Vitamin D deficiency and duration of COVID-symptoms in UK healthcare workers
Vivek P Chavda, Alessandro Perrella, Niva Rani Gogoi, David R Thickett, Karan R Chadda, Sophie A Roberts, Sebastian T Lugg, Aduragbemi A Faniyi, Sian E Faustini, Craig Webster, Joanne E Du, Martin Hewison, Adrian Shields, Alex G Richter, Dhruv Parekh, Aaron Scott
Objectives: Vitamin D has a role in the innate immunity against pathogens and is also involved in mechanisms for reducing inflammation. VD deficiency (VDD) may increase COVID-infection susceptibility, however research is limited on the association between VDD and COVID-symptom prevalence and duration. The study aimed to determine whether VDD is a risk factor for the presence and extended duration of COVID-symptoms. Methods: Data was analyzed from NHS healthcare workers who isolated due to COVID-symptoms as a part of the COVID-convalescent immunity study between th to nd May . Participants self-reported the presence and duration of viral symptoms. Anti-SARS-CoV-antibodies and vitamin D ( (OH)D ) serum levels were measured on day of recruitment. VDD was defined as (OH)D levels of < nmol/l. Results: Of the participants, . % (n = ) had VDD. VDD participants had more symptoms overall (p = . ), including body aches (p = . ), and extended duration of body aches (p = . ) and fatigue (p = . ). Binary logistic regression found that both VDD (OR . , % CI . -. ; p = . ) and age (OR . , % CI . -. ; p = . ) were independently associated with extended durations of body aches. VDD (OR . , % CI . -. ; p = . ), age (OR . , % CI . -. ; p < . ) and seroconversion (OR . , % CI . -. ; p = . ), were independently associated with extended durations of fatigue.
Conclusion: VDD is a significant independent risk factor for extended durations of body aches and fatigue in healthcare workers who isolated for COVID-viral symptoms. Vitamin D supplementation may reduce symptom duration and is thus an area for future research.
Ethics statement The studies involving humans were approved by London -Camden and Kings Cross Research Ethics Committee (20/HRA/1817). The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author contributions
Conflict of interest MH reports personal fees from Thornton Ross, outside the submitted work. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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'abstract': '<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives</jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D has a role in the innate '
'immunity against pathogens and is also involved in mechanisms for reducing inflammation. VD '
'deficiency (VDD) may increase COVID-19 infection susceptibility, however research is limited '
'on the association between VDD and COVID-19 symptom prevalence and duration. The study aimed '
'to determine whether VDD is a risk factor for the presence and extended duration of COVID-19 '
'symptoms.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>Data was '
'analyzed from NHS healthcare workers who isolated due to COVID-19 symptoms as a part of the '
'COVID-19 convalescent immunity study between 12th to 22nd May 2020. Participants '
'self-reported the presence and duration of viral symptoms. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and '
'vitamin D (25(OH)D<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>) serum levels were measured on day of recruitment. '
'VDD was defined as 25(OH)D<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> levels of &lt; 30 '
'nmol/l.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Of the 392 '
'participants, 15.6% (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 61) had VDD. VDD participants had more '
'symptoms overall (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.0030), including body aches '
'(<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.0453), and extended duration of body aches '
'(<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.0075) and fatigue (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.0127). '
'Binary logistic regression found that both VDD (OR 3.069, 95% CI 1.538–6.124; '
'<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.001) and age (OR 1.026, 95% CI 1.003–1.049; '
'<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.025) were independently associated with extended durations '
'of body aches. VDD (OR 2.089, 95% CI 1.087–4.011; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.027), age '
'(OR 1.036, 95% CI 1.016–1.057; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) and '
'seroconversion (OR 1.917, 95% CI 1.203–3.056; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.006), were '
'independently associated with extended durations of '
'fatigue.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>VDD is a '
'significant independent risk factor for extended durations of body aches and fatigue in '
'healthcare workers who isolated for COVID-19 viral symptoms. Vitamin D supplementation may '
'reduce symptom duration and is thus an area for future research.</jats:p></jats:sec>',
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