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Serum Vitamin D and the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 and Seasonal Influenza Infection During the Twindemic Period

Ito et al., Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.05.007, May 2025
https://c19early.org/ito.html
Case -5% Improvement Relative Risk Vitamin D for COVID-19  Ito et al.  Sufficiency Are vitamin D levels associated with COVID-19 outcomes? Retrospective study in Japan No significant difference in cases c19early.org Ito et al., Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, May 2025 Favorsvitamin D Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
Vitamin D for COVID-19
8th treatment shown to reduce risk in October 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 125 studies, recognized in 18 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,700+ studies for 141 treatments. c19early.org
Survey of 1,434 hospital staff members showing no significant difference in COVID-19 or influenza cases based on vitamin D sufficiency.
This is the 218th COVID-19 sufficiency study for vitamin D, which collectively show higher levels reduce risk with p<0.0000000001 (1 in 25,894,433,917 vigintillion).
Standard of Care (SOC) for COVID-19 in the study country, Japan, is very poor with very low average efficacy for approved treatments1. Only expensive, high-profit treatments were approved. Low-cost treatments were excluded, reducing the probability of treatment—especially early—due to access and cost barriers, and eliminating complementary and synergistic benefits seen with many low-cost treatments.
risk of case, 5.3% higher, HR 1.05, p = 0.89, cutoff <12 ng/mL and ≥20 ng/mL, inverted to make HR<1 favor high D levels (≥20 ng/mL).
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Ito et al., 6 May 2025, retrospective, Japan, peer-reviewed, 12 authors.
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