Association of vitamin D level and severity of COVID-19 disease

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 6, 9]], 'date-time': '2024-06-09T03:10:45Z', 'timestamp': 1717902645165}, 'reference-count': 29, 'publisher': 'Phramongkutklao Hospital Foundation', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 6, 9]], 'date-time': '2024-06-09T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1717891200000}, 'content-version': 'unspecified', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:p>Background: Studies indicate that vitamin D can lower the incidence of viral ' 'respiratory infections and is necessary for the human immune system to function properly. ' 'Vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for the severity of COVID-19, including mortality, ' 'hospitalization, and length of hospital stay.\n' 'Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between vitamin D levels and the ' 'severity of COVID-19 disease.\n' 'Methods: The participants were COVID-19 patients aged 18 years or older who tested positive ' 'for the virus on Real-Time PCR tests, treated as inpatients at Banphaeo General Hospital ' 'between September 1 and November 30, 2021. For each patient, baseline characteristics, ' 'including sex, weight, height, and underlying diseases, were collected. Three categories were ' 'used to categorize COVID-19 disease: mild, moderate, and severe. At the beginning of the ' 'study, blood tests were performed on each patient to determine their 25-hydroxyvitamin D ' 'levels.\n' 'Results: Of 97 patients, 64 were male (66%), with a mean age of 50.8±17.7 years. The mean ' 'vitamin D level was 27.8±9.6 ng/mL, with 45 (46.4%) showing vitamin D deficiency and 39 ' '(40.2%) indicating vitamin D insufficiency. Among COVID-19 patients with vitamin D ' 'deficiency, 28 (63.6%) were classified as severe, compared to only 16 severe cases (36.4%) ' 'among those without vitamin D deficiency, demonstrating statistically significant differences ' '(p=0.006). Patients with vitamin D deficiency had a 3.97 times higher risk of experiencing ' 'severity (95% CI: 1.67, 9.41, p=0.002) than those without a vitamin D deficit. After ' 'adjusting for variable factors, results indicated that patients with vitamin D deficiency had ' 'a 3.78-fold increased risk of getting severe illness than those without deficiency (95% CI: ' '1.28, 11.19, p=0.016). Conclusion: These findings suggested that vitamin D deficiency was ' 'associated with the severity of COVID-19.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.55374/jseamed.v8.202', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2024, 6, 9]], 'date-time': '2024-06-09T02:57:09Z', 'timestamp': 1717901829000}, 'page': 'e0202', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'ASSOCIATION OF VITAMIN D LEVEL AND SEVERITY OF COVID-19 DISEASE', 'prefix': '10.55374', 'volume': '8', 'author': [ {'given': 'Amol', 'family': 'Singhsakul', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Bancha', 'family': 'Satirapoj', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Sirinthip', 'family': 'Nimitphuwadon', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Sirate', 'family': 'Rapeepattana', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Saovanee', 'family': 'Benjamanukul', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Sasiwimon', 'family': 'Traiyan', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '33699', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 6, 9]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': '4575', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, Peacock SJ, Prescott HC. ' 'Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of Coronavirus ' 'disease 2019 (COVID-19): A review. JAMA 2020; 324: 782.', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.12839'}, { 'key': '4576', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Wolff D, Nee S, Hickey NS, Marschollek M. Risk factors for Covid-19 ' 'severity and fatality: a structured literature review. Infection 2021; ' '49: 15–28.', 'DOI': '10.1007/s15010-020-01509-1'}, { 'key': '4577', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'D’Avolio A, Avataneo V, Manca A, Cusato J, De Nicolò A, Lucchini R, et ' 'al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are lower in patients with ' 'positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2. Nutrients 2020; 12: 1359.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu12051359'}, { 'key': '4578', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Wang Z, Joshi A, Leopold K, Jackson S, Christensen S, Nayfeh T, et al. ' 'Association of vitamin D deficiency with COVID‐19 infection severity: ' 'Systematic review and meta‐ analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2022; 96: ' '281-7.', 'DOI': '10.1111/cen.14540'}, { 'key': '4579', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Karatekin G, Kaya A, Salihoğlu Ö, Balci H, Nuhoğlu A. Association of ' 'subclinical vitamin D deficiency in newborns with acute lower ' 'respiratory infection and their mothers. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63: ' '473–7.', 'DOI': '10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602960'}, { 'key': '4580', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Dimitrov V, White JH. Species-specific regulation of innate immunity by ' 'vitamin D signaling. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 164: 246–53.', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.09.016'}, { 'key': '4581', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Sassi F, Tamone C, D’Amelio P. Vitamin D: Nutrient, hormone, and ' 'immunomodulator. Nutrients 2018; 10: 1656.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu10111656'}, { 'key': '4582', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Greenberg L, Aloia JF, Bergman P, Dubnov-Raz ' 'G, et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory ' 'infections: individual participant data meta-analysis. Health Technol ' 'Assess 2019; 23: 1–44.', 'DOI': '10.3310/hta23020'}, { 'key': '4583', 'unstructured': 'SACN. Update of rapid review: Vitamin D and acute respiratory tract ' 'infections. Accessed November11 2022. ' 'https://assetspublishingservicegovuk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/945179/SACN_December2020_VitaminD_AcuteRespiratoryTractInfectionspdf.'}, { 'key': '4584', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Mercola J, Grant WB, Wagner CL. Evidence regarding vitamin D and risk of ' 'COVID-19 and its severity. Nutrients 2020; 12: 3361.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu12113361'}, { 'key': '4585', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Teshome A, Adane A, Girma B, Mekonnen ZA. The impact of vitamin D level ' 'on COVID-19 infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public ' 'Health 2021; 9: 624559.', 'DOI': '10.3389/fpubh.2021.624559'}, { 'key': '4586', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Shah K, Varna VP, Sharma U, Mavalankar D. Does vitamin D supplementation ' 'reduce COVID-19 severity?: a systematic review. QJM 2022; 115: 665–72.', 'DOI': '10.1093/qjmed/hcac040'}, { 'key': '4587', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Ye K, Tang F, Liao X, Shaw BA, Deng M, Huang G, et al. Does serum ' 'vitamin D level affect COVID-19 infection and its severity? -A ' 'case-control study. J Am Coll Nutr 2021; 40: 724–31.', 'DOI': '10.1080/07315724.2020.1826005'}, { 'key': '4588', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Siwamogsatham O, Ongphiphadhanakul B, Tangpricha V. Vitamin D deficiency ' 'in Thailand. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 2015; 2: 48–9.', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jcte.2014.10.004'}, { 'key': '4589', 'unstructured': 'COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines. National Institutes of Health (US). 2019; ' 'In: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)'}, { 'key': '4590', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney ' 'RP, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D ' 'deficiency: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin ' 'Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 1911–30.', 'DOI': '10.1210/jc.2011-0385'}, { 'key': '4591', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF. Vitamin D for health: A global perspective. ' 'Mayo Clin Proc 2013; 88: 720–55.', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011'}, { 'key': '4592', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Campi I, Gennari L, Merlotti D, Mingiano C, Frosali A, Giovanelli L, et ' 'al. Vitamin D and COVID-19 severity and related mortality: a prospective ' 'study in Italy. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21: 566.', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12879-021-06281-7'}, { 'key': '4593', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Palacios C, Gonzalez L. Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public ' 'health problem? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014;n144: 138–45.', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.003'}, { 'key': '4594', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Chailurkit L-O, Aekplakorn W, Ongphiphadhanakul B. Regional variation ' 'and determinants of vitamin D status in sunshine-abundant Thailand. BMC ' 'Public Health 2011; 11: 853.', 'DOI': '10.1186/1471-2458-11-853'}, { 'key': '4595', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Adami G, Rossini M, Bogliolo L, Cantatore FP, Varenna M, Malavolta N, et ' 'al. An exploratory study on the role of vitamin D supplementation in ' 'improving pain and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Mod ' 'Rheumatol 2019; 29: 1059–62.', 'DOI': '10.1080/14397595.2018.1532622'}, { 'key': '4596', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Rhodes JM, Subramanian S, Laird E, Griffin G, Kenny RA. Perspective: ' 'Vitamin D deficiency and COVID‐19 severity – plausibly linked by ' 'latitude, ethnicity, impacts on cytokines, ACE2 and thrombosis. J Intern ' 'Med 2021; 289: 97–115.', 'DOI': '10.1111/joim.13149'}, { 'key': '4597', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Annweiler C, Hanotte B, Grandin de l’Eprevier C, Sabatier J-M, Lafaie L, ' 'Célarier T. Vitamin D and survival in COVID-19 patients: A ' 'quasi-experimental study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 204: 105771.', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105771'}, { 'key': '4598', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Nimitphong H, Holick MF. Vitamin D status and sun exposure in southeast ' 'Asia. Dermatoendocrinol 2013; 5: 34–7.', 'DOI': '10.4161/derm.24054'}, { 'key': '4599', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Hansdottir S, Monick MM, Hinde SL, Lovan N, Look DC, Hunninghake GW. ' 'Respiratory epithelial cells convert inactive vitamin D to its active ' 'form: Potential effects on host defense. J Immunol 2008; 181: 7090–9.', 'DOI': '10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.7090'}, { 'key': '4600', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Jiang J-S, Chou H-C, Chen C-M. Cathelicidin attenuates hyperoxia-induced ' 'lung injury by inhibiting oxidative stress in newborn rats. Free Radic ' 'Biol Med 2020; 150: 23–9.', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.005'}, { 'key': '4601', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Aranow C. Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication ' 'of the American Federation for Clinical Research 2011; 59 : 881–6.', 'DOI': '10.2310/JIM.0b013e31821b8755'}, { 'key': '4602', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Hanff TC, Harhay MO, Brown TS, Cohen JB, Mohareb AM. Is there an ' 'association between COVID-19 mortality and the renin-angiotensin system? ' 'A call for epidemiologic investigations. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71: ' '870–4.', 'DOI': '10.1093/cid/ciaa329'}, { 'key': '4603', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Murai IH, Fernandes AL, Sales LP, Pinto AJ, Goessler KF, Duran CSC, et ' 'al. Effect of a single high dose of vitamin D3 on hospital length of ' 'stay in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19: A randomized clinical ' 'trial. JAMA 2021; 325: 1053.', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.26848'}], 'container-title': 'Journal of Southeast Asian Medical Research', 'original-title': [], 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://jseamed.org/index.php/jseamed/article/download/202/133', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://jseamed.org/index.php/jseamed/article/download/202/133', 'content-type': 'unspecified', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 6, 9]], 'date-time': '2024-06-09T02:57:26Z', 'timestamp': 1717901846000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://jseamed.org/index.php/jseamed/article/view/202'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2024, 6, 9]]}, 'references-count': 29, 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.55374/jseamed.v8.202', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['2697-5424', '2586-8241'], 'subject': [], 'container-title-short': 'J Southeast Asian Med Res', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2024, 6, 9]]}}