In COVID-19 patients, low 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in serum is associated with longer viral clearance time and higher risk of intensive care unit admission

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2022, 4, 26]], 'date-time': '2022-04-26T16:18:27Z', 'timestamp': 1650989907470}, 'reference-count': 64, 'publisher': 'Emerald', 'issue': '2', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 7, 29]], 'date-time': '2021-07-29T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1627516800000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://www.emerald.com/insight/site-policies'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2022, 2, 7]]}, 'abstract': '<jats:sec>\n' '<jats:title content-type="abstract-subheading">Purpose</jats:title>\n' '<jats:p>This study aims to investigate the association between vitamin D measured in serum 25 ' 'hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and outcomes of COVID-19 patients in Bahrain. This paper ' 'hypothesized that lower serum 25(OH)D concentration in COVID 19 patients is associated with ' 'longer viral clearance time (VCT) and higher risk of admission to the intensive care unit ' '(ICU).</jats:p>\n' '</jats:sec>\n' '<jats:sec>\n' '<jats:title content-type="abstract-subheading">Design/methodology/approach</jats:title>\n' '<jats:p>This study used a retrospective cohort design of patients admitted to Salmaniya ' 'Medical Complex, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain, from February to June 2020. This study included ' 'patients with positive, confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis made using reverse ' 'transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), World Health Organization diagnosis manual ' 'and local diagnostic guidelines. Primary outcome measures were: VCT measured as the time in ' 'days between the first positive RT-PCR test result and the first of two consecutive negative ' 'RT-PCR results on recovery and admission need to ICU.</jats:p>\n' '</jats:sec>\n' '<jats:sec>\n' '<jats:title content-type="abstract-subheading">Findings</jats:title>\n' '<jats:p>A total of 450 patients were analyzed; mean age was 46.4\u2009±\u200912.4\u2009years ' 'and 349 (78%) were men. Mean 25(OH)D concentration was 41.7\u2009±\u200923.7\u2009nmol/L for ' 'the entire sample. Severe vitamin D deficiency (&lt;25\u2009nmol/L) was present in 20%, ' 'mild-to-moderate deficiency (25–50\u2009nmol/L) in 55%, insufficiency (50 to &lt;75\u2009' 'nmol/L) in 18% and sufficiency (=75\u2009nmol/L) in 7%. The mean VCT was 12.9\u2009±\u2009' '8.2\u2009days. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that severe vitamin D ' 'deficiency was associated with longer VCT, with an average of three extra days after ' 'correction for age and sex (<jats:italic>β</jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093.1; ' '<jats:italic>p</jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001). Multinomial regression analysis showed that ' 'vitamin D deficiency was associated with an 83% increased risk of admission to ICU after ' 'correction for age and sex (odds ratio\u2009=\u20091.8; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic>\u2009' '=\u20090.03).</jats:p>\n' '</jats:sec>\n' '<jats:sec>\n' '<jats:title content-type="abstract-subheading">Originality/value</jats:title>\n' '<jats:p>The results showed that severe vitamin D deficiency was associated with longer ' 'recovery time from COVID-19. Low serum 25(OH)D is associated with increased need for critical ' 'care in an ICU. Large-scale randomized controlled trials are necessary to further investigate ' 'the complex association between vitamin D and COVID-19 infection.</jats:p>\n' '</jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1108/nfs-05-2021-0143', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2021, 7, 28]], 'date-time': '2021-07-28T12:08:32Z', 'timestamp': 1627474112000}, 'page': '240-254', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 1, 'title': 'In COVID-19 patients, low 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in serum is associated with longer viral ' 'clearance time and higher risk of intensive care unit admission', 'prefix': '10.1108', 'volume': '52', 'author': [ {'given': 'Jameela', 'family': 'Al-Salman', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Sarah', 'family': 'Alghareeb', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Eman', 'family': 'Alarab', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Haitham', 'family': 'Jahrami', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'William 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