Vitamin D and Lung Outcomes in Elderly COVID-19 Patients
Alberto Sulli, Emanuele Gotelli, Andrea Casabella, Sabrina Paolino, Carmen Pizzorni, Elisa Alessandri, Marco Grosso, Diego Ferone, Vanessa Smith, Maurizio Cutolo
Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13030717
Background and aim: Vitamin D deficiency is frequently reported in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of this study was to correlate the 25OH-Vitamin D serum concentrations with clinical parameters of lung involvement, in elderly patients hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: Sixty-five consecutive COVID-19 patients (mean age 76 ± 13 years) and sixtyfive sex-and age-matched control subjects (CNT) were analyzed. The following clinical parameters, including comorbidities, were collected at admission: type of pulmonary involvement, respiratory parameters (PaO 2 , SO 2 , PaCO 2 , PaO 2 /FiO 2 ), laboratory parameters (including 25OH-vitamin D, D-dimer, C-reactive protein). Results: Significantly lower vitamin D serum levels were found in COVID-19 patients than in CNT (median 7.9 vs. 16.3 ng/mL, p = 0.001). Interestingly, a statistically significant positive correlation was observed between vitamin D serum levels and PaO 2 (p = 0.03), SO 2 (p = 0.05), PaO 2 /FiO 2 (p = 0.02), while a statistically significant negative correlation was found between vitamin D serum levels and D-dimer (p = 0.04), C-reactive protein (p = 0.04) and percentage of O 2 in a venturi mask (p = 0.04). A negative correlation was also observed between vitamin D serum levels and severity of radiologic pulmonary involvement, evaluated by computed tomography: in particular, vitamin D was found significantly lower in COVID-19 patients with either multiple lung consolidations (p = 0.0001) or diffuse/severe interstitial lung involvement than in those with mild involvement (p = 0.05). Finally, significantly lower vitamin D serum levels were found in the elderly COVID-19 patients who died during hospitalization, compared to those who survived (median 3.0 vs. 8.4 ng/mL, p = 0.046). Conclusions: This study confirms that 25OH-vitamin D serum deficiency is associated with more severe lung involvement, longer disease duration and risk of death, in elderly COVID-19 patients. The detection of low vitamin D levels also in younger COVID-19 patients with less comorbidities further suggests vitamin D deficiency as crucial risk factor at any age.
Conflicts of Interest: All Authors declare no conflict of interest concerning this manuscript.
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'abstract': '<jats:p>Background and aim: Vitamin D deficiency is frequently reported in patients with '
'SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of this study was to correlate the 25OH-Vitamin D serum '
'concentrations with clinical parameters of lung involvement, in elderly patients hospitalized '
'for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: Sixty-five consecutive COVID-19 patients (mean age 76 ± 13 '
'years) and sixty-five sex- and age-matched control subjects (CNT) were analyzed. The '
'following clinical parameters, including comorbidities, were collected at admission: type of '
'pulmonary involvement, respiratory parameters (PaO2, SO2, PaCO2, PaO2/FiO2), laboratory '
'parameters (including 25OH-vitamin D, D-dimer, C-reactive protein). Results: Significantly '
'lower vitamin D serum levels were found in COVID-19 patients than in CNT (median 7.9 vs. 16.3 '
'ng/mL, p = 0.001). Interestingly, a statistically significant positive correlation was '
'observed between vitamin D serum levels and PaO2 (p = 0.03), SO2 (p = 0.05), PaO2/FiO2 (p = '
'0.02), while a statistically significant negative correlation was found between vitamin D '
'serum levels and D-dimer (p = 0.04), C-reactive protein (p = 0.04) and percentage of O2 in a '
'venturi mask (p = 0.04). A negative correlation was also observed between vitamin D serum '
'levels and severity of radiologic pulmonary involvement, evaluated by computed tomography: in '
'particular, vitamin D was found significantly lower in COVID-19 patients with either multiple '
'lung consolidations (p = 0.0001) or diffuse/severe interstitial lung involvement than in '
'those with mild involvement (p = 0.05). Finally, significantly lower vitamin D serum levels '
'were found in the elderly COVID-19 patients who died during hospitalization, compared to '
'those who survived (median 3.0 vs. 8.4 ng/mL, p = 0.046). Conclusions: This study confirms '
'that 25OH-vitamin D serum deficiency is associated with more severe lung involvement, longer '
'disease duration and risk of death, in elderly COVID-19 patients. The detection of low '
'vitamin D levels also in younger COVID-19 patients with less comorbidities further suggests '
'vitamin D deficiency as crucial risk factor at any age.</jats:p>',
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