Association of Vitamin D Status and COVID-19-Related Hospitalization and Mortality

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2022, 1, 4]], 'date-time': '2022-01-04T06:11:34Z', 'timestamp': 1641276694349}, 'reference-count': 54, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 1, 1]], 'date-time': '2022-01-01T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1640995200000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 1, 1]], 'date-time': '2022-01-01T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1640995200000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}], 'funder': [ { 'DOI': '10.13039/100008460', 'name': 'National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['UG3AT009765', 'UH3AT009765']}, { 'DOI': '10.13039/100000063', 'name': 'Office of Dietary Supplements', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['Administrative Supplement']}, { 'DOI': '10.13039/100000002', 'name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['U24AT009769']}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'short-container-title': ['J GEN INTERN MED'], 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Background</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>The relationship between vitamin D status and COVID-19-related clinical ' 'outcomes is controversial. Prior studies have been conducted in smaller, single-site, or ' 'homogeneous populations limiting adjustments for social determinants of health ' '(race/ethnicity and poverty) common to both vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 ' 'outcomes.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Objective</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>To evaluate the dose-response relationship between continuous 25(OH)D ' 'and risk for COVID-19-related hospitalization and mortality after adjusting for covariates ' 'associated with both vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 outcomes.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Design</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Patients</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Veteran patients receiving care in US Department of Veteran Affairs ' '(VA) health care facilities with a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ' '(SARS-CoV-2) test and a blood 25(OH)D test between February 20, 2020, and November 8, 2020, ' 'followed for up to 60 days.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Main Measures</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Exposure was blood 25(OH)D concentration ascertained closest to and ' 'within 15 to 90 days preceding an index positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Co-primary study outcomes ' 'were COVID-19-related inpatient hospitalization requiring airborne, droplet, contact, or ' 'other isolation and mortality ascertained within 60 days of an index positive SARS-CoV-2 ' 'test.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Key Results</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Of 4,599 veterans with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, vitamin D deficiency ' '(&lt; 20 ng/mL) was identified in 665 (14.5%); 964 (21.0%) were hospitalized; and 340 (7.4%) ' 'died. After adjusting for all covariates, including race/ethnicity and poverty, there was a ' 'significant independent inverse dose-response relationship between increasing continuous ' '25(OH)D concentrations (from 15 to 60 ng/mL) and decreasing probability of COVID-19-related ' 'hospitalization (from 24.1 to 18.7%, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic>=0.009) and mortality (from ' '10.4 to 5.7%, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic>=0.001). In modeling 25(OH)D as a log-transformed ' 'continuous variable, the greatest risk for hospitalization and death was observed at lower ' '25(OH)D concentrations.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Continuous blood 25(OH)D concentrations are independently associated ' 'with COVID-19-related hospitalization and mortality in an inverse dose-response relationship ' 'in this large racially and ethnically diverse cohort of VA patients. Randomized controlled ' 'trials are needed to evaluate the impact of vitamin D supplementation on COVID-19-related ' 'outcomes.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1007/s11606-021-07170-0', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2022, 1, 4]], 'date-time': '2022-01-04T01:02:27Z', 'timestamp': 1641258147000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': ['Association of Vitamin D Status and COVID-19-Related Hospitalization and Mortality'], 'prefix': '10.1007', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6676-9117', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Karen H.', 'family': 'Seal', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Daniel', 'family': 'Bertenthal', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Evan', 'family': 'Carey', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Carl', 'family': 'Grunfeld', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Daniel D.', 'family': 'Bikle', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Chuanyi M.', 'family': 'Lu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2022, 1, 1]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': '7170_CR1', 'unstructured': 'United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Coronavirus disease COVID-19 ' 'pandemic'}, { 'issue': '12', 'key': '7170_CR2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1022', 'DOI': '10.7326/M20-6348', 'volume': '173', 'author': 'JL Gerberding', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Gerberding JL. Measuring Pandemic Impact: Vital Signs From Vital ' 'Statistics. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(12):1022-1023.', 'journal-title': 'Ann Intern Med.'}, { 'key': '7170_CR3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Thompson, MG, Burgess JL, Naleway AL, al. e. Interim Estimates of ' 'Vaccine Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccines in ' 'Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Health Care Personnel, First ' 'Responders, and Other Essential and Frontline Workers — Eight U.S. ' 'Locations, December 2020–March 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021. ' '2021;70:495-500.', 'DOI': '10.15585/mmwr.mm7013e3'}, { 'key': '7170_CR4', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'McCabe SD, Hammershaimb EA, Cheng D, et al. Unraveling Attributes of ' 'COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the U.S.: A Large Nationwide Study. ' 'medRxiv. 2021.', 'DOI': '10.1101/2021.04.05.21254918'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': '7170_CR5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '371', 'DOI': '10.2105/AJPH.2020.306098', 'volume': '111', 'author': 'EJ Emanuel', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Emanuel EJ, Luna F, Schaefer GO, Tan KC, Wolff J. Enhancing the WHO’s ' 'Proposed Framework for Distributing COVID-19 Vaccines Among Countries. ' 'Am J Public Health. 2021;111(3):371-373.', 'journal-title': 'Am J Public Health.'}, { 'issue': '6509', 'key': '7170_CR6', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1309', 'DOI': '10.1126/science.abe2803', 'volume': '369', 'author': 'EJ Emanuel', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Emanuel EJ, Persad G, Kern A, et al. An ethical framework for global ' 'vaccine allocation. Science. 2020;369(6509):1309-1312.', 'journal-title': 'Science.'}, { 'key': '7170_CR7', 'unstructured': 'Thebault R. Are we entering a ‘fourth wave’ of the pandemic? Experts ' 'disagree. Washington Post2021.'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': '7170_CR8', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '362', 'DOI': '10.7326/M20-6306', 'volume': '174', 'author': 'K Mackey', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Mackey K, Ayers CK, Kondo KK, et al. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in ' 'COVID-19-Related Infections, Hospitalizations, and Deaths : A Systematic ' 'Review. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(3):362-373.', 'journal-title': 'Ann Intern Med.'}, { 'issue': '24', 'key': '7170_CR9', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '2466', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.8598', 'volume': '323', 'author': 'M Webb Hooper', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Webb Hooper M, Napoles AM, Perez-Stable EJ. COVID-19 and Racial/Ethnic ' 'Disparities. JAMA. 2020;323(24):2466-2467.', 'journal-title': 'JAMA.'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': '7170_CR10', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1151', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00198-010-1285-3', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'B Dawson-Hughes', 'year': '2010', 'unstructured': 'Dawson-Hughes B, Mithal A, Bonjour JP, et al. IOF position statement: ' 'vitamin D recommendations for older adults. Osteoporos Int. ' '2010;21(7):1151-1154.', 'journal-title': 'Osteoporos Int.'}, { 'key': '7170_CR11', 'unstructured': 'Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin ' 'D. Washington, D.C.2011.'}, { 'issue': '11', 'key': '7170_CR12', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1807', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00198-009-0954-6', 'volume': '20', 'author': 'A Mithal', 'year': '2009', 'unstructured': 'Mithal A, Wahl DA, Bonjour JP, et al. Global vitamin D status and ' 'determinants of hypovitaminosis D. Osteoporos Int. ' '2009;20(11):1807-1820.', 'journal-title': 'Osteoporos Int.'}, { 'key': '7170_CR13', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '138', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.003', 'volume': '144 Pt A', 'author': 'C Palacios', 'year': '2014', 'unstructured': 'Palacios C, Gonzalez L. Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public ' 'health problem? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014;144 Pt A:138-145.', 'journal-title': 'J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': '7170_CR14', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1536', 'DOI': '10.1172/JCI112134', 'volume': '76', 'author': 'J MacLaughlin', 'year': '1985', 'unstructured': 'MacLaughlin J, Holick MF. Aging decreases the capacity of human skin to ' 'produce vitamin D3. J Clin Invest. 1985;76(4):1536-1538.', 'journal-title': 'J Clin Invest.'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '7170_CR15', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '48', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.nutres.2010.12.001', 'volume': '31', 'author': 'KY Forrest', 'year': '2011', 'unstructured': 'Forrest KY, Stuhldreher WL. Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D ' 'deficiency in US adults. Nutr Res. 2011;31(1):48-54.', 'journal-title': 'Nutr Res.'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': '7170_CR16', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '558S', 'DOI': '10.1093/ajcn/88.2.558S', 'volume': '88', 'author': 'EA Yetley', 'year': '2008', 'unstructured': 'Yetley EA. Assessing the vitamin D status of the US population. Am J ' 'Clin Nutr. 2008;88(2):558S-564S.', 'journal-title': 'Am J Clin Nutr.'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': '7170_CR17', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '373', 'DOI': '10.1210/jcem-67-2-373', 'volume': '67', 'author': 'AR Webb', 'year': '1988', 'unstructured': 'Webb AR, Kline L, Holick MF. Influence of season and latitude on the ' 'cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: exposure to winter sunlight in Boston ' 'and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin. J Clin ' 'Endocrinol Metab. 1988;67(2):373-378.', 'journal-title': 'J Clin Endocrinol Metab.'}, { 'issue': '9', 'key': '7170_CR18', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e2019722', 'DOI': '10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19722', 'volume': '3', 'author': 'DO Meltzer', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Meltzer DO, Best TJ, Zhang H, Vokes T, Arora V, Solway J. Association of ' 'Vitamin D Status and Other Clinical Characteristics With COVID-19 Test ' 'Results. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(9):e2019722.', 'journal-title': 'JAMA Netw Open.'}, { 'issue': '17', 'key': '7170_CR19', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '3693', 'DOI': '10.1111/febs.15495', 'volume': '287', 'author': 'E Merzon', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Merzon E, Tworowski D, Gorohovski A, et al. Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D ' 'level is associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection: an ' 'Israeli population-based study. FEBS J. 2020;287(17):3693-3702.', 'journal-title': 'FEBS J.'}, { 'issue': '9', 'key': '7170_CR20', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e0239252', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0239252', 'volume': '15', 'author': 'HW Kaufman', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Kaufman HW, Niles JK, Kroll MH, Bi C, Holick MF. SARS-CoV-2 positivity ' 'rates associated with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. PLoS One. ' '2020;15(9):e0239252.', 'journal-title': 'PLoS One.'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': '7170_CR21', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '381', 'DOI': '10.1093/ajcp/aqaa252', 'volume': '155', 'author': 'D De Smet', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'De Smet D, De Smet K, Herroelen P, Gryspeerdt S, Martens GA. Serum ' '25(OH)D Level on Hospital Admission Associated With COVID-19 Stage and ' 'Mortality. Am J Clin Pathol. 2021;155(3):381-388.', 'journal-title': 'Am J Clin Pathol.'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': '7170_CR22', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '189', 'DOI': '10.1007/s12603-020-1479-0', 'volume': '25', 'author': 'S Karahan', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Karahan S, Katkat F. Impact of Serum 25(OH) Vitamin D Level on Mortality ' 'in Patients with COVID-19 in Turkey. J Nutr Health Aging. ' '2021;25(2):189-196.', 'journal-title': 'J Nutr Health Aging.'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': '7170_CR23', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '875', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.01.001', 'volume': '96', 'author': 'AM Angelidi', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Angelidi AM, Belanger MJ, Lorinsky MK, et al. Vitamin D Status Is ' 'Associated With In-Hospital Mortality and Mechanical Ventilation: A ' 'Cohort of COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients. Mayo Clin Proc. ' '2021;96(4):875-886.', 'journal-title': 'Mayo Clin Proc.'}, { 'key': '7170_CR24', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '105751', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105751', 'volume': '203', 'author': 'M Entrenas Castillo', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Entrenas Castillo M, Entrenas Costa LM, Vaquero Barrios JM, et al. ' '"Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best ' 'available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among ' 'patients hospitalized for COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical study". ' 'J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2020;203:105751.', 'journal-title': 'J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.'}, { 'key': '7170_CR25', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Rastogi A, Bhansali A, Khare N, et al. Short term, high-dose vitamin D ' 'supplementation for COVID-19 disease: a randomised, placebo-controlled, ' 'study (SHADE study). Postgrad Med J. 2020.', 'DOI': '10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139065'}, { 'issue': '11', 'key': '7170_CR26', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1053', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.26848', 'volume': '325', 'author': 'IH Murai', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Murai IH, Fernandes AL, Sales LP, et al. Effect of a Single High Dose of ' 'Vitamin D3 on Hospital Length of Stay in Patients With Moderate to ' 'Severe COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. ' '2021;325(11):1053-1060.', 'journal-title': 'JAMA.'}, { 'key': '7170_CR27', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Pittas AG, Jorde R, Kawahara T, Dawson-Hughes B. Vitamin D ' 'Supplementation for Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: To D or Not ' 'to D? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(12).', 'DOI': '10.1210/clinem/dgaa594'}, { 'issue': '9', 'key': '7170_CR28', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '4627', 'DOI': '10.21873/anticanres.13643', 'volume': '39', 'author': 'A Zittermann', 'year': '2019', 'unstructured': 'Zittermann A, Pilz S. Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update. ' 'Anticancer Res. 2019;39(9):4627-4635.', 'journal-title': 'Anticancer Res.'}, { 'key': '7170_CR29', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Bikle DD. Vitamin D and cancer: the promise not yet fulfilled. ' 'Endocrine. 2014;46(1):29-38.', 'DOI': '10.1007/s12020-013-0146-1'}, { 'key': '7170_CR30', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Boccardi V, Lapenna M, Gaggi L, et al. Hypovitaminosis D: A Disease ' 'Marker in Hospitalized Very Old Persons at Risk of Malnutrition. ' 'Nutrients. 2019;11(1).', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu11010128'}, { 'issue': '18', 'key': '7170_CR31', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1757', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMcp2009249', 'volume': '383', 'author': 'RT Gandhi', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Gandhi RT, Lynch JB, Del Rio C. Mild or Moderate Covid-19. N Engl J Med. ' '2020;383(18):1757-1766.', 'journal-title': 'N Engl J Med.'}, { 'key': '7170_CR32', 'unstructured': 'National Institutes of Health. COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines: Vitamin D. ' 'In:July 17, 2020.'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': '7170_CR33', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '620', 'DOI': '10.1136/jclinpath-2012-201301', 'volume': '66', 'author': 'JL Waldron', 'year': '2013', 'unstructured': 'Waldron JL, Ashby HL, Cornes MP, et al. Vitamin D: a negative acute ' 'phase reactant. J Clin Pathol. 2013;66(7):620-622.', 'journal-title': 'J Clin Pathol.'}, { 'key': '7170_CR34', 'unstructured': 'SAS System [computer program]. Version 9.4. Cary, North Carolina, ' 'U.S.A.: SAS Institute; 2013.'}, { 'key': '7170_CR35', 'unstructured': 'Stata: Release 15 Statistical Software. [computer program]. College ' 'Station, Texas, U.S.A.: StataCorp LLC; 2017.'}, { 'key': '7170_CR36', 'first-page': '41', 'volume': '243', 'author': 'LM Thienpont', 'year': '2012', 'unstructured': 'Thienpont LM, Stepman HC, Vesper HW. Standardization of measurements of ' '25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and D2. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. ' '2012;243:41-49.', 'journal-title': 'Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl.'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': '7170_CR37', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '885', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ecl.2017.07.012', 'volume': '46', 'author': 'N Binkley', 'year': '2017', 'unstructured': 'Binkley N, Carter GD. Toward Clarity in Clinical Vitamin D Status ' 'Assessment: 25(OH)D Assay Standardization. Endocrinol Metab Clin North ' 'Am. 2017;46(4):885-899.', 'journal-title': 'Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am.'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': '7170_CR38', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1911', 'DOI': '10.1210/jc.2011-0385', 'volume': '96', 'author': 'MF Holick', 'year': '2011', 'unstructured': 'Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Evaluation, ' 'treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society ' 'clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. ' '2011;96(7):1911-1930.', 'journal-title': 'J Clin Endocrinol Metab.'}, { 'key': '7170_CR39', 'unstructured': 'U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey. American Community Survey ' '5-Year Estimates. Table 1901. . 2018.'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': '7170_CR40', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '617', 'DOI': '10.1093/eurpub/ckaa095', 'volume': '30', 'author': 'B Burstrom', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Burstrom B, Tao W. Social determinants of health and inequalities in ' 'COVID-19. Eur J Public Health. 2020;30(4):617-618.', 'journal-title': 'Eur J Public Health.'}, { 'key': '7170_CR41', 'unstructured': 'https://www.research.va.gov/resources/CIPHER.pdf. Accessed.'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': '7170_CR42', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '702', 'DOI': '10.1093/aje/kwh090', 'volume': '159', 'author': 'G Zou', 'year': '2004', 'unstructured': 'Zou G. A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies ' 'with binary data. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(7):702-706.', 'journal-title': 'Am J Epidemiol.'}, { 'key': '7170_CR43', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Bikle DD, Schwartz J. Vitamin D Binding Protein, Total and Free Vitamin ' 'D Levels in Different Physiological and Pathophysiological Conditions. ' 'Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2019;10(317).', 'DOI': '10.3389/fendo.2019.00317'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': '7170_CR44', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '290', 'DOI': '10.1177/1536867X1101100208', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'P Cummings', 'year': '2011', 'unstructured': 'Cummings P. Estimating Adjusted Risk Ratios for Matched and Unmatched ' 'Data: An Update. The Stata Journal. 2011;11(2):290-298.', 'journal-title': 'The Stata Journal.'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': '7170_CR45', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'R133', 'DOI': '10.1530/EJE-20-0665', 'volume': '183', 'author': 'JP Bilezikian', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Bilezikian JP, Bikle D, Hewison M, et al. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: ' 'Vitamin D and COVID-19. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020;183(5):R133-R147.', 'journal-title': 'Eur J Endocrinol.'}, { 'issue': '10229', 'key': '7170_CR46', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1033', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0', 'volume': '395', 'author': 'P Mehta', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, et al. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm ' 'syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1033-1034.', 'journal-title': 'Lancet.'}, { 'key': '7170_CR47', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Rhodes JM, Subramanian S, Laird E, Griffin G, Kenny RA. Perspective: ' 'Vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 severity - plausibly linked by ' 'latitude, ethnicity, impacts on cytokines, ACE2 and thrombosis. J Intern ' 'Med. 2020.', 'DOI': '10.1111/joim.13149'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': '7170_CR48', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1418', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jid.2019.11.019', 'volume': '140', 'author': 'AR Young', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Young AR, Morgan KA, Ho TW, et al. Melanin has a Small Inhibitory Effect ' 'on Cutaneous Vitamin D Synthesis: A Comparison of Extreme Phenotypes. J ' 'Invest Dermatol. 2020;140(7):1418-1426 e1411.', 'journal-title': 'J Invest Dermatol.'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': '7170_CR49', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '227', 'DOI': '10.1093/nutrit/nuaa092', 'volume': '79', 'author': 'R DeLuccia', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'DeLuccia R, Clegg D, Sukumar D. The implications of vitamin D deficiency ' 'on COVID-19 for at-risk populations. Nutr Rev. 2021;79(2):227-234.', 'journal-title': 'Nutr Rev.'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': '7170_CR50', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '654', 'DOI': '10.1007/s11606-008-0521-4', 'volume': '23', 'author': 'S Saha', 'year': '2008', 'unstructured': 'Saha S, Freeman M, Toure J, Tippens KM, Weeks C, Ibrahim S. Racial and ' 'ethnic disparities in the VA health care system: a systematic review. J ' 'Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(5):654-671.', 'journal-title': 'J Gen Intern Med.'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': '7170_CR51', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e1', 'DOI': '10.2105/AJPH.2017.304246', 'volume': '108', 'author': 'K Peterson', 'year': '2018', 'unstructured': 'Peterson K, Anderson J, Boundy E, Ferguson L, McCleery E, Waldrip K. ' 'Mortality Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups in the Veterans ' 'Health Administration: An Evidence Review and Map. Am J Public Health. ' '2018;108(3):e1-e11.', 'journal-title': 'Am J Public Health.'}, { 'key': '7170_CR52', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Lopez L, Hart LH, Katz MH. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities Related ' 'to COVID-19. JAMA. 2021.', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.26443'}, { 'issue': '10', 'key': '7170_CR53', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1734', 'DOI': '10.2105/AJPH.93.10.1734', 'volume': '93', 'author': 'NR Kressin', 'year': '2003', 'unstructured': 'Kressin NR, Chang BH, Hendricks A, Kazis LE. Agreement between ' 'administrative data and patients’ self-reports of race/ethnicity. Am J ' 'Public Health. 2003;93(10):1734-1739.', 'journal-title': 'Am J Public Health.'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': '7170_CR54', 'first-page': '296', 'volume': '70', 'author': 'NS Hamilton', 'year': '2009', 'unstructured': 'Hamilton NS, Edelman D, Weinberger M, Jackson GL. Concordance between ' 'self-reportedrace/ethnicity and that recorded in a Veteran Affairs ' 'electronic medical record. N C Med J. 2009;70(4):296-300.', 'journal-title': 'N C Med J.'}], 'container-title': ['Journal of General Internal Medicine'], 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11606-021-07170-0.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-021-07170-0/fulltext.html', 'content-type': 'text/html', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11606-021-07170-0.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 1, 4]], 'date-time': '2022-01-04T01:13:18Z', 'timestamp': 1641258798000}, 'score': 1, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2022, 1, 1]]}, 'references-count': 54, 'alternative-id': ['7170'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-07170-0', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['0884-8734', '1525-1497'], 'issn-type': [{'value': '0884-8734', 'type': 'print'}, {'value': '1525-1497', 'type': 'electronic'}], 'subject': ['Internal Medicine'], 'published': {'date-parts': [[2022, 1, 1]]}, 'assertion': [ { 'value': '9 June 2021', 'order': 1, 'name': 'received', 'label': 'Received', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '24 September 2021', 'order': 2, 'name': 'accepted', 'label': 'Accepted', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '1 January 2022', 'order': 3, 'name': 'first_online', 'label': 'First Online', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}]}