., Mora-Mora, J.C., Pérez-Guerrero, E.E., García-Chagollán, M., Vega-Magaña, N., and Turrubiates-Hernández, F.J. (2021). Vitamin D Levels in COVID-19 Outpatients from Western Mexico: Clinical Correlation and Effect of Its Supplementation. J. Clin. Med., 10." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00051-6", "article-title": "Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials", "author": "Jolliffe", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "276", "journal-title": "Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.", "key": "ref_66", "volume": "9", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu11020442", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_67", "unstructured": "Maugeri, A., Barchitta, M., Blanco, I., and Agodi, A. (2019). Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy on Birth Size: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 11." }, { "article-title": "Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy", "author": "Palacios", "first-page": "Cd008873", "journal-title": "Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.", "key": "ref_68", "volume": "7", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.midw.2020.102707", "article-title": "Vitamin D, preeclampsia and prematurity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and interventional studies", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "102707", "journal-title": "Midwifery", "key": "ref_69", "volume": "87", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1177/20503121211014073", "article-title": "Vitamin D regulation of the immune system and its implications for COVID-19: A mini review", "author": "Bui", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "20503121211014073", "journal-title": "SAGE Open Med.", "key": "ref_70", "volume": "9", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7", "article-title": "Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study", "author": "Chen", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "507", "journal-title": "Lancet", "key": "ref_71", "volume": "395", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7", "article-title": "Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19", "author": "Hu", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "141", "journal-title": "Nat. Rev. Microbiol.", "key": "ref_72", "volume": "19", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMcp2009249", "article-title": "Mild or Moderate COVID-19", "author": "Gandhi", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1757", "journal-title": "N. Engl. J. Med.", "key": "ref_73", "volume": "383", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/aji.13332", "article-title": "Severity of COVID-19 in pregnancy: A review of current evidence", "author": "Kucirka", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e13332", "journal-title": "Am. J. Reprod. Immunol.", "key": "ref_74", "volume": "84", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0165612", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_75", "unstructured": "Furqan, M.S., and Siyal, M.Y. (2016). Elastic-Net Copula Granger Causality for Inference of Biological Networks. PLoS ONE, 11." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.055", "article-title": "Elastic net-based identification of GAMT as potential diagnostic marker for early-stage gastric cancer", "author": "Gong", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "7", "journal-title": "Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.", "key": "ref_76", "volume": "591", "year": "2022" } ], "reference-count": 77, "references-count": 77, "relation": {}, "resource": { "primary": { "URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/23/15188" } }, "score": 1, "short-title": [], "source": "Crossref", "subject": [ "Inorganic Chemistry", "Organic Chemistry", "Physical and Theoretical Chemistry", "Computer Science Applications", "Spectroscopy", "Molecular Biology", "General Medicine", "Catalysis" ], "subtitle": [], "title": "Association between 25-OH Vitamin D Deficiency and COVID-19 Severity in Pregnant Women", "type": "journal-article", "volume": "23" }