Circulating Vitamin D levels status and clinical prognostic indices in COVID-19 patients

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 1, 26]], 'date-time': '2024-01-26T17:46:24Z', 'timestamp': 1706291184437}, 'reference-count': 36, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'issue': '1', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 3, 3]], 'date-time': '2021-03-03T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1614729600000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 3, 3]], 'date-time': '2021-03-03T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1614729600000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2021, 12]]}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Background</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Several immune mechanisms activate in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Usually, ' 'coronavirus infection is characterized by dysregulated host immune responses, interleukine-6 ' 'increase, hyper-activation of cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes. Interestingly, Vitamin D ' 'deficiency has been often associated with altered immune responses and infections. In the ' 'present study, we evaluated Vitamin D plasma levels in patients affected with different lung ' 'involvement during COVID-19 infection.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Lymphocyte phenotypes were assessed by flow cytometry. Thoracic CT ' 'scan involvement was obtained by an image analysis program.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Vitamin D levels were deficient in (80%) of patients, insufficient in ' '(6.5%) and normal in (13.5%). Patients with very low Vitamin D plasma levels had more ' 'elevated D-Dimer values, a more elevated B lymphocyte cell count, a reduction of CD8\u2009' '+\u2009T lymphocytes with a low CD4/CD8 ratio, more compromised clinical findings (measured ' 'by LIPI and SOFA scores) and thoracic CT scan involvement.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency is associated with compromised inflammatory ' 'responses and higher pulmonary involvement in COVID-19 affected patients. Vitamin D ' 'assessment, during COVID-19 infection, could be a useful analysis for possible therapeutic ' 'interventions.</jats:p>\n' " <jats:p><jats:italic>Trial registration:</jats:italic> 'retrospectively " "registered'.</jats:p>\n" ' </jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12931-021-01666-3', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2021, 3, 3]], 'date-time': '2021-03-03T18:20:11Z', 'timestamp': 1614795611000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 27, 'title': 'Circulating Vitamin D levels status and clinical prognostic indices in COVID-19 patients', 'prefix': '10.1186', 'volume': '22', 'author': [ {'given': 'Alberto', 'family': 'Ricci', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Alessandra', 'family': 'Pagliuca', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Michela', 'family': 'D’Ascanio', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Marta', 'family': 'Innammorato', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Claudia', 'family': 'De Vitis', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Rita', 'family': 'Mancini', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Simonetta', 'family': 'Giovagnoli', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Francesco', 'family': 'Facchiano', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Bruno', 'family': 'Sposato', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Paolo', 'family': 'Anibaldi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Adriano', 'family': 'Marcolongo', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Chiara', 'family': 'De Dominicis', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Andrea', 'family': 'Laghi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Emanuele', 'family': 'Muscogiuri', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Salvatore', 'family': 'Sciacchitano', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2021, 3, 3]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': '1666_CR1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1417', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30937-5', 'volume': '395', 'author': 'Z Varga', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, Haberecker M, Andermatt R, Zinkernagel ' 'AS, Mehra MR, Schuepbach RA, Ruschitzka F, Moch H. 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' 'https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75491-x.', 'journal-title': 'Sci Rep'}], 'container-title': 'Respiratory Research', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12931-021-01666-3.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12931-021-01666-3/fulltext.html', 'content-type': 'text/html', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12931-021-01666-3.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 3, 3]], 'date-time': '2021-03-03T18:24:13Z', 'timestamp': 1614795853000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': { 'primary': { 'URL': 'https://respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12931-021-01666-3'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2021, 3, 3]]}, 'references-count': 36, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '1', 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2021, 12]]}}, 'alternative-id': ['1666'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12931-021-01666-3', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['1465-993X'], 'container-title-short': 'Respir Res', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2021, 3, 3]]}, 'assertion': [ { 'value': '27 July 2020', 'order': 1, 'name': 'received', 'label': 'Received', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '17 February 2021', 'order': 2, 'name': 'accepted', 'label': 'Accepted', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '3 March 2021', 'order': 3, 'name': 'first_online', 'label': 'First Online', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': 'The study was approved by our Institutional Ethical Committee (Sapienza ' 'University of Rome, Italy) (Prot.# 52SA_2020, RIF. CE 5773_2020), on the basis ' 'that it complied with the declaration of Helsinki and that the protocol ' 'followed existing good clinical practice guidelines. A written informed consent ' 'to participate in the study was obtained from every participant. In case of ' 'adults with cognitive decline the consent to participate to the study was given ' 'by the legal guardian. An administrative permission to access the ' 'clinical/personal patient data used in our research was given by the Health ' 'Director of our Hospital, who is also a co-author of the manuscript.', 'order': 1, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Ethics approval and consent to participate'}}, { 'value': 'Not applicable.', 'order': 2, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Consent for publication'}}, { 'value': 'The authors declare they have no conflict of interest.', 'order': 3, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Competing interests'}}], 'article-number': '76'}