Vitamin D and COVID-19 severity and related mortality: a prospective study in Italy
Irene Campi, Luigi Gennari, Daniela Merlotti, Christian Mingiano, Alessandro Frosali, Luca Giovanelli, Camilla Torlasco, Martino F Pengo, Francesca Heilbron, Davide Soranna, Antonella Zambon, Marta Di Stefano, Carmen Aresta, Marco Bonomi, Biagio Cangiano, Vittoria Favero, Letizia Fatti, Giovanni Battista Perego, Iacopo Chiodini, Gianfranco Parati, Luca Persani
BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06281-7
Background: Vitamin D deficiency has been suggested to favor a poorer outcome of Coronavirus disease-19 . We aimed to assess if 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25OHD) levels are associated with interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels and with disease severity and mortality in COVID-19. Methods: We prospectively studied 103 in-patients admitted to a Northern-Italian hospital (age 66.1 ± 14.1 years, 70 males) for severely-symptomatic COVID-19. Fifty-two subjects with SARS-CoV-2 infection but mild COVID-19 symptoms (mildly-symptomatic COVID-19 patients) and 206 subjects without SARS-CoV-2 infection were controls. We measured 25OHD and IL-6 levels at admission and focused on respiratory outcome during hospitalization. Results: Severely-symptomatic COVID-19 patients had lower 25OHD levels (18.2 ± 11.4 ng/mL) than mildly-symptomatic COVID-19 patients and non-SARS-CoV-2-infected controls (30.3 ± 8.5 ng/mL and 25.4 ± 9.4 ng/mL, respectively, p < 0.0001 for both comparisons). 25OHD and IL-6 levels were respectively lower and higher in severely-symptomatic COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care Unit [(ICU), 14.4 ± 8.6 ng/mL and 43.0 (19.0-56.0) pg/mL, respectively], than in those not requiring ICU admission [22.4 ± 1.4 ng/mL, p = 0.0001 and 16.0 (8.0-32.0) pg/mL, p = 0.0002, respectively]. Similar differences were found when comparing COVID-19 patients who died in hospital [13.2 ± 6.4 ng/mL and 45.0 (28.0-99.0) pg/mL] with survivors [19.3 ± 12.0 ng/mL, p = 0.035 and 21.0 (10.5-45.9) pg/mL, p = 0.018, respectively). 25OHD levels inversely correlated with: i) IL-6 levels (ρ − 0.284, p = 0.004); ii) the subsequent need of the ICU admission [relative risk, RR 0.99, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 0.98-1.00, p = 0.011] regardless of age, gender, presence of at least 1 comorbidity among obesity, diabetes, arterial hypertension, creatinine, IL-6 and lactate dehydrogenase levels, neutrophil cells, lymphocytes and platelets count; iii) mortality (RR 0.97, 95%CI, 0.95-0.99, p = 0.011) regardless of age, gender, presence of diabetes, IL-6 and C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase levels, neutrophil cells, lymphocytes and platelets count.
Authors' contributions IC1: data collection, analysis and interpretation of the data, preparation of the manuscript. LG1: data collection, analysis and interpretation of the data, preparation of the manuscript. DM: data collection and analysis, preparation of the manuscript. CM data collection and analysis. AF: data collection and analysis. LG2: data collection and analysis. CT: data collection and analysis. MFP: data collection and analysis. FH data collection and analysis. D S: data analysis and statistics. AZ: data analysis and statistics. MD: data collection and analysis. CA: data collection and analysis. MB: data collection and analysis and revision of the manuscript. BC: data collection and analysis. VF: data collection and analysis. LF: data collection and analysis. GBP: data collection and analysis and revision of the manuscript. IC2: data collection, analysis and interpretation of the data, preparation of the manuscript. GP: data collection, analysis and interpretation of the data, preparation of the manuscript. LP: data analysis and interpretation, preparation of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate The study was approved by the ethics committee of our Institution (Ethical Committee, Istituto Auxologico Italiano). The participants or their familiar, when needed as in the case of ICU admitted patients, gave written informed consent before taking part in the..
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'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin '
'D deficiency has been suggested to favor a poorer outcome of Coronavirus disease-19 '
'(COVID-19). We aimed to assess if 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25OHD) levels are associated with '
'interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels and with disease severity and mortality in '
'COVID-19.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>We '
'prospectively studied 103 in-patients admitted to a Northern-Italian hospital (age 66.1\u2009'
'±\u200914.1\u2009years, 70 males) for severely-symptomatic COVID-19. Fifty-two subjects with '
'SARS-CoV-2 infection but mild COVID-19 symptoms (mildly-symptomatic COVID-19 patients) and '
'206 subjects without SARS-CoV-2 infection were controls. We measured 25OHD and IL-6 levels at '
'admission and focused on respiratory outcome during '
'hospitalization.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Severely-symptomatic '
'COVID-19 patients had lower 25OHD levels (18.2\u2009±\u200911.4\u2009ng/mL) than '
'mildly-symptomatic COVID-19 patients and non-SARS-CoV-2-infected controls (30.3\u2009±\u2009'
'8.5\u2009ng/mL and 25.4\u2009±\u20099.4\u2009ng/mL, '
'respectively,<jats:italic>p</jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.0001 for both comparisons). 25OHD '
'and IL-6 levels were respectively lower and higher in severely-symptomatic COVID-19 patients '
'admitted to intensive care Unit [(ICU), 14.4\u2009±\u20098.6\u2009ng/mL and 43.0 (19.0–56.0) '
'pg/mL, respectively], than in those not requiring ICU admission [22.4\u2009±\u20091.4\u2009'
'ng/mL,<jats:italic>p</jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0001 and 16.0 (8.0–32.0) '
'pg/mL,<jats:italic>p</jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0002, respectively]. Similar differences '
'were found when comparing COVID-19 patients who died in hospital [13.2\u2009±\u20096.4\u2009'
'ng/mL and 45.0 (28.0–99.0) pg/mL] with survivors [19.3\u2009±\u200912.0\u2009'
'ng/mL,<jats:italic>p</jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.035 and 21.0 (10.5–45.9) '
'pg/mL,<jats:italic>p</jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.018, respectively). 25OHD levels inversely '
'correlated with: i) IL-6 levels (ρ −\u20090.284,<jats:italic>p</jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009'
'0.004); ii) the subsequent need of the ICU admission [relative risk, RR 0.99, 95% confidence '
'interval (95%CI) 0.98–1.00,<jats:italic>p</jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.011] regardless of age, '
'gender, presence of at least 1 comorbidity among obesity, diabetes, arterial hypertension, '
'creatinine, IL-6 and lactate dehydrogenase levels, neutrophil cells, lymphocytes and '
'platelets count; iii) mortality (RR 0.97, 95%CI, 0.95–0.99, p\u2009=\u20090.011) regardless '
'of age, gender, presence of diabetes, IL-6 and C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase '
'levels, neutrophil cells, lymphocytes and platelets '
'count.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>In our '
'COVID-19 patients, low 25OHD levels were inversely correlated with high IL-6 levels and were '
'independent predictors of COVID-19 severity and mortality.</jats:p></jats:sec>',
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'trial. JAMA. 2021 Mar 16;325(11):1053–60. '
'https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.26848.',
'journal-title': 'JAMA.'}],
'container-title': 'BMC Infectious Diseases',
'original-title': [],
'language': 'en',
'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12879-021-06281-7.pdf',
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'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 12, 31]],
'date-time': '2022-12-31T00:57:52Z',
'timestamp': 1672448272000},
'score': 1,
'resource': { 'primary': { 'URL': 'https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-021-06281-7'}},
'subtitle': [],
'short-title': [],
'issued': {'date-parts': [[2021, 6, 14]]},
'references-count': 56,
'journal-issue': {'issue': '1', 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2021, 12]]}},
'alternative-id': ['6281'],
'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06281-7',
'relation': {},
'ISSN': ['1471-2334'],
'subject': ['Infectious Diseases'],
'container-title-short': 'BMC Infect Dis',
'published': {'date-parts': [[2021, 6, 14]]},
'assertion': [ { 'value': '17 November 2020',
'order': 1,
'name': 'received',
'label': 'Received',
'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}},
{ 'value': '3 June 2021',
'order': 2,
'name': 'accepted',
'label': 'Accepted',
'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}},
{ 'value': '14 June 2021',
'order': 3,
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{'order': 1, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Declarations'}},
{ 'value': 'The study was approved by the ethics committee of our Institution (Ethical '
'Committee, Istituto Auxologico Italiano). The participants or their familiar, '
'when needed as in the case of ICU admitted patients, gave written informed '
'consent before taking part in the study.',
'order': 2,
'name': 'Ethics',
'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Ethics approval and consent to participate'}},
{ 'value': 'Not applicable.',
'order': 3,
'name': 'Ethics',
'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Consent for publication'}},
{ 'value': 'All authors declare: no support from any organization for the submitted work; '
'no financial relationships with any organizations that might have an interest '
'in this work; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have '
'influenced this work.',
'order': 4,
'name': 'Ethics',
'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Competing interests'}}],
'article-number': '566'}
