Comparison of the cardiovascular system, clinical condition, and laboratory results in COVID-19 patients with and without vitamin D insufficiency

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2022, 5, 7]], 'date-time': '2022-05-07T13:41:29Z', 'timestamp': 1651930889269}, 'reference-count': 58, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'issue': '1', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 5, 7]], 'date-time': '2022-05-07T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1651881600000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 5, 7]], 'date-time': '2022-05-07T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1651881600000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2022, 12]]}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Background</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Serum vitamin D levels may have a protective role against severe ' 'coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Studies have shown that deficiency in vitamin D may be a ' 'significant risk factor for poor outcomes. This study aims to compare the outcome and ' 'clinical condition of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection considering serum vitamin D ' 'levels.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, 202 COVID-19 patients without known ' 'cardiovascular disease (reduced ejection fraction, uncontrolled arrhythmia, pericardial ' 'effusion, cardiac block, valvular disease, or hypertension) were included. Patients were ' 'divided into three groups of insufficient (&lt;\u200930\xa0ng/mL), normal (30 to 50\xa0' 'ng/mL), and high (&gt;\u200950\xa0ng/mL) serum vitamin D levels. Clinical outcome was defined ' 'as severe if invasive respiratory intervention and ICU admission was required.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>The patients were divided into three groups based on their vitamin D ' 'level: 127 cases in the insufficient vitamin D group, 53 cases in the normal vitamin D group, ' 'and 22 cases in the high vitamin D group. The mean age of the population study was 56\xa0' 'years. Thirty-four patients had severe clinical outcomes. The distribution of this group was ' 'as follows: 21 patients in the insufficient vitamin D group (16.5%), eight patients in the ' 'normal vitamin D group (15.1%), and five patients in the high vitamin D group (22.7%); P\u2009' '=\u20090.74. No significant differences were found between the groups in terms of mortality ' 'rate (P\u2009=\u20090.46). Moreover, the mean of leukocytes (mean\u2009±\u2009SD\u2009=\u2009' '6873.5\u2009±\u20094236.2), ESR (mean\u2009±\u2009SD\u2009=\u200938.42\u2009±\u200926.7), and ' 'CPK-MB (mean\u2009±\u2009SD\u2009=\u200963\u2009±\u2009140.7) were higher in the insufficient ' 'vitamin D group, but it was not statistically significant (P\u2009&gt;\u20090.05).</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>The finding of the present study showed that vitamin D could not make ' 'a significant difference in cardiovascular systems, laboratory results, and severity of the ' 'disease in COVID-19 patients.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12879-022-07438-8', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2022, 5, 7]], 'date-time': '2022-05-07T12:05:08Z', 'timestamp': 1651925108000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Comparison of the cardiovascular system, clinical condition, and laboratory results in COVID-19 ' 'patients with and without vitamin D insufficiency', 'prefix': '10.1186', 'volume': '22', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3886-0466', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Erfan', 'family': 'Kazemi', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7206-2858', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Ali', 'family': 'Mansursamaei', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7945-7542', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Marzieh', 'family': 'Rohani-Rasaf', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1632-0511', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Hossein', 'family': 'Sheibani', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2022, 5, 7]]}, 'reference': [ { 'issue': '9', 'key': '7438_CR1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0239799', 'volume': '15', 'author': 'Z Maghbooli', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Maghbooli Z, et al. Vitamin D sufficiency, a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ' 'at least 30 ng/mL reduced risk for adverse clinical outcomes in patients ' 'with COVID-19 infection. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(9): e0239799.', 'journal-title': 'PLoS ONE'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': '7438_CR2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '66', 'DOI': '10.1080/07435800.2020.1867162', 'volume': '46', 'author': 'B Szeto', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Szeto B, et al. Vitamin D status and COVID-19 clinical outcomes in ' 'hospitalized patients. Endocr Res. 2021;46(2):66–73.', 'journal-title': 'Endocr Res'}, { 'key': '7438_CR3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.54034/mic.e1262', 'volume': '1', 'author': 'A Tadj', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Tadj A, Lahbib SS. Our overall current knowledge of Covid 19: an ' 'overview. Microbes Infect Chemother. 2021;1: e1262.', 'journal-title': 'Microbes Infect Chemother'}, { 'key': '7438_CR4', 'unstructured': 'World health organization. Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19, 14 ' 'December 2021. 2021;70. ' 'https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---14-december-2021. ' 'Accessed 15 Dec 2021.'}, { 'key': '7438_CR5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.nut.2020.111017', 'volume': '79–80', 'author': 'CW Tan', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Tan CW, et al. Cohort study to evaluate the effect of vitamin D, ' 'magnesium, and vitamin B(12) in combination on progression to severe ' 'outcomes in older patients with coronavirus (COVID-19). Nutrition. ' '2020;79–80: 111017.', 'journal-title': 'Nutrition'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': '7438_CR6', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '2249', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00394-020-02411-0', 'volume': '60', 'author': 'A Abrishami', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Abrishami A, et al. Possible association of vitamin D status with lung ' 'involvement and outcome in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective ' 'study. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60(4):2249–57.', 'journal-title': 'Eur J Nutr'}, { 'key': '7438_CR7', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105771', 'volume': '204', 'author': 'C Annweiler', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Annweiler C, et al. Vitamin D and survival in COVID-19 patients: a ' 'quasi-experimental study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2020;204: 105771.', 'journal-title': 'J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': '7438_CR8', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e1343', 'DOI': '10.1210/clinem/dgaa733', 'volume': '106', 'author': 'JL Hernández', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Hernández JL, et al. Vitamin D status in hospitalized patients with ' 'SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(3):e1343–53.', 'journal-title': 'J Clin Endocrinol Metab'}, { 'issue': '8', 'key': '7438_CR9', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '724', 'DOI': '10.1080/07315724.2020.1826005', 'volume': '40', 'author': 'K Ye', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Ye K, et al. Does serum vitamin D level affect COVID-19 infection and ' 'its severity? A case–control study. J Am Coll Nutr. 2020;40(8):724–31.', 'journal-title': 'J Am Coll Nutr'}, { 'key': '7438_CR10', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '58', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.077', 'volume': '104', 'author': 'N Liu', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Liu N, et al. Low vitamin D status is associated with coronavirus ' 'disease 2019 outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J ' 'Infect Dis. 2021;104:58–64.', 'journal-title': 'Int J Infect Dis'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '7438_CR11', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '23', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12948-020-00139-0', 'volume': '18', 'author': 'G Murdaca', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Murdaca G, Pioggia G, Negrini S. Vitamin D and Covid-19: an update on ' 'evidence and potential therapeutic implications. Clin Mol Allergy. ' '2020;18(1):23.', 'journal-title': 'Clin Mol Allergy'}, { 'key': '7438_CR12', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '106176', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cct.2020.106176', 'volume': '100', 'author': 'R Wang', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Wang R, et al. The vitamin D for COVID-19 (VIVID) trial: a pragmatic ' 'cluster-randomized design. Contemp Clin Trials. 2021;100:106176–106176.', 'journal-title': 'Contemp Clin Trials'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': '7438_CR13', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1691', 'DOI': '10.3892/mmr.2017.6772', 'volume': '16', 'author': 'Y Xie', 'year': '2017', 'unstructured': 'Xie Y, et al. HMGB1 regulates P-glycoprotein expression in status ' 'epilepticus rat brains via the RAGE/NF-κB signaling pathway. Mol Med ' 'Rep. 2017;16(2):1691–700.', 'journal-title': 'Mol Med Rep'}, { 'key': '7438_CR14', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'author': 'M Honardoost', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Honardoost M, Ghavideldarestani M, Khamseh ME. Role of vitamin D in ' 'pathogenesis and severity of COVID-19 infection. Arch Physiol Biochem. ' '2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/13813455.2020.1792505.', 'journal-title': 'Arch Physiol Biochem', 'DOI': '10.1080/13813455.2020.1792505'}, { 'issue': '9', 'key': '7438_CR15', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19722', 'volume': '3', 'author': 'DO Meltzer', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Meltzer DO, et al. Association of vitamin D status and other clinical ' 'characteristics with COVID-19 test results. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(9): ' 'e2019722.', 'journal-title': 'JAMA Netw Open'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': '7438_CR16', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '302', 'DOI': '10.1089/hs.2020.0137', 'volume': '19', 'author': 'J Mariani', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Mariani J, et al. Association between vitamin D Deficiency and COVID-19 ' 'incidence, complications, and mortality in 46 countries: an ecological ' 'study. Health Secur. 2021;19(3):302–8.', 'journal-title': 'Health Secur'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': '7438_CR17', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '200', 'DOI': '10.1093/nutrit/nuaa081', 'volume': '79', 'author': 'F Hadizadeh', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Hadizadeh F. Supplementation with vitamin D in the COVID-19 pandemic? ' 'Nutr Rev. 2021;79(2):200–8.', 'journal-title': 'Nutr Rev'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '7438_CR18', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41598-019-56847-4', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'A Jain', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Jain A, et al. Analysis of vitamin D level among asymptomatic and ' 'critically ill COVID-19 patients and its correlation with inflammatory ' 'markers. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1–8.', 'journal-title': 'Sci Rep'}, { 'key': '7438_CR19', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.nut.2020.111055', 'volume': '82', 'author': 'E Cereda', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Cereda E, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and outcomes in coronavirus ' 'disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients from the outbreak area of Lombardy, ' 'Italy. Nutrition. 2021;82: 111055.', 'journal-title': 'Nutrition'}, { 'issue': '9', 'key': '7438_CR20', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '2775', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu12092775', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'A Pizzini', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Pizzini A, et al. Impact of vitamin D deficiency on COVID-19—a ' 'prospective analysis from the CovILD Registry. Nutrients. ' '2020;12(9):2775.', 'journal-title': 'Nutrients'}, { 'issue': '1149', 'key': '7438_CR21', 'first-page': '442', 'volume': '97', 'author': 'V Baktash', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Baktash V, et al. Vitamin D status and outcomes for hospitalised older ' 'patients with COVID-19. Postgrad Med J. 2021;97(1149):442–7.', 'journal-title': 'Postgrad Med J'}, { 'issue': '11', 'key': '7438_CR22', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1285', 'DOI': '10.1007/s40618-019-01057-y', 'volume': '42', 'author': 'F Saponaro', 'year': '2019', 'unstructured': 'Saponaro F, Marcocci C, Zucchi R. Vitamin D status and cardiovascular ' 'outcome. J Endocrinol Invest. 2019;42(11):1285–90.', 'journal-title': 'J Endocrinol Invest'}, { 'issue': '18', 'key': '7438_CR23', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '6483', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijms21186483', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'N Latic', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Latic N, Erben RG. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease, with emphasis ' 'on hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. Int J Mol Sci. ' '2020;21(18):6483.', 'journal-title': 'Int J Mol Sci'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': '7438_CR24', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '404', 'DOI': '10.1038/nrcardio.2016.73', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'S Pilz', 'year': '2016', 'unstructured': 'Pilz S, et al. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease prevention. Nat Rev ' 'Cardiol. 2016;13(7):404–17.', 'journal-title': 'Nat Rev Cardiol'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '7438_CR25', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '4', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41371-020-0387-4', 'volume': '35', 'author': 'RB Azevedo', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Azevedo RB, et al. Covid-19 and the cardiovascular system: a ' 'comprehensive review. J Hum Hypertens. 2021;35(1):4–11.', 'journal-title': 'J Hum Hypertens'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': '7438_CR26', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '373', 'DOI': '10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317901', 'volume': '107', 'author': 'S Bae', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Bae S, et al. Impact of cardiovascular disease and risk factors on fatal ' 'outcomes in patients with COVID-19 according to age: a systematic review ' 'and meta-analysis. Heart. 2021;107(5):373.', 'journal-title': 'Heart'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '7438_CR27', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '450', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12879-021-06168-7', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'A Davoudi', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Davoudi A, et al. Lack of association between vitamin D insufficiency ' 'and clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19 infection. BMC Infect ' 'Dis. 2021;21(1):450.', 'journal-title': 'BMC Infect Dis'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': '7438_CR28', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '160', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.tcm.2019.05.003', 'volume': '30', 'author': 'JM Flack', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Flack JM, Adekola B. Blood pressure and the new ACC/AHA hypertension ' 'guidelines. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2020;30(3):160–4.', 'journal-title': 'Trends Cardiovasc Med'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '7438_CR29', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '137', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12931-020-01405-0', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'C Mathyssen', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Mathyssen C, et al. Local expression profiles of vitamin D-related genes ' 'in airways of COPD patients. Respir Res. 2020;21(1):137.', 'journal-title': 'Respir Res'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': '7438_CR30', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '561', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.050', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'CE Hastie', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Hastie CE, et al. Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK ' 'Biobank. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):561–5.', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Metab Syndr'}, { 'issue': '10', 'key': '7438_CR31', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1245', 'DOI': '10.1080/14787210.2021.1905519', 'volume': '19', 'author': 'A Banerjee', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Banerjee A, et al. Vitamin D and immuno-pathology of COVID-19: many ' 'interactions but uncertain therapeutic benefits. Expert Rev Anti Infect ' 'Ther. 2021;19(10):1245–58.', 'journal-title': 'Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther'}, { 'key': '7438_CR32', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'author': 'JK Stroehlein', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Stroehlein JK, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of ' 'COVID-19: a living systematic review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015043.', 'journal-title': 'Cochrane Database Syst Rev', 'DOI': '10.1002/14651858.CD015043'}, { 'issue': '13', 'key': '7438_CR33', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1239', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.2648', 'volume': '323', 'author': 'Z Wu', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the ' 'coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: summary of a ' 'report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and ' 'prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239–42.', 'journal-title': 'JAMA'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': '7438_CR34', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '988', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu12040988', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'WB Grant', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Grant WB, et al. Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce ' 'risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients. ' '2020;12(4):988.', 'journal-title': 'Nutrients'}, { 'key': '7438_CR35', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105928', 'volume': '212', 'author': 'M Diaz-Curiel', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Diaz-Curiel M, et al. The relationship between 25(OH) vitamin D levels ' 'and COVID-19 onset and disease course in Spanish patients. J Steroid ' 'Biochem Mol Biol. 2021;212: 105928.', 'journal-title': 'J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol'}, { 'key': '7438_CR36', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '466', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.05.021', 'volume': '44', 'author': 'GD Pimentel', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Pimentel GD, Dela Vega MCM, Pichard C. Low vitamin D levels and ' 'increased neutrophil in patients admitted at ICU with COVID-19. Clin ' 'Nutr ESPEN. 2021;44:466–8.', 'journal-title': 'Clin Nutr ESPEN'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '7438_CR37', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '10641', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41598-021-90189-4', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'M Lakkireddy', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Lakkireddy M, et al. Impact of daily high dose oral vitamin D therapy on ' 'the inflammatory markers in patients with COVID 19 disease. Sci Rep. ' '2021;11(1):10641.', 'journal-title': 'Sci Rep'}, { 'issue': '1156', 'key': '7438_CR38', 'first-page': '87', 'volume': '98', 'author': 'A Rastogi', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Rastogi A, et al. Short term, high-dose vitamin D supplementation for ' 'COVID-19 disease: a randomised, placebo-controlled, study (SHADE study). ' 'Postgrad Med J. 2020;98(1156):87–90.', 'journal-title': 'Postgrad Med J'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': '7438_CR39', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '2129', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu13072129', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'S Zelzer', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Zelzer S, et al. Vitamin D metabolites and clinical outcome in ' 'hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Nutrients. 2021;13(7):2129.', 'journal-title': 'Nutrients'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '7438_CR40', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '166', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12967-021-02838-x', 'volume': '19', 'author': 'NM Al-Daghri', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Al-Daghri NM, et al. Vitamin D status of Arab Gulf residents screened ' 'for SARS-CoV-2 and its association with COVID-19 infection: a ' 'multi-centre case–control study. J Transl Med. 2021;19(1):166.', 'journal-title': 'J Transl Med'}, { 'issue': '6', 'key': '7438_CR41', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pmed.1003605', 'volume': '18', 'author': 'G Butler-Laporte', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Butler-Laporte G, et al. Vitamin D and COVID-19 susceptibility and ' 'severity in the COVID-19 host genetics initiative: a Mendelian ' 'randomization study. PLoS Med. 2021;18(6): e1003605.', 'journal-title': 'PLoS Med'}, { 'issue': '195', 'key': '7438_CR42', 'first-page': '30', 'volume': '31', 'author': 'H Azadeh', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Azadeh H, et al. Serum Vitamin D concentrations in CoVID19 patients. J ' 'Mazand Univ Med Sci. 2021;31(195):30–6.', 'journal-title': 'J Mazand Univ Med Sci'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': '7438_CR43', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '2469', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.055', 'volume': '40', 'author': 'E Cereda', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Cereda E, et al. Vitamin D 25OH deficiency in COVID-19 patients admitted ' 'to a tertiary referral hospital. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(4):2469–72.', 'journal-title': 'Clin Nutr'}, { 'issue': '11', 'key': '7438_CR44', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/ijcp.14649', 'volume': '75', 'author': 'AP da Rocha', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'da Rocha AP, et al. Insufficient evidence for vitamin D use in COVID-19: ' 'A rapid systematic review. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75(11): e14649.', 'journal-title': 'Int J Clin Pract'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': '7438_CR45', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1636', 'DOI': '10.1093/advances/nmab012', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'A Kazemi', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Kazemi A, et al. Association of vitamin D status with SARS-CoV-2 ' 'infection or COVID-19 severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ' 'Adv Nutr. 2021;12(5):1636–58.', 'journal-title': 'Adv Nutr'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': '7438_CR46', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1308', 'DOI': '10.1080/10408398.2020.1841090', 'volume': '62', 'author': 'M Pereira', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Pereira M, et al. Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19: systematic ' 'review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020;62(5):1308–16.', 'journal-title': 'Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr'}, { 'key': '7438_CR47', 'volume': '2015', 'author': 'I Mozos', 'year': '2015', 'unstructured': 'Mozos I, Marginean O. Links between vitamin D deficiency and ' 'cardiovascular diseases. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015: 109275.', 'journal-title': 'Biomed Res Int'}, { 'issue': '24', 'key': '7438_CR48', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1949', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.050', 'volume': '52', 'author': 'JH Lee', 'year': '2008', 'unstructured': 'Lee JH, et al. Vitamin D deficiency an important, common, and easily ' 'treatable cardiovascular risk factor? J Am Coll Cardiol. ' '2008;52(24):1949–56.', 'journal-title': 'J Am Coll Cardiol'}, { 'issue': '6', 'key': '7438_CR49', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '447', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.repc.2020.10.014', 'volume': '40', 'author': 'A Naghedi', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Naghedi A, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplements on left ventricular ' 'ejection fraction in patients with heart failure: A systematic review ' 'and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Rev Port Cardiol. ' '2021;40(6):447–55.', 'journal-title': 'Rev Port Cardiol'}, { 'issue': '8', 'key': '7438_CR50', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '774', 'DOI': '10.3390/medicina57080774', 'volume': '57', 'author': 'C Batsi', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Batsi C, et al. Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for myocardial ' 'ischemia. Medicina. 2021;57(8):774.', 'journal-title': 'Medicina'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': '7438_CR51', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '754', 'DOI': '10.1093/ajcn/83.4.754', 'volume': '83', 'author': 'SS Schleithoff', 'year': '2006', 'unstructured': 'Schleithoff SS, et al. Vitamin D supplementation improves cytokine ' 'profiles in patients with congestive heart failure: a double-blind, ' 'randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(4):754–9.', 'journal-title': 'Am J Clin Nutr'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': '7438_CR52', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '780', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.05.013', 'volume': '122', 'author': 'A Turin', 'year': '2018', 'unstructured': 'Turin A, et al. Interactions among vitamin D, atrial fibrillation, and ' 'the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. Am J Cardiol. ' '2018;122(5):780–4.', 'journal-title': 'Am J Cardiol'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': '7438_CR53', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '605', 'DOI': '10.21470/1678-9741-2018-0322', 'volume': '34', 'author': 'L Bie', 'year': '2019', 'unstructured': 'Bie L. The status and research progress on vitamin D deficiency and ' 'atrial fibrillation. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2019;34(5):605–9.', 'journal-title': 'Braz J Cardiovasc Surg'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': '7438_CR54', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '259', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41569-020-0360-5', 'volume': '17', 'author': 'YY Zheng', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Zheng YY, et al. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev ' 'Cardiol. 2020;17(5):259–60.', 'journal-title': 'Nat Rev Cardiol'}, { 'issue': '8', 'key': '7438_CR55', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '573', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.repc.2020.11.007', 'volume': '40', 'author': 'D Mesquita', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Mesquita D, et al. Cardiac arrhythmias in patients presenting with ' 'COVID-19 treated in Portuguese hospitals: A national registry from the ' 'Portuguese association of arrhythmology, pacing and electrophysiology. ' 'Rev Port Cardiol. 2021;40(8):573–80.', 'journal-title': 'Rev Port Cardiol'}, { 'issue': '6', 'key': '7438_CR56', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1062', 'DOI': '10.1111/pace.14247', 'volume': '44', 'author': 'S Garcia-Zamora', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Garcia-Zamora S, et al. Arrhythmias and electrocardiographic findings in ' 'Coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pacing ' 'Clin Electrophysiol. 2021;44(6):1062–74.', 'journal-title': 'Pacing Clin Electrophysiol'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '7438_CR57', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '255', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.10.033', 'volume': '205', 'author': 'J Kendrick', 'year': '2009', 'unstructured': 'Kendrick J, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is independently ' 'associated with cardiovascular disease in the third national health and ' 'nutrition examination survey. Atherosclerosis. 2009;205(1):255–60.', 'journal-title': 'Atherosclerosis'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': '7438_CR58', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '181', 'DOI': '10.34172/jcvtr.2021.30', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'S Mirmoeeni', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Mirmoeeni S, et al. Cardiovascular manifestations in COVID-19 patients: ' 'a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res. ' '2021;13(3):181.', 'journal-title': 'J Cardiovasc Thorac Res.'}], 'container-title': 'BMC Infectious Diseases', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12879-022-07438-8.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12879-022-07438-8/fulltext.html', 'content-type': 'text/html', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12879-022-07438-8.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 5, 7]], 'date-time': '2022-05-07T13:02:44Z', 'timestamp': 1651928564000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': { 'primary': { 'URL': 'https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-022-07438-8'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2022, 5, 7]]}, 'references-count': 58, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '1', 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2022, 12]]}}, 'alternative-id': ['7438'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07438-8', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['1471-2334'], 'subject': ['Infectious Diseases'], 'container-title-short': 'BMC Infect Dis', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2022, 5, 7]]}, 'assertion': [ { 'value': '5 November 2021', 'order': 1, 'name': 'received', 'label': 'Received', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '3 May 2022', 'order': 2, 'name': 'accepted', 'label': 'Accepted', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '7 May 2022', 'order': 3, 'name': 'first_online', 'label': 'First Online', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, {'order': 1, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Declarations'}}, { 'value': 'This project was approved by the Ethical Committee of Shahroud University of ' 'Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran. The study was conducted according to the ' 'guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was waived by the ' 'Ethics Committee as no intervention was done, and informed consent is routinely ' 'obtained from the patients at our hospital upon admission to receive medical ' 'care and diagnostic procedures.', 'order': 2, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Ethics approval and consent to participate'}}, { 'value': 'Not applicable.', 'order': 3, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Consent for publication'}}, { 'value': 'The authors declare no competing interests.', 'order': 4, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Competing interests'}}], 'article-number': '441'}